DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF FUZZY BANG-

BANG CONTROL OF BUCK REGULATOR

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AL ASHIK MOHAMED.K (91705105002)

BABU.S (91705105013)

DHAYALA SUNDARAM.K (91705105304)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ESTD.1995

SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PULLOOR, KARIAPATTI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2009

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 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF

FUZZY BANG-BANG CONTROL OF BUCK REGULATOR” is the
bonafide work of
AL ASHIK MOHAMED.K (91705105002)

BABU.S (91705105013)

DHAYALA SUNDARAM.K (91705105304)

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE
(Dr.SP.UMAYAL, Ph.D.)
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
PROFESSOR
Electrical and Electronics Engg.,
Sethu Institute of Technology
Pullor, Kariapatti – 626 106
Virudhunagar District.
SIGNATURE
(Mr.A.KANNABHIRAN, M.E)
SUPERVISOR
LECTURER
Electrical and Electronics Engg.,
Sethu Institute of Technology
Pullor, Kariapatti – 626 106
Virudhunagar District.

The project viva voce held at Sethu Institute of Technology on _________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our earnest gratefulness to our honorable chairman

Mr.S.Mohamed Jaleel, B.Sc., B.L., for his encouragement extended to us
undertakes this project work.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our Honorable CEO

Mr.S.M.Seeni Mohaideen, M.com, MBA, and directors Ms.S.M.Nilofer
Fathima, B.E., and Ms.S.M. Nasiya Fathima, B.Tech, for giving their
support to us understand this project work.

We wish to extend our gratitude to our principal Dr.A.Senthil Kumar

M.E., Ph.D., who has been tail twister behind us for attaining our goal.

We wish to express our gratitude and grateful thanks to our Head of

the department Dr.SP.Umayal, M.E., Ph.D., for her excellent guidance to
complete our project proficiently.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our guide

Mr.A.Kannabhiran, M.E., for his admirable guidance and suggestions
throughout this project work.

We are simultaneously thankful to all Staff members of the Electrical

and Electronics Engineering Department who had been all along encouraging
us to endeavor this project work.

Last but not the least, we thank and feel a deep sense of gratitude to
our Parents who are the source of constant support and encouragement.

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 ABSTRACT

For an optimal control problem, one of the most common types of

control function is the piecewise-constant function by which a sequence of

constant inputs is used to control a given system with suitable switching

times. Additionally, when the control is bounded, a very commonly

encountered type of piecewise constant control is bang-bang, which switches

between the upper and lower bounds of the control input. The optimal control

problem is to minimize a cost functional, defined on the state trajectory, as a

function of the switching parameters. Such optimal control problems arise in

various application domains, including mechanic, robotics, power converters,

production control etc.

In this project we propose a fuzzy optimization of the bang-bang

control using a fuzzy controller in the feedback loop. The nonlinear

characteristic of the fuzzy controller is designed to minimize the output

voltage ripple of the buck switching voltage regulator. Feedback signal is

output voltage error gain by a value, which is nonlinear dependent by output

voltage ripple. Comparing this feedback signal with a dc offset level results

the PWM command signal. The feasibility and effectiveness of this relative

simple control method is shown by simulation. A comparison with the PI

control method is included.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE No.

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS xi

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction to buck converter 1
1.2 DC-DC converters 2
1.3 Buck converter 4
1.4 Theory of operation 5
1.5 Evolution of buck converter 5
1.6 Different components in buck converter 8
1.6.1 Switch 9
1.6.1.1 Operating frequency 9
1.6.2 Inductor 10
1.6.3 Capacitor 10
1.6.4 Free wheeling diode 11
1.6.5 Feedback 11
1.7 Conventional PI- PWM controller 11
1.8 Fuzzy logic introduction 13
1.9 Design procedure 14
1.9.1 Duty cycle design 14
1.9.2 PWM operation in fuzzy 15
1.9.3 Controller design 15

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE No.

