Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014

ABSTRACT
Power supplies are one of the main systems that can be found in almost
all Electrical /Electronic labs. Most of the power supplies provide either a low
voltage or a high voltage supply as output. The proposed circuit can generate
both the supplies, that is it has provision for both low and high voltage outputs.
A low voltage power supply that gives output in multiples of the dry cell voltage
and a TRA! driven variable out high voltage supply are integrated to form a
single power supply module. All the control and co ordination activities are
carried out with the help of a micro controller of "#$% family. &or the TRA!
gate control we need to sense the 'ero crossing level of the load voltage so that
it can be triggered precisely after a time e(ual to the firing angle. &or detecting
the 'ero crossing levels we are using an optoisolator and for the coupling of gate
pulse from the micro controller to the TRA! we are using an optocoupler.
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
INTRODUCTION
Power supplies can be found in all labs especially in electrical and
electronic labs. )ormal power supplies are analog in )ature as the doesn*t have
means for inputting the voltages re(uired from a +eypad so that a person with
minimal technical s+ills can operate the supply. The intention of the proposed
design is to have such a supply with digital input facility than the conventional
analog potentiometer. ,o the system should have a programmable device to ta+e
decisions according to the user inputs. n the pro-ect we are using Atmel*s
AT".,$% as the processing unit. The circuit is well designed and is having
protection from high voltage surges to be affected by the micro controller
because due to the use of optical couplers /isolators electrical discontinuity with
circuit continuity is achieved. The detailed description about the circuit and
components are given in following chapters.
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION/ INTERFACING DETAILS
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
1. AT 89S51 BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS
!ompatible with M!,/$% Products
0 1bytes of n/,ystem Reprogrammable &lash Memory. Endurance
%,### 2rite/Erase !ycles
&ully ,tatic 3peration4 # 5' to 60 M5'
Three/7evel Program Memory 7oc+
%6" 8 "/9it nternal RAM
:6 Programmable /3 7ines
Two %;/9it Timer/!ounters
,i8 nterrupt ,ources
Programmable ,erial !hannel
7ow Power dle and Power down Modes <escriptions


The AT".,$% is a low/power, high/performance !M3, "/bit microcomputer
with 0 1bytes of &lash Programmable and Erasable Read 3nly Memory
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
=PER3M>. The device is manufactured using Atmel*s high density nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard M!,/$%
instruction set and pin out. The on/chip &lash allows the program memory to
be reprogrammed in/system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. 9y combining a versatile "/bit !P? with &lash on a monolithic
chip, the Atmel AT".,$% is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly
fle8ible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT".,$% provides the following standard
features4 01bytes of &lash, %6" bytes of RAM, :6 /3 lines, two %;/bit
timer/counters, five vector two/level interrupt architecture, a full duple8 serial
port, on/chip oscillator and cloc+ circuitry. n addition, the AT".,$% is designed
with static logic for operation down to 'ero fre(uency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The dle Mode stops the !P? while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters,
PIN CONFIGURATION
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
&igure $.% Pin configuration of AT".,$%
6.RELAY DRIVER CHIP ULN 200
?7)6##: is a high voltage and high current <arlington array !. t
contains seven open collector <arlington pairs with common emitters. A
<arlington pair is an arrangement of two bipolar transistors in order to obtain a
very high gain so that it can act as a current buffer.
?7)6##: belongs to the family of ?7)6##@ series of !s.
<ifferent versions of this family interface to different logic families. ?7)6##:
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
is for $A TT7, !M3, logic devices. These !s are used when driving a wide
range of loads and are used as relay drivers, display drivers, line drivers etc.
?7)6##: is also commonly used while driving stepper motor.
Each channel or <arlington pair in ?7)6##: is rated at $##mA and can
withstand pea+ current of ;##mA. The inputs and outputs are provided opposite
to each other in the pin layout. Each driver also contains a suppression diode to
dissipate voltage spi+es while driving inductive loads. The schematic for each
driver is given below.
