1

Electrical Engineering &

Telecommunications
Lecturer:
Ted Spooner
Operational Amplifiers
Op Amps
Elec1111 Elec1111
Rm124A EE email: e.spooner@unsw.edu.au
Amplifiers - Why do we use
them?
Increase signal amplitude
Change loading seen by other circuits
Increase drive to other circuits
Realise filters
Realise other functions such as
Adders, converters, signal generators, integrators,
differentiators, special affects etc
Ideal Amplifier
V
i
+
AV
i
+
V
o
IDEAL INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER
Very large input impedance, Z
in
- no loading of a
transducer connected to the input.
Very large gain - therefore can detect very small
signals, or more importantly can use a large amount of
negative feedback.
Zero temperature drift of output voltage for constant
input voltage.
Accepts input frequencies as low as ( =0 i.e. DC
coupled (no input capacitor). This means that we can
use it for measurement of slowly varying quantities
such as temperature, pressure, strain, bending angle, etc.
Desirable Characteristics
2
IDEAL INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER
Very low output impedance Z
out
- therefore can
drive other instruments such as plotters, printers or
be used as a controller e.g. can drive a stepping
motor to position a machine tool (based on
photodiode detection of head position).
Very low internal noise and large gain - allows good
filtering of unwanted frequencies (operational
amplifier filter circuits,).
Desirable Characteristics 2
Real Amplifier
V
i
+
AV
i
+
V
o
R
L
R
o
R
i
R
s
i
i
V
s
Operational Amplifiers Op Amps
Operational Amplifier
(Op Amp)
Gain 100,000
Input impedance 1M
Output impedance 100
V
p
+
+
V
o
V
n
+
+
_
(a) Op Amp Diagram
+
-
V
p
V
o
= A(V
p
- V
n
)
V
n
A
(b) Op Amp Symbol
3
Operational Amplifier
(Op Amp)
Gain 100,000
Input impedance 1M
Output impedance 100
For output voltage to reach
maximum (typically 15V) then
difference
(v
p
- v
n
) = 15/100000 =15 . 10
-5
(v
p
- v
n
) = 150V
+
-
V
p
V
o
= A(V
p
- V
n
)
V
n
A
(b) Op Amp Symbol
V
cc
-V
cc
V
t h
-V
th
V
d
V
o
Non Inverting Circuit
A G gain Forward
) ( ) (
1
1
=
= =
+
= =
ErrorV A V V A V
R R
R
V
V
H
Here
n i o
f o
n
G
+
-
V
i V
0
H
V
n
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
I
p
= 0
large A if
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 R
R R
A R
R R
R
R R
R R
R
A
A
V
V f
f
f
f
i
o
+

+
+
+
=
+
+
=
1
1
R
R R
V
V f
i
o
+

Non Inverting Circuit

+
-
R
f
=10k
R
1
=1k
V
i
V
o
V
n
I
p
= 0
11
1
10 1
=
+
=
k
k k
V
V
in
o
Non Inverting Amp
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Inverting circuit
R
i
is largeinfinite(no current
into veterminal)
Current in R
1
equals current in R
f
Voltage v
p
=0 so v
n
=-v
d
v
o
=A.v
d
=-A.v
n.
0
1
1
= +
n i
v i.R v
Loop
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
i
i
V
d
1
0
R
R
v
v
f
i
=
f
n o
f n
R
) - v (v
i
v i.R v
Loop
=
= + 0
2
0
A
v
v
o
n
= so

R
R
v .v
R
R
v
v .R
R
) - v (v
v
f
n o
f
i
n
f
n o
i
0 ) 1 (
0
1 eq in Substitute
1 1
1
= + +
= +
0 ) 1 (
1 0 1
= + + +
f
o
f
i
R
R
A
v
.v
R
R
v
0
arg
1
= +

o
f
i
.v
R
R
v
e L A
Loop1
+ -
Loop2
+ -
4
Inverting circuit
10
1
10
1
0
= = =
k
k
R
R
v
v
f
i +
-
R
f
=10k
R
1
=1k
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
i
i
V
d
Inverting Amp
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Unity gain Amplifier
+
-
V
i
V
o
Gain 1.
High input impedance.
Low output impedance.
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
=
+
=
+
=
G
H
G
GH
G
v
v
i
1 H
1 gain feedback so
=
= =
o n
v v
Summing amplifier
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
1
V
o
V
n
V
p
i
1
i
f
V
2
R
2
i
2
( )
2 1
2 1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2 1
If
v v
R
R
v
R R R
R
v
R
v
R v
R
v
R
v
R
v
i i i
f
o
f o
f
o
f
+ =
= =

