June 2004 slide 1

Part 2
Calibration
Kjell Bergh
June 2004 slide 2
Content
External vs. in-house calibration
Calibration vs. validation vs. verification
Passive devices
Cables, attenuators, directive couplers, LISN etc
Active devices
Preamplifiers, Power amplifiers, Pulse limiters
Complex instruments
Receivers, ESD simulators, EFT/B generators, Surge generators
Systems
Absorbing clamp, Van Veen loop, RF immunity systems, Emission
systems
June 2004 slide 3
External vs. in-house calibration
External
Preferably accredited calibration laboratories
Manufacturer calibration of specific equipment
Other calibration labs, as long as they maintain traceability
In-house
Depends on own organization
Simple passive devices
RF immunity set-up calibration
NSA
Chamber field homogeneity
June 2004 slide 4
Calibration vs. validation vs. verification
Priorities to consider
Ensure true value in measurement
At all times
Ensure traceability
Maintain confidence in lab
Competence of personnel
Sequence of events
Calibration at long intervals (1-3 Yrs)
Validation at short intervals (monthly)
Verification before each test
June 2004 slide 5
Definitions
Calibration
Periodic assessment of a piece of equipment or system against a
number of defined parameters. Usually performed by an external
calibration laboratory, the measurements are traceable to SI
standards.
Validation
An assesment of a piece of test equipment or system against the
requirements of the test standard.
An initial validation is performed at the end of test development
Regular validations are performed to demonstrate ongoing compliance
to the test standard
Verification
A quick and simple measurement or test to ensure that a piece of
equipment or system is functioning correctly
June 2004 slide 6
Calibration
Applied to single instruments, one at a time
Define critical instrumentation parameters
Certificate of deviations from nominal values
Certificate with uncertainty values
Traceable to SI standards via secondary standards
Accredited
June 2004 slide 7
Validation
Tertiary standard (traceable)
Most critical parameters
Trend record
Approximation to exact values
Comparison to fresh calibration
May be system oriented
June 2004 slide 8
Trend analysis
Parameter
Time
June 2004 slide 9
Verification
Verify proper function
Single parameter
Easy to test
Failure indicates major problem
Maximum coverage of instruments
June 2004 slide 10
External calibration
Define important parameters to be calibrated
Accreditation scope of cal.lab.
If not, may we still rely on the unaccredited calibration?
Pass/fail verdict or numeric deviations from nominal
Combine deviations and calibration uncertainty into
equipment uncertainty
Transportation
Handling time
Repair and/or adjustments
June 2004 slide 11
Calibration uncertainty
Assume:
a) Max. deviation from nominal reading, rectangular distribution
k=3: X
b) Cal. uncertainty, normal distribution
k=2: U
cal
Then measurement uncertainty:
2 2
)
3
( )
2
(
X U
u
cal
reading

+ =
June 2004 slide 12
Hierarchy of calibration standards
A calibration standard is a unit that
specifies a physical parameter
International standard
National standard
Primary standard
Secondary standard
Tertiary standard
Etc.
June 2004 slide 13
In-House calibration
Passive devices
Cables
Attenuators
Directional couplers
Transducers like LISN, CDN, ISN, current clamps, antennas
Reference standards (tertiary standards traceable by external
accredited calibration):
Receiver with tracking
generator
Directional coupler
Receiver + generator
Network analyzer calibration kit
Power meter
Field probe
Gen
Rec.
DUC
Reflection measurement
Rec.
June 2004 slide 14
2b
Passive devices
May in many cases be calibrated in-house
June 2004 slide 15
Critical parameters
Passive devices
Cables and attenuators
Insertion loss
Impedance all ports (If NA is
used)
Stability to mechanical stress
Match both ends
Directional couplers
Insertion loss all combinations of
two ports
Impedance all ports (If NA is
used)
Mechanical stability
Match all ports (Through ports
most important)
Network analyzer or
Receiver with
tracking generator
June 2004 slide 16
Critical parameters
Passive devices
LISN (Calibrated externally)
EuT port impedance, 9 kHz
to 30 MHz.
EuT port to RF port
insertion loss (may be
validated in-house)
Line to neutral isolation
RF port impedance
AE port isolation
Availability of cal. jig?