&igure $." nternal diagram of a driver stage in ?7) 6##:
P!" D!#$%#&'
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
&igure $.. Pin <iagram of ?7)6##:
P!" N( F)"*+!(" N#&,
% nput for %
st
channel nput %
6 nput for 6
nd
channel nput 6
: nput for :
rd
channel nput :
0 nput for 0
th
channel nput 0
$ nput for $
th
channel nput $
; nput for ;
th
channel nput ;
B nput for B
th
channel nput B
" Cround =#A> Cround
. !ommon freewheeling diodes !ommon
%# 3utput for B
th
channel 3utput B
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
%% 3utput for ;
th
channel 3utput ;
%6 3utput for $
th
channel 3utput $
%: 3utput for 0
th
channel 3utput 0
%0 3utput for :
rd
channel 3utput :
%$ 3utput for 6
nd
channel 3utput 6
%; 3utput for %
st
channel 3utput %
Pin details of ?7)6##:
LCD !"+,%-#*!"$
The most commonly used !haracter based 7!<s are based on 5itachiDs
5<00B"# controller or other which are compatible with 5<00$"#. n this
section, we will discuss about character based 7!<s, their interfacing with
microcontrollers, The most commonly used 7!<s found in the mar+et today are
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
% 7ine, 6 7ine or 0 7ine 7!<s which have only % controller and support at most
of "# characters, whereas 7!<s supporting more than "# characters ma+e use
of 6 5<00B"# controllers. Most 7!<s with % controller has %0 Pins and 7!<s
with 6 controller has %; Pins =two pins are e8tra in both for bac+/light 7E<
connections>.
&igure $.$ !haracter 7!< type 5<00B"# Pin diagram
P!" N(. F)"*+!("
% Cround
6 ,upply E$A
: !ontrast Ad-ust
0 Register ,elect
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
$ Read/write
; Enable
B/%0 <ata 7ines
%$ 9ac+light ,upply
%; 9ac+light Cround
Table $.% 7!< pins and functions
D!./0#1 2#+# RAM
<isplay data RAM =<<RAM> stores display data represented in "/bit character
codes. ts e8tended capacity is "# @ " bits, or "# characters. The area in display
data RAM =<<RAM> that is not used for display can be used as general data
RAM. ,o whatever you send on the <<RAM is actually displayed on the 7!<.
&or 7!<s li+e %8%;, only %; characters are visible, so whatever you write after
%; chars is written in <<RAM but is not visible to the user.
&igures below will show you the <<RAM addresses of % 7ine, 6 7ine and 0
7ine 7!<s.
DDRAM A22%,.. -(% 1 L!", LCD
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
DDRAM A22%,.. -(% 2 L!",. LCD
BF 3 B).1 F0#$
9usy &lag is a status indicator flag for 7!<. 2hen we send a command or
data to the 7!< for processing, this flag is set =i.e. 9& F%> and as soon as the
instruction is e8ecuted successfully this flag is cleared =9& F #>. This is helpful
in producing and e8act amount of to read 9usy &lag, the condition R, F # and
R/2 F % must be met and The M,9 of the 7!< data bus =<B> act as busy flag.
2hen 9& F % means 7!< is busy and will not accept ne8t command or data and
9& F # means 7!< is ready for the ne8t command or data to process.
I".+%)*+!(" R,$!.+,% 4IR5 #"2 D#+# R,$!.+,% 4DR5
There are two "/bit registers in 5<00B"# controller nstruction and
<ata register. nstruction register corresponds to the register where you send
commands to 7!< e.g. 7!< shift command, 7!< clear, 7!< address etc. and
<ata register is used for storing data which is to be displayed on 7!<. 2hen
send the enable signal of the 7!< is asserted, the data on the pins is latched in
to the data register and data is then moved automatically to the <<RAM and
hence is displayed on the 7!<. <ata Register is not only used for sending data
to <<RAM but also for !CRAM, the address where you want to send the data,
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
is decided by the instruction you send to 7!<. 9elow is a brief list of useful
commands which are used fre(uently while wor+ing on the 7!<
Table $.6 7!< command list
I"+,%-#*!"$ K,1/#2
1eypads are a part of 5M or 5uman Machine nterface and play really
important role in a small embedded system where human interaction or human
input is needed. Matri8 +eypads are well +nown for their simple architecture
and ease of interfacing with any microcontroller. n this part of tutorial we will
learn how to interface a 080 matri8 +eypad with AAR and "#$% microcontroller.
