Present simple and continuous

The present simple has the following uses.

r
re$ular or routine events
We uswaLLy start the week with a teayn meetuq.
She visits
Japayt
once a month.
r
permanent or long-term situations
I work at head
ffice
in London.
The comparry desig?ls comryuter
fames.
K*y wwrds
usually, normallg, reguL arlg, oJt en,
fr
e quervtlg, s omettmes, r ar elg, al,w a4s, nw er,
werA daU / week / month /
year, once a.
week / twice amontlt
The present continuous has the following uses.
*
something happening now / at the moment
Just
a moment
-
I'm
Wtng
to
find
yow
fiLe.
Nick's talktng to a" customer right now.
r
temporary situations
We're not dweloptng arLA new products this
montLl.
Wa's workuq at home todag
-
she's not wt
the
ffice.
.
future fixed arrangements
We're
flging
to Texas on Mondw4 t9th.
Mike's meeting the directors tomorrow.
KcxSl w*rds
naw, at the moment, cllTrerltl.y, th:ts week
The continuous is not usually used with the
following verbs.
r
giving
opinions
Like, disLike, prefer, think, b eltw e, knw,t, meflrL
'
describing senses
see,hear,feel", seem
*
describing ownership and needs
hane, need, owtL wantt
Exercises
ffi
Choose the correct form of the verbs in
italtcs.
I She write / writes training programmes.
2 The company doesn't / isn't making a profit.
3 They archadng
/haye a meeting.
4 We don't
fmrsmng
/fxrush work at 6pm.
5 That printer doesn't / tsn't work.
6 Are
/ Do you often visit head office?
7 What time rs / does Geoffarriving?
8 I'm not / I don't understand the problem.
ffi
Complete the text with the appropriate
form of the verbs in brackets, present simple
or present continuous.
James
O' Brian and Fran Mitchell (' be)
entrepreneurs. They (' live) and
(' work) in Cardiff in Wales.
James
(' design)
and (' produce)
the products and Fran ('sell)
the goods
on the internet.
James
(' not work) on a
new product at the moment, but Fran ('visit)
clients in Prague.
James
and Fran
(' talk) on the phone every day to
discuss business. They ('o not talk) now
because Fran (" be) in a meeting.
ffi
Oecide if the sentences below contain
mistakes. Change the form of the verb where
necessary.
1 We're not liking the new computer system.
2 How many boxes do you need?
3 Smiths are seeming interested in our products.
4 Paul's travelling to New York next week.
5 Is Marta preferring the second option?
.raJa.rd elJew seocl
s
afueqc ou
-
lJerro3 t
palsaralur
ruaes sqtrws g afueqr ou
-
ltaJrof, z
a>III
t.uop aM
I

aslJJexg ot ,ta)I
sl
tt SuHIel lou ere
0I
41el
6 Surlrsn s1 g
fiuqrom
](usr Z
sllas
9
sacnpord
E
sufllsap
t
>lrona