FUZZY BANG-BANG CONTROL OF BUCK
2. 17
REGULATOR
2.1 Theory of Circuit Operation 17
2.2 Fuzzy control 18
2.3 Fuzzy logic control for buck regulator 19
2.4 Fuzzy inference 19
2.5 Fuzzification 20
2.6 Fuzzy rules 24
2.7 Defuzzification 25
2.8 Fuzzy inference systems 26
2.9 FIS Membership Functions 26
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 2.10 Fuzzy rule table 28
2.11 Applications of Fuzzy logic systems 29

3. MATLAB/SIMULINK MODEL 30
3.1 Conventional buck converter circuit operation 30
3.2 Buck Regulator Output 30
3.3 PWM signal generation 31
3.4 Response to Change In Load 32
3.5 Operation Of Buck Converter –Fuzzy Logic Circuit 33
3.6 Buck Converter Block 34
3.7 Fuzzy PWM Block in the Circuit 34

4. SIMULATION RESULTS 35
Fuzzy bang-bang control of buck converter under
4.1 35
constant load condition

4.1.1 Output Under Constant Load Condition 36

PWM Generation Under Constant Load

4.1.2 37
Condition

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE No.

Fuzzy bang-bang control of buck converter under
4.2 38
increased load condition

4.2.1 Output Waveforms Under Increased Load 39

Fuzzy bang-bang control of buck converter under

4.3 40
change in source voltage

Output Waveforms When Source Voltage

4.3.1 41
Changes

5. CONCLUSION 43

6. REFERENCES 44

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No. TITLE PAGE No.

2.1 Fuzzy Rule Table 28

2.2 Fuzzy Membership Variables Description 28

3.1 PI - Response To Change In Load 32
4.1 Fuzzy Response Under Constant Load 36

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.

1.1 Buck converter circuit diagram 3
1.2 Buck converter Block Diagram 4
1.3 Switching regulator topology 5
1.4 A resistor with a single-pole double-throw switch 5
1.5 Effect of an Inductor 6
1.6 Circuit with an LC filter 7
1.7 Buck converter with Load resistor 7
1.8 Buck converter with PWM controller 8
1.9 PWM signal 12
1.10 PWM comparator signals 13
2.1 Block Diagram - Fuzzy Bang-Bang control of Buck 17
Regulator
2.2 Basic fuzzy controller 18
2.3 Fuzzy inferencing block 20
2.4 Fuzzification 21
2.5 Membership function shapes 22
2.6 Slope of membership functions 23
2.7 Crisp output 25
2.8 FIS Block 26
2.9 FIS Input - Error membership function 26
2.10 FIS Input - Change in error membership function 27
2.11 FIS Output membership function 27
3.1 Conventional Buck Converter Circuit 30
3.2 Conventional Buck Converter Circuit Output 31
3.3 PWM Signal Generation 32
3.4 Conventional Buck Converter Under Change In Load 33
3.5 Fuzzy Logic Employed Buck Converter Circuit 33

FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.

3.6 Buck Converter Circuit 34
3.7 Fuzzy PWM Block Circuit 34
4.1 Fuzzy Bang-Bang Control Of Buck Converter Circuit 35
Under Constant Load
4.2 Fuzzy Bang-Bang Control Output voltage and current under 36
constant load
4.3 Fuzzy Bang-Bang Control PWM Signal Generation 37
4.4 Fuzzy Bang-Bang Control Under Increased Load Condition 38
4.5 Fuzzy Bang-Bang Control Under Increased Load Condition 39
Load Current And Output Voltage.

viii
4.6 Fuzzy Bang-Bang Control Under Change In Source 40
Voltage.
4.7 Load Current, Output Voltage under Change in Source 41
Voltage
4.8 PWM Signal And Fuzzy Output Signal 42

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

PI Proportional Integral
IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar junction Transistor
BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor
SMPS Switched Mode Power Supply
ESR Equivalent Series Resistance
FIS Fuzzy Inference System
FLC Fuzzy Logic Controller
FAM Fuzzy Association Memory
AI Artificial Intelligence
MF Membership Function
COG Center of Gravity
LQG Linear Quassian Control
Vin Input Voltage
Vo Output Voltage
ton ON Time
toff OFF Time
∂ Duty Cycle

Ω Ohms
r(t) Reference Input
y(t) Output