Also we will see how to program then in Assembly and !.
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
C(".+%)*+!"$ # M#+%!6 K,1/#2
!onstruction of a +eypad is really simple. As per the outline shown in the figure
below we have four rows and four columns. n between each overlapping row
and column line there is a +ey.
,o +eeping this outline we can construct a +eypad using simple ,P,T ,witches
as shown below4
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
)ow our +eypad is ready, all we have to do is connect the rows and columns to
a port of microcontroller and program the controller to read the input.
S*#""!"$ # M#+%!6 K,1/#2
There are many methods depending on how you connect your
+eypad with your controller, but the basic logic is same. 2e ma+e the rows as
/p and we drive the columns ma+ing them o/p, this whole procedure of reading
the +eyboard is called scanning. n order to detect which +ey is pressed from the
matri8, we ma+e columns lines low one by one and read the rows. 7et*s say we
first ma+e !olumn% low, and then read the rows. f any of the +ey in column% is
pressed it will ma+e the corresponding row as low i.e. if G0H +ey is pressed in
column%, then row6 will give low. ,o we come to +now that +ey 0 of column%
is pressed. This is how scanning is done. ,o to scan the +eypad completely, we
need to ma+e columns low one by one and read the rows. f any of the buttons is
pressed in a column, it will ta+e the corresponding row to a low state which tells
us that a +ey is pressed in that column.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
1. PO7ER SUPPLY
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
2.MICRO CONTROLLER BASE BOARD
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
. TRIAC FIRING CIRCUIT 7ITH OPTO 8COUPLER
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
9. RELAY INTERFACING CIRCUIT
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
5. MATRI: KEYPAD CONNECTION TO MC
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
7ORKING
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
2or+ing of the pro-ect is based on the pro-ect can be understood by the
circuit itself if the component properties are studied well. To start with the
power supply is a normal centre taped with 6 regulator chips to provide the
regulated $ v for the micro controller and %6v for the relay ban+s.
The micro controller circuit consists of the basic circuit with a cloc+ and
reset arrangement. Power on reset facility is provided with the help of a R!
arrangement. After powering on the micro controller inputs messages on the
6I%; line 7!< module. The user will be as+ed to input the voltage re(uired as
high /low. 2hen the user inputs the micro controller ma+es each row pins low
one but one and scans for a column to be low thus detects the +ey pressed out of
the %; available +eys.
f the user selects a high voltage then the micro controller waits for a 'ero
crossing. The 'ero crossing circuitry consists of an opto isolator and a bridge
rectifier. The opto/isolator gives a high pulse at its output only when its driving
7E< if 3&& this happens -ust above 'ero crossing and lasts after some
milliseconds after the 'ero crossing. After detecting a 'ero crossing pulse the
M! gives a firing pulse to the TRA! through an opto coupler. The delay after
which the gate is to be triggered is found out by suitable substituting the user
input ac value and then converting alpha to milliseconds. ,o according to the
user input the TRA!*s firing angle can be varied.
The opto circuitry provides protection to the micro controller from high
voltage surges on power 3) state. t also gives an optical barrier to the 5A
sections of the circuit.
f the selection is a low voltage, the micro controller turns 3)
corresponding relays so that one out of the seven taps of a multi taped
transformer comes in series with the low voltage low. ,o that the user can gets
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
any dc voltage starting from %.$ to %6. The circuit is provided with two bridge
rectifiers so that with the help of a simple <P<T switch both high and low dc
voltages can be obtained. Thus the power has an intelligent circuit to accept
digital inputs from the user and to give outputs according to the input voltage
value and level
PCB LAY OUT OF THE BASE BOARD
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
7ayout of pcb
PCB FABRICATION
The materials re(uired for P!9 fabrication are copper clad sheet, a little paint,
drilling machine and ferric chloride solution.
The following steps are involved in ma+ing a P!9
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
%. Preparation of the layout of the tract
6. Transferring the layout on to the copper
:. Etching to remove the copper from the copper clad, wherever it is not
re(uired
0. <rilling holes for component mounting
P%,/#%!"$ 0#1()+
The tract layout of the electronics circuit must be drawn on a white paper.