a^ll
T,
ere
I
Z
esrJJaxg ol day
ocr
e l,usaop s
qsrurJ
? Furneu , r,.l!YT rtrltr:li
I
esIJJa)'qI ol utax
Grammar reference I 83
Count abl e and uncount abt e
countable nouns uncountable nouns
have singular and have no plural form
plural forms
use a / an with the never use fr / an
si ngul ar
use either singular or use only singular verb
plural verb form form
worker,book, desk, staf, oiL,water,
machiyte, co't:tL, eqwpment, moneA,
comrynnq,su{festion wformation, adyice
some
*
i n posi ti ve sentences
wi th countabl e nouns i n the pl ural
wi th uncountabl e nouns
We're havmg soyne probluns
ynth
the computer.
There's some coffee on the table.
u
in offers and requests
with both countable and uncountable nouns
Would you Like some tea?
any
*
i n negati ve sentences and questi ons
wi th countabl e nouns i n the pl ural
wi th uncountabl e nouns
There isn't any tnformanon about hotels.
Do you haye wny detatls about tlus?
much
*
mai nl y i n negati ve sentences and questi ons
wi th uncountabl e nouns
We hayen't got trutch tirne.
Is there m:uch demand
for
these products?
many
*
mai nl y i n negati ve sentences and questi ons
wi th countabl e nouns i n the pl ural
Do you haye milyLA customers iyt the south?
No, not manA.
a lot of / lots of (informal)
*
i n posi ti ve sentences:
wi th countabl e nouns i n the pl ural
wi th uncountabl e nouns
You see a lot of sunteillance cmneras tn the
streets in London.
There's alot of computer cntne nowadays.
84 f Grammar reference
Exercises
:,
: Decide if the sentences below contain
mistakes. Change the form of the noun
where necessary.
I We employ a lot of extra staff in the summer.
2 How many worker usually arrive late?
3 Can you gi ve me some i nformati ons, pl ease?
4 The machi ne' s worki ng agai n now.
5 We need to buy new equi pments soon.
6 lt's a very good companies to work for.
7 You haven't got much money to spend on this.
8 Can I ask you for some advices?
Complete the
1 ld like
sentences with sorne or ffitA.
i nformati on about vour
products, please.
2 Would vou like hel p?
3 We don't have files.
5
6
7
8
4
Tuan has
project.
Do you have
We're having
Can I get you
1
2
3
4
suggestions for the
ideas, Katrin?
computer problems.
magazines?
5
6
7
8
They aren't having meetings today.
Choose the correct words in italtcs.
How much / many employees do you have?
We've got a l.ot of / marLa work to do.
There isn't
yru,tch
/ maru4 time.
Lots oJ / Much people use PowerPoint in
presentati ons now.
There rsn't
yru,tch
/ mang money in the budget.
I' ve got
aLot oJ / much meeti ngs thi s week.
We don't have much / maru4 customers today.
Is there much / maru4 demand for your
products i n Asi a?
qJnw
8
{ueu
Z
Jo
l ol e
9
qtntu
I
Jo
sl ol
?
qrnw

Jo
]ol
e
7
fuew1
g asrJJaxg ot lley
due g
ewos
z atuos g fue g
ar.uos
tr
t\uv

ewos
Z
atuos
I
Z
asrJJexfl ol z{a;1
etrl pe g afueqc ou
-
l tetto3 z
duedwoc
9 )uarudrnba s
afl ueql ou
-
l l arro3 t
uorler.uJoJur

sJalJonn
7
afiueqJ ou
-
lJarJoJ I
I
asrJJexg or Aa)
Modal verbs, part 1
Form
n
modal verbs are followed bv the infinitive
without to
I must
$o
now.
I can't
find
the customer
file.
Could we start soon?
K
exceptions are haye to and need to
I need to go now.
We don't haye to keq these records.
Do gou hane to Leaye now?
Modals important for politeness
*
offers
Can I ... ? Coul d t ... ? I cayt ... I couLd ...
WouLd you Like ... ?
Can I help you with
Aour
bags?
Wowld
Aou
ltke to sit here?
w
requests
Can I ... ? Coul.d I ... ? Can you ... ?
Coul d
Aou
... ? WouLd you ... ?
Could I bonow
Aour
penfor a moment?
Would
Aou
show me how to use thts
machine, please?
m
pol i te suggesti ons
You could ...
/ We could ... I thxnkwe slnuld ...
You could take the tratn
-
it's \)erA
Jost.
I thrnl< we should trayel
fust
class.
*
perfilission
Can I ...? MaU I ...? (more formal )
You can / You maA
Can I / Mag I smoke inhere? Yes, gou cwn.
Modals of possibility
w
certainty
wiLI" / won't
It's Late
-
I wott't hate tnne to read the report
tornght.
m
possibility
/ uncertainty
ffiW, nnght, could, mary not, might not
We could haw probLems with transport.
We ma.g not afrle m time
for
the meetmg.
*
abi l i ty
can / c&rl't, could / couldn't (past)
I can't read thts. It's too smalL.
I couldn't mderstand the report; it was too
dffiarlt.
Exercises
,1rrr,:
Write complete offerc.
Can l get l you l coffee?
Cayt I get you a cofree?
1 Can / help I
your luggagez
2 Woul d / l i ke / come / l unchl
3 / could
/ help I
you
/ finish / report.
4 / c a n l o p e n / d o o r / y o u .
5 Coul d
/ pay l t axi z
'l:
,: Write complete requests.
Can /gi ve her
/ message?
Can gou
lwe
her a message, pLease?
1 Can / speak to / Sales Manager?
2 Can
/ we / order I taxiZ
3 May
/ open / window?
4 Would I meetJames
/ airport?
5 Could
/ borrow / vour calculator?
.'.,,r
Qsmplete the sentences with cwn, cflll't,
might, might not, will or wott't.
I I'm afraid I come to the
presentati on. I' m meeti ng a vi si tor.
2 She be l ate for her appoi ntment i f
the traffic is bad.
3 you play golfi
4 I'm sure they want any coffee
until after the meeting.
We certainly get it to you today.
David take the
job
unless we offer
him more monev.
],uolvvlou IqFIW
g
(ttpn)
II,
9 l,uonrr ?
IIIM/uef,
e
llyvvlq?yx
7 l.uer I