LISN
EuT port
AE port
RF port
June 2004 slide 17
Critical parameters
Passive devices
CDN (Validated only)
EuT port to RF port insertion
loss
AE port to RF port isolation
RF port impedance
CDN
RF port
EuT port
AE port
June 2004 slide 18
Critical parameters
Passive devices
Current clamp (monitor clamp) (External calibration)
Conversion factor (Frequency response)
Insertion impedance on line under test
RF port impedance match
EMF
I
line
June 2004 slide 19
Critical parameters
Passive devices
ISN (for telecom ports)
(External calibration)
Insertion loss
LCL
EuT port impedance
(common mode to ground)
AE port to RF port isolation
(alternatively AE to EuT
port)
RF port impedance
Polarity reversal?
ISN
RF port
EuT port
AE port
June 2004 slide 20
Critical parameters
Passive devices
Antennas (used in emission
tests) (External calibration)
AF at sufficiently dense
frequency steps
Impedance match
Cross-polarization (if
applicable)
Balance (if applicable)
Polar diagram, E- and H-
plane, at least to 45 from
boresight
Calibration at another OATS
than where it is to be used
June 2004 slide 21
Critical parameters
Passive devices
High-voltage probe (External calibration)
Conversion factor
RF port impedance match
1500
June 2004 slide 22
2c
Simple active instruments
June 2004 slide 23
Critical parameters
Active devices
Pulse limiter (for conducted
test) (External calibration)
Insertion loss
Pulse limiting capability
(Verification)
Impedance match in- and
out-port
10 dB attenuation
June 2004 slide 24
Critical parameters
Active devices
Preamplifiers (used in emission tests) (may be
calibrated in-house using tertiary standards)
Gain over frequency band
Impedance match, in- and out-port
Preamplifier
Gain
Match
Freq. span
June 2004 slide 25
Critical parameters
Active devices
Power amplifier (Validation)
Gain accross band
Smallest max output power
level
Harmonic content at 3 dB
back-off from max level
Impedance match in- and
out-port
Power stability with
temperature
Overload behaviour
Pout
Psat
-3 dB
-8 dB
Pin
June 2004 slide 26
Critical parameters
Active devices
Power meter (External calibration)
Reading acccuracy with sinewave in (calibrated)
Sensitivity stability (time, temperature)
Input impedance match
In-house validation
Meter response to 80% AM rel CW, same generator setting
assuming power amplifier in linear mode.
P
AM
P
CW
P
IN,CW
June 2004 slide 27
2d
Complex instruments
June 2004 slide 28
Critical parameters
Complex instruments
Receivers (for radiated test) (External calibration)
Sine-wave response at low levels (+0 to +30 dB relative
noise floor)
Pulse amplitude response, PK, QP and AV detectors
PRF response for QP detector
Input impedance match with:
Preamplifier on, no input attenuation
Preamplifier off, no input attenuation
Preamplifier off, 10 dB input attenuation
Noise floor under conditions above
IF bandwidths as applicable
Frequency stability (e.g. that it is OK)
June 2004 slide 29
Receivers
Sinewave response
1 10 100 1000 Hz
QP response to PRF
6 dB bandwidth
Freq.
step
N
0
Signal
June 2004 slide 30
Critical parameters
Complex instruments
Receivers (for conducted test) (External calibration)
Sine-wave response at low levels (+50 to +80 dB relative
noise floor)
Pulse amplitude response, PK, QP and AV detectors
PRF response for QP detector
Input impedance match with:
Preamplifier off, no input attenuation
Preamplifier off, 10 to 50 dB input attenuation
Noise floor under conditions above
IF bandwidths as applicable
Frequency stability (e.g. that it is OK)
June 2004 slide 31
Critical parameters
Complex instruments
Signal generator (Validation)
Output sinewave levels
resettability (validation)
Modulation index at 80%
(calibrated)
Effect on RMS power level
when modulation is
switched ON
Sinewave purity
Output impedance match
Frequency stability (e.g. that
it is OK)
Software control stability
June 2004 slide 32
Critical parameters
Complex instruments
ESD generator (gun)
(External calibration)
Current into 2
At peak
At 30 ns
At 60 ns
Risetime into 2
Levels:
+ 1, 2, 4, 8 kV
- 1, 2, 4, 8 kV
June 2004 slide 33
Critical parameters
Complex instruments
EFT/Burst generator
(External calibration)
Pulse peak, rise time and
50% time
Pulse PRF 85 kHz, 2,5 kHz)
Burst duration
Burst interval
Test duration
Settings:
Line - Line
Lines - Ground
+/- polarity
June 2004 slide 34
Critical parameters
Complex instruments
Surge generator
(Combination wave)
(External calibration)
2 source, 12 source, 42
source
Line Line
Lines Earth
1, 2, 4 kV
Pulse risetime and 50%
time, open and short-circuit
Pulse synchronization with
mains phase, 0, 45,90,
etc.