The layout should be made such a way that the paths are in easy routs. This
enables the P!9 more compact and economical.
T%#".-,%%!"$ +;, 0#1()+ +( +;, *(//,%
The layout made on white paper should be redrawn on the copper clad using
paint or nail varnish.
E+*;!"$
&erric chloride solution is the popularly used etching solution. The ferric
chloride powder is made into a solution using water and is +ept in a plastic tray.
mmerse the mar+ed copper clad in this solution for two hours. <ue to the
reaction the solution will become wea+ and it is not recommended for another
etching process. The copper in the unmar+ed area will be etched out. Ta+e out
the etched sheet from the tray and dry out in sunlight for an hour. 7ater remove
the paint or nail varnish using turpentine
D%!00!"$
The holes are made by a drilling machine for the component insertion.
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
SOLDERING
S(02,%!"$ /%#*+!*,
,oldering is the process of -oining two or more similar or dissimilar metals
by melting another metal having low melting point. The materials and tools
re(uired are solder, flu8, +nife or blade, soldering iron and nose pliers.
S(02,%!"$ -0)6,.
n order to ma+e the surface accept the solder readily, the
component terminals should be free from the surface of the metal. The leads
should be cleaned chemically or by scraping using a blade or a +nife. ,mall
amount of lead should be coated on the cleaned portion of the leads and the tip
of the soldering. Rosin is the most commonly used flu8. These are available in
petroleum -elly as a paste flu8. The residues which remain after soldering may
be washed out with more water accomplished by brushing.
S(02,%
,older is used for -oining two or more metals at temperature below its melting
point. The popularly used solders are the alloy of tin =;#J> and lead =0#J> that
metals at :B$ & =%.# !> and solidify when it cools. Most of the solder wires are
flu8 cored type. 2hen such solder wires are used e8tra soldering flu8 is not
re(uired.
SOLDERING TOOLS
S(02,%!"$ !%("
%. t is used to melt the solder and apply at the -oins in the circuit. t operates in
6:#A main supply the normal power rating of the soldering are %#2, 6$2, :$2
and %6$2. The iron bit at the tip of it gets heated up within a few minutes. %#2
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
and 6$2 soldering irons are sufficient select the proper soldering iron for the
wor+.
6. Tin the bit before soldering.
:. 1eep the tinned bit always clean from the o8ide formed while soldering.
0. <o not over heat the P!9 and the device.
$. <o not use e8cess solder or flu8.
;. !lean the surface of the lead to be -oined using a blade for light wor+.
S(02,%!"$ $)"
t is a gun shaped soldering tool use especially when more heat is re(uired. ts
triggering is a switch that controls the A! powers.
S(02,%!"$ .+#+!("
t*s the removal of solders from a previously soldered -oint. <e/solder pump is a
commonly used device for this purpose. 2hen the solder melts by the action of
the soldering iron a trigger on the de/solder pump should be activated to create a
vacuum. This vacuum pulls the solder into the tube.
S(02,%!"$ %)0,.
%. ,elect the proper soldering iron for the wor+.
6. Tin the bit before soldering. 1eep the tinned bit always cleans from the o8ide
formed while soldering.
:. <o not over heat the device and P!9.
0. <o not heat e8cess solder or flu8.
$. !lean the surface of the lead to be -oined using a blade.
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
P%(*,2)%, -(% .(02,%!"$
%. Ma+e a lay out of the connection of the components in the circuit.
Plug in the chord of the soldering iron into the main supply to get it heated up.
6. !lean the component lead using a blade or a +nife and bend them according
to the needs. Apply a little flu8 on the leads. Ta+e a little solder on the soldering
iron and apply the molten solder solder on the leads .!are must be ta+en to
avoid the components getting heated up.
:. Mount the components on the P!9, and apply flu8 on the -oints and solder
the -oints. ,oldering must be done in minimum timing to avoid dry soldering
and heating up of the components.
0. 2ash the residue using water and brush.
$. Practice de/soldering a soldered circuit using soldering iron.
APPLICATIONS
The circuit finds its applications in all 7A9s where power supplies are
essential entities. 9esides the circuit can be used as power supply for group
consumer electronic products. 5igh voltage section cane is used for ac lamp
dimming circuits etc.