asrf,Jexg ot zbx
arolulnJler
rno^ /v\orroq
I
plnoS
I
el.rodrre
aq] le sauef ]aaw nod plnolt
t
2aseeld' rvtopuwr
aqt uado
I,{eW
g
;aseald' xe]
e rapJo e^\ ue3
Z
;aseald' rafleuery
seles eql o] >leads
I
uef,
I
z
asrJJaxg o1 fay
erxel
aql ;o3 rted
I
plnof,
s
'nor{
ro; roop eq} uado ue)
I ?
'lrodar
rno,{ qsrug no,{ dlaq plnot
I e
aqlunl
ol aruoJ ol altl nort p1noiy17
;aFeFFnl
rno,t qlrm nod dlaq
I
ue3
I
I
asrJJaxt ol ulay
5
6
Grammar reference I 85
Moda[ verbs, part 2
Form
w modal verbs are followed bv the infinitive
without to
I tru,st go
now.
I can't
find
the u,stomer
ftle.
Could we start soon?
w
exceptions are haye to and need to
I need to
$o
now.
We don't hane to keep these records.
Do gou haye to leante now?
Modals of obligation
*
advice
You should
/ You shouLdn't ... (stronger)
You mtst / You
yyttlstn't
... (very stron$)
You should talk to ollr nccotntts maytaler
-
she can heLp
Aou.
You mastn't Leaye London without tuittng
the Tower!
e
personal rul e
mu,st
/ mustn't
I mast trA to
let
to work earLier.
I tru,sttt't spend so much time on the mternet.
s
general rul e
haye to
Do you haw to hante a
yka
to trayel" to l<l,tssifr?
ffi
necessary
need to
We need to plan ottr next saLes conJerertce soon.
e
not necessary
don't hate to / don't need to
You don't hante to haye a Msa
for
tlrc IJK.
You don' t need to wnte al etter
-
aou
cffi r
phone.
e
not al l owed
m:ustn't
You mustn't Leaye
Aour
car in
front
oJ the
hoteL
-
it's & no parkmg area!
Exercises
,'
Cross out the word that is not necessary
in each sentence.
1 You should be talk to Customer Services.
2 They have to to go
by taxi.
3 You have mustn't lock the door.
4 We are need to promote this product.
5 I must have finish this report by 5 o'clock.
Choose the correct verbs in italtcs.
1 I shoul.dn't
/ need to book a conference room
for our meeti ng.
2 Important! All visitors could / hane to report
to recepti on.
3 They don' thal e to / shoul dn' t wear a
uni form; casual cl othes are fi ne.
4 You mustn't I don't need to press that button
-
it turns all the computers offl
5 We should I need to go to the exhibition. It
l ooks real l y i nteresti ng!
6 Do we haye to I must work next weekenda
Rewrite the words in italtcs using modal
verbs and any other necessary words.
I Staf are not aLl"owed to smoke in the restaurant.
2 lt's not necess&rA
Jor
you to enter a password.
3 It wouLd be a
{ood
i deafor gou to di scuss the
probl em wi th your manager.
4 lt's m4 personal rul.e not to make any
mi stakes i n my reports.
5 lt's necessaru
for
us to carry our ID cards at all
ti mes.
6 I stronfly ahtrse you to see that new show.
lsntu no^ g
ol e^eq eM g
l,ulsnw I ?
plnoqs no^