June 2004 slide 35
2e
Systems
In most cases, the system is validated in-house,
but components has external calibration
June 2004 slide 36
Emission
June 2004 slide 37
Systems
Calibration colour semantics
External calibration
In-house calibration
Compensated in set-up
No calibration
EuT Partial calibration
June 2004 slide 38
Critical parameters
Systems
Radiated emission
Components
Antenna
Antenna mast w/controls
Cables
(Preamplifier)
Receiver
Turntable
Site (OATS or semianechoic room) with ground plane
Ref. source
June 2004 slide 39
In-House calibration
NSA calibration
Preferably other antennas than normal test antenna
Both antennas calibrated recently (tertiary standard)
Receiver/tracking generator recently calibrated (tertiary
standard)
Appropriate software
Calibrated cables (fourth-level standard)
Gen.
Rec.
June 2004 slide 40
Systems
Radiated emission
EuT
Rec
Preamp
EN 55022 Sec. 6
Ant
June 2004 slide 41
Critical parameters
Systems
Emitted power
Components
Absorbing clamp (external calibration)
Clamp range
Power cable
RF cable
Receiver (external calibration)
(Shielded chamber)
Clamp pulling device
Calibration and verification jigs/targets etc. (external calibration)
Supply filters and added absorbers
June 2004 slide 42
Systems
Disturbance power
EuT Clamp
Rec.
EN 55014-1
sec. 4.1.2
June 2004 slide 43
Critical parameters
Systems
Absorbing clamp (for emitted power) (External
calibration)
Conversion factor (Frequency response)
Calibration certificate
In-house with small target (ref. measurement on OATS)
In-house with jig
RF port impedance match
AE port isolation
June 2004 slide 44
Absorbing clamp calibration
Receiver/
generator
Reference plane 2x2 m External calibration
June 2004 slide 45
Absorbing clamp validation
In-House calibration (may also be external
for comparison)
Receiver/
generator
10 dB
Target
June 2004 slide 46
Validation jig
In-House validation at intervals
Receiver/
generator
June 2004 slide 47
Critical parameters
Systems
Mains conducted emission
Components
LISN
Ground plane
EuT table / pallet
Receiver
Pulse limiter
Cables
June 2004 slide 48
Systems
Conducted emission
EuT
2.
LISN
40 cm
Rec
(L)ISN
80 cm
EN 55022 sec. 5
June 2004 slide 49
Critical parameters
Systems
Discontinuous disturbance
Components
LISN
Ground plane
EuT table / pallet
Click Analyzer
Pulse limiter
Cables
June 2004 slide 50
Systems
Click-noise disturbance
EuT
40 cm
LISN
80 cm
Click-
noise
analyzer
EN 55014-1 sec. 4.2
June 2004 slide 51
Critical parameters
Systems
Telecom port emission
Components
ISN
Current probe, as applicable
Voltage probe, as applicable
Ferrite attenuator, as applicable
LISN for power supply
Ground plane
EuT table / pallet
Receiver
Cables
June 2004 slide 52
Telecom port emission
EuT
2.