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
%. 5as digital voltage input facility.
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
6. 5as a selector switch for dc/ac conversion
:. 5as surge protection facility.
0. Cood low voltage regulation
$. TRA! based 5A switching,
The disadvantage of the circuit is that due to input voltage change the out also
changes. And the accuracy of 5A ,<E is low if we needs improvement then a
feedbac+ from the output can be ta+en to produce correct high output voltage
CONCLUSION

<esigned and built a power supply that gives multiple ac/dc
voltages, with a multi tap transformer and a TRA!. The firing/'ero crossing
techni(ues are studied in detail. The final output is a power with a simple user
interfaces and multiple voltage outputs. ,oftware used are 1E7 A <E =M!
programming tool> and <PTRA!E =P!9 designing tool>.
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
PROGRAM IN C
KincludeLreg$%.hM
sbit R,FP%N#O
sbit R2FP%N%O
sbit E)FP%N6O
Kdefine lcddata P#
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
sbit r%FP:N#O
sbit r6FP:N%O
sbit r:FP:N6O
sbit r0FP:N:O
sbit c%FP:N0O
sbit c6FP:N$O
sbit c:FP:N;O
sbit c0FP:NBO
sbit gate F P%N:O
sbit optoFP%N0O
sbit changeFP%N$O
int alphaO
Kdefine relay P6
/I
E/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////E
P Prototype4 void M,delay=unsigned int>O P
P Return Type4 void P
P Arguments4 unsigned int P
30
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
P <escription4 Cenerates time delay in milliseconds P
P P
E/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////E
I/
void delay=unsigned int time>
Q
unsigned int a,bO
for=aF#OaLFtimeOaEE>
Q
for=bF#ObLF%6B$ObEE>
QR
R
R
void delayStriac=int (>
Q unsigned int w,eO
for=wF#OwL(OwEE>
Q
for=eF#OeLF%:OeEE>O
R
31
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
R
//This function ma+es one column to C)< one by one and chec+ the rows for
+ey press
int +eypress=>
Q
while=%>
Q
c%F#Oc6F%Oc:F%Oc0F%O
if=r%FF#>Qreturn %OR
if=r6FF#>Qreturn 0OR
if=r:FF#>Qreturn BOR
if=r0FF#>Qreturn %#OR
c%F%Oc6F#Oc:F%Oc0F%O
if=r%FF#>Qreturn 6OR
if=r6FF#>Qreturn $OR
if=r:FF#>Qreturn "OR
if=r0FF#>Qreturn #OR

c%F%Oc6F%Oc:F#Oc0F%O
32
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
if=r%FF#>Qreturn :OR
if=r6FF#>Qreturn ;OR
if=r:FF#>Qreturn .OR
if=r0FF#>Qreturn %%OR
c%F%Oc6F%Oc:F%Oc0F#O
if=r%FF#>Qreturn %6OR
if=r6FF#>Qreturn %:OR
if=r:FF#>Qreturn %0OR
if=r0FF#>Qreturn %$OR
R
R
/I
E/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////E
P Prototype4 void lcdcmd =unsigned char>O P
P Return Type4 void P
P Arguments4 unsigned char P
P <escription4 ssue commands to 7!< P
P P
E/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////E
I/
33
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
void lcdcmd=unsigned char <ATA>
Q
R,F#OR2F#OE)F%O
lcddataF<ATAO
E)F#O
delay=%>O
R
/I
E/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////E
P Prototype4 void lcddat =unsigned int> P
P Return Type4 void P
P Arguments4 unsigned int P
P <escription4 <isplay data on 7!< P
P P
E/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////E
I/
void lcddat=unsigned char <ATA>