o] e^eq
l ,uop no^
/
ol peeu
],uop noAZ
],ul snur
JJel s
I

asrJJaxg or z(a)
o] a^eq g
pl noqs
I l ,ul snw ?
ol e^eq
],uop
ol a^eq
z
ol paeu
I
Z
asrJJaxg ol fax
aneq g ete
I
e^e14

ol
z
aq
I
I
asrJJaxg or fa11
85 I Grammar reference
Comparatives and supertatives
Forming comparative adjectives
.
short adjectives (one syllable) +
-er
The nan modeL rs chearyer.
'
short adjectives ending
-g
6
+
-er
The client u happiq with the new design.
.
longer adjectives (two or more syllables) more
/ less + adjective
I thLnk this coat ts more
fashionable.
r
irregular comparative forms
good
-bet t er
bad
-
worse
far
-
finther
The new design
'is
worue than the old one.
The other restntlreyLt ts loetter
-but
it's
furthu
aM)au.
Use
r
to show difference
A is bigger than B
B is not as big as A
The V8 ts
faster
than the V6.
The V6 tsn't ils er<penswe as the V8.
*
to show similarity
Ai s a s b i g a s B
TLus geat's sales A.re ns good as Last geafs.
Forming superlative adjectives
.
short adjectives (one syllable) (the) +
adjective +
-est
Tlis Laptop is the smallest one on the market.
"
short adjectives ending
-y
(the) + adjective
Y
+
-iest
That was olrr busiest week oJ the
Aear.
longer adjectives (two or more syllables) (the)
most /Least
+ adjective
It's the most loenunfuI dress tn the show.
Tlas is the least expenstle rnodeL
Aou
carl bLq.
irregular superlative forms
{ood
-
best
bad
-
worst
far
-frnthest
Wlnch photo do you tlwnk rs best
Jor
ollr
adyerttsement?
Arrwtng Late rs the worct thLng you caru do.
IvIy desk ts the one that ts
fwthest from
the
window.
Exercises
ffiS
Correct the mistakes in each sentence.
1 That factory is the bigger one in Europe.
2 Our products are more cheap than
Jenson's.
3 The new manager isn't as friendly than the
last one.
4 This is best laptop that you can buy.
5 This year, we're much busyer than last year.
6 It's the more expensive car on the market right
now.
ffi*
co*plete the
or nothing (-).
I I thi nk i t' s
sentences with as, than, the
best restaurant rn
town.
The new model isn't
ol d one.
I thi nk I l i ke thi s one
Our prices are better
competitors'.
the
I
asroJelql ot ztay
Grammar reference I 87
as good
better 3
4
Li.1ri}
complete the sentences with a
comparative or superlative phrase, using the
adjective in brackets.
I
2
My new car is (big) the old one.
This is (expensive) dish on the
menu.
(bad) thing is the weather; it's
awful.
This hotel is (comfortable) the last
one.
That's (large) one that we have.
Use the other photocopier. It makes (good)
5
6
copies.
In Spai n, di nner i s (l ate)
Engl and.
Is that (fast)
computer that you
have?
lsalseJ er{} g ueq