=
+ =
p n
i
V as potential same at the y effectivel is V so infinite is Gain Assume
infinite is R Assume
Summing Amp
Audio mixer
Summing junction of a feedback system
Simple calculations eg temp rise:
Measure Ambient
Measure Temp of equipment
Subtract. OR (Invert and Add)
5
Labviewdemo of summing amp Summers
Useful for combining signals.
Allows the creation of many very useful
control signals.
..Examples
Differential amplifier
Use Superposition
First set v
i
+
=0 and solve for v
o
Then set v
i
-
=0 and solve for v
o
Then combine.
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
1
V
o
V
i
-
R
2 V
i
+
V
2
R
3

+
=
= =
i
f
o
i
V
R
R
V
V
1
1
amp inverting is circuit and 0 V then 0
+ +
+

+
=
= =

+ =

+ =
=
i
f
i
f
f f
o
f
i
f f
o
i
V
R
R
V
R R
R
R
R R
V
R R R R
V
R R
R
R
R
V
R
R
V
V
1 1 1
1
1 2 3
3 2
3
1
1
1
3 2
and Make
1 1
divider. R , R extra with
amp inverting non is circuit then 0
( )
+

=
i i
f
o
V V
R
R
V
1
Combining
Common Mode vs Differential
Mode Voltages
Differential
Amplifier
V
o
=G((V
1
+V
cm
) - (V
cm
-V
2
))
= G(V
1
+V
2
)
V
cm
V
1
V
2
V
1
+V
cm
V
cm
-V
2
Vout =(Differential input voltage)*Differential gain)
+(CM voltage)*(CM Gain)
CMRR =20log((DM Gain)/(CM Gain)) in db
6
Labviewdemo of common
mode
FILTERS
Strainer???
Lets through some things and blocks out others.
Electrical signal filterslet through some
frequencies and block others.
High Pass
Low Pass
Band Pass
Band Stop
Low Pass
Filter
Transfer
Function
1
then 1 an greater th much is When
then 1 than less much is When

. 1
Function Transfer
. 1
.
1
.
1
.
Z
large A if
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1

+
+

+
=
+
= =
+

+
= =
i
o
f f
f
i
o
f f
f f
f
i
o
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
i
o
f o
n
V
V
R C
R
R R
V
V
R C
R
R C j
R
R
V
V
R C j
R
C j
R
C j
R
Z R
Z
Z Z
V
V
Z Z
Z
V
V
H
Here

+
-
R
f
C
f R
1
V
i
V
o
Low pass filter
Response

+
=

+
+ +

+
+ =

+
+

+
+ =
+
+

+
+

1
.
tan
1
.
tan
. 1
. 1


. 1
1
. 1

0 at is v assume us let v respect to with v of Phase
) . ( 1
1
) . ( 1
Magnitude

. 1
Function Transfer
1 -
1
1 - 1
1
1
1
o
i i o
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
f f
f
f f
f f
f f
f
o
f f
f
f f
f
o
f f
f
f f
f
i
o
f f
f
i
o
R C
R
R
R C
R C j
R C j
R
R
V
R C j
R
R
R
R C j
R
R
V
R C
R
R
R
R C
R
R
V
V
R
R C j
R
R
V
V

+
-
R
f
C
f R
1
V
i
V
o
BODE Plot Amplitude and Phase
1
10
100
1 100 10000 1E+06
Frequency w
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Amplitude
phase
7
Inverting Low pass filter
0
then 1 an greater th much is When
then 1 than less much is When
. 1
1
. 1
1
1
1 1
0

+
=
+
= =
i
o
f f
f
i
o
f f
f f
f
f f
f
f
i
V
V
R C
R
R
V
V
R C
R C j R
R
R
R C j
R
Z
Z
v
v

C
f
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
Inverting Low pass filter response

+
=
+

1
.
tan 180
0 at is v assume us let v respect to with v of Phase
) . ( 1
GAIN

. 1
Function Transfer
1 -
o
i i o
2
1
1
f f
o
f f
f
i
o
f f
f
i
o
R C
V
R C
R
R
V
V
R C j
R
R
V
V

BODE Plot Amplitude and Phase

0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1 100 10000 1E+06
Frequency w
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
90
110
130
150
170
Amplitude
phase
C
f
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
Inverting Low pass
filter Example C
f
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
If R
f
=100k C
f
=0.01F
R
1
=1k
a) What is the gain of the circuit
at low frequency?
b) What is the gain at high frequency?
c) What is the frequency where the gain is 5?
d) What is the phase shift v
o
to v
i
at that frequency?
C
f
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
If R
f
=100k C
f
=0.01F R
1
=1k
8
C
f
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
If R
f
=100k C
f
=0.01F R
1
=1k
C
f
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
If R
f
=100k C
f
=0.01F R
1
=1k
C
f
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
If R
f
=100k C
f
=0.01F R
1
=1k
C
f
+
-
R
f
R
1
V
i
V
o
V
n
V
p
If R
f
=100k C
f
=0.01F R
1
=1k