Q
R,F%OR2F#OE)F%O
lcddataF<ATAO
34
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
E)F#O
delay=%>O
R
/I
E/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////E
P Prototype4 void initiali'e =void>O P
P Return Type4 void P
P Arguments4 )one P
P <escription4 nitiali'e 7!< P
P P
E/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////E
I/
void initiali'e=>
Q
lcdcmd=#8:#>O
delay=%>O
lcdcmd=#8:">O
delay=%>O
lcdcmd=#8#!>O
delay=%>O
35
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
lcdcmd=#8#%>O
delay=%>O
lcdcmd=#8#;>O
delay=%>O
R
void display=unsigned char location,unsigned char Id>
Q
lcdcmd=#8"#Plocation>O
delay=%>O
while=Id>
Q
lcddat=IdEE>O
R
R
void main=>
Q
int p,r,num,sO pF#OrF#OsF#OrelayF#8##O
alphaF#OchangeF%OoptoF%OgateF%O
36
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
initiali'e=>O
while=%>
Q

display=#8##,T 2E7!3ME T>O
delay=6##>O
lcdcmd=#8#%>O
display=#8##,T M?7T A37TACE T>O
display=#8!#,T P32ER ,?PP7U T>O
delay=6##>O
lcdcmd=#8#%>O
display=#8##,T T.1. 1377AM T>O
display=#8!#,TM) PR3VE!T %0T>O
delay=:##>O
menu4 lcdcmd=#8#%>O
display=#8##,T 732=I>/5C5=K> T>O
delay=%>O
pF+eypress=>O
if=PFF%#>
goto lowO
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Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
else if=pFF%%>
goto highO
low4 lcdcmd=#8#%>O
display=#8##,TE)T 732 A4T>O
pF#OrF#OsF#OrelayF#8##O
lcdcmd=#8"b>O
p F +eypress=>O
pEF0"O
lcddat=p>O
delay=$#>O

r F +eypress=>O
if=rFF%#>
Q rF0;OR
else
Q rEF0"OR
lcddat=r>O
delay=$#>O
sF +eypress=>O
38
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
sEF0"O
lcddat=s>O
delay=$#>O
delay=6##>O
pFp/0"O
//rFr/0"O
sFs/0"O
numF=%#Ip>EsO
switch=num>
Q
case %$4 QrelayF#8#%Obrea+OR
case :4QrelayF#8#6Obrea+OR
case 0$4QrelayF#8#0Obrea+OR
case ;4QrelayF#8#"Obrea+OR
case B$4QrelayF#8%#Obrea+OR
case .4QrelayF#86#Obrea+OR
case 64QrelayF#80#Obrea+OR
default 4 goto lowO
R
39
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
while=changeFF%>O
goto menuO
high4lcdcmd=#8#%>O
display=#8##,TE)T 5C A4T>O
pF#OrF#OsF#OgateF%O
lcdcmd=#8"b>O


p F +eypress=>O
pEF0"O
lcddat=p>O
delay=$#>O
r F +eypress=>O
rEF0"O
lcddat=r>O
delay=$#>O
sF +eypress=>O
40
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
sEF0"O
lcddat=s>O
delay=$#>O
pFp/0"O
rFr/0"O
sFs/0"O
delay=%##>O
numF=%##Ip>E=%#Ir>EsO

//alphaF%###/==num/6:#>I%###>O
//alpha/F%#O

if=numM6%">
alphaF#O
else if=numL6%"WWnumM6%$>
alphaF%#O
else if=numLF6%$WWnumM6%#>
alphaF6#O
else if=numLF6%#WWnumM6#6>
41
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
alphaF6$O
else if=numLF6#6WWnumM%.6>
alphaF:#O
else if=numLF%.6WWnumM%":>
alphaF:$O
else if=numLF%":WWnumM%;.>
alphaF0#O
else if=numLF%;.WWnumM%$$>
alphaF0$O
else if=numLF%$$WWnumM%:.>
alphaF$#O
else if=numLF%:.WWnumM%66>
alphaF$$O
42
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
else if=numLF%66WWnumM%#;>
alphaF;#O
else if=numLF%#;WWnumM"$>
alphaF;$O
else if=numLF"$WWnumM;B>
alphaFB#O
else if=numLF;BWWnumM0.>
alphaFB$O
else if=numLF0.>
alphaF"#O
while=changeFF%>
Q if=optoFF%>
43
Variable ac and dc power supplay using triac 2014
Q gateF%O
delayStriac=alpha>O
gateF#O
delayStriac=%#>O
gateF%O
RR
goto menuO

R
R
44