LISN
40 cm
Rec
ISN
80 cm
EN 55022 sec. 9
June 2004 slide 53
Non-invasive measurements
EuT
CP Fe-absorber AE
150
Receiver
dual
Current probe
EuT
CP Fe-absorber AE CVP
Voltage probe
Alt. 1
Alt. 2
June 2004 slide 54
Critical parameters
Systems
Luminarie insertion loss
Components
LISN, 150
Balun
Double 75 coax
Receiver with tracking generator
Dummy tubes, for applicable luminarie
Cables
June 2004 slide 55
Systems
Luminary insertion loss
EN 55015 sec. 4.2
Luminary
RX/TX
combo
LISN
Balun
Pair of 75 coax
June 2004 slide 56
Critical parameters
Systems
Luminary H-field emission
Components
Large loop antenna (Van Veen) Radiated H-field
Receiver
Cables
Loop switch control
Calibration probe (inspection for integrity)
June 2004 slide 57
Systems
Radiated H-field emission
Receiver
EN 55015 sec. 4.4
In-house calibration to
avoid transportation
and include ambient
June 2004 slide 58
Critical parameters
Systems
Van Veen loop
June 2004 slide 59
Critical parameters
Systems
Harmonics and flicker analyzer (Internal calibration
with calibrator. Calibrator calibrated externally)
Power source
Continous current capability and purity
Inrush current capability
Source impedance
Voltage and frequency setting accuracy
Analyzer
Current reading 0 2000 Hz
Least significant reading (mA), each harmonic
D
max
, D
c
, P
st
and P
lt
evaluation
Software operation, Fluctuating vs. steady harmonics
Comparison with limits
June 2004 slide 60
Systems
Harmonics and flicker
EN 61000-3-2
EN 61000-3-3
EuT
Power
supply
Analyzer
Impedance
network
Harmonics/
Flicker
Calibrator
June 2004 slide 61
Flicker characteristics
Z
REF
= 0,4 + j0,25
R
A
= 0,25 , X
A
= j0,15
R
N
= 0,15 , X
N
= j0,1
June 2004 slide 62
Immunity
June 2004 slide 63
Systems
ESD immunity test
ESD
EuT
High-
speed
oscill.
0,5 mm
HCP
Pellegrini
target
EN 61000-4-2
VCP
June 2004 slide 64
Critical parameters
Systems
Radiated RF immunity
Components
Generator
Power amplifier
Cables
Directional couplers
(Switches)
Antenna(s)
Anechoic chamber
Field probe(s) w/monitor
Power meter(s)
Set-up calibration
June 2004 slide 65
In-House calibration
Field homogeneity calibration
Calibrated field probe (tertiary standard)
Defined positioning jig for probe
Defined antenna position
If added absorbers, defined position
Appropriate software for job
June 2004 slide 66
Systems
Radiated RF immunity
EN 61000-4-3
EuT
Ant
Gen PA
Pwr
m.
Field probe
monitor
June 2004 slide 67
Systems
EFT/Burst immunity
EN 61000-4-4
EuT
EFT/B
generator
EuT
Cap. clamp
June 2004 slide 68
Systems
Surge immunity
EN 61000-4-5
EuT
Surge
generator
June 2004 slide 69
Critical parameters
Systems
Conducted RF immunity
Components
Generator
Power amplifier
Attenuator
Cables
CDN
Power meter
Calibration jig
Ground plane
Current monitor probe
Monitor receiver/power meter
Set-up calibration
June 2004 slide 70
In-House calibration
Set-up calibration (immunity) traceability
Calibrated power meter(s) (tertiary standard)
Calibrated field probe (tertiary standard)
Directional coupler with sufficient directivity
Validated attenuators and cables
Verified CDNs
Generator with calibrated AM
(tertiary standard)
Table of expected levels
CDN
GEN PA
Pwr
m.
Set-up calibration
6 dB
June 2004 slide 71
Systems
Conducted RF immunity
EN 61000-4-6
CDN
EuT
CDN
GEN PA
Pwr
m.
Set-up calibration
6 dB
Rec.
6 dB
Testing
10 cm
June 2004 slide 72
Critical parameters
Systems
EM clamp
Conversion factor
AE port isolation
RF port impedance match
Part of set-up calibration, in-house
Receiver/
generator
June 2004 slide 73
Systems
Power freq. H-field immunity
EN 61000-4-8
EuT
Power freq
Current
source
DVM
H-field
meter
June 2004 slide 74
Critical parameters
Systems
Power frequency H-field
Loop design
Current generator
Current monitor
Field homogeneity
May be validated in-house
Helmholtz coil
Single loop coil
June 2004 slide 75
Systems
Voltage dips and interruption
EN 61000-4-11
EuT
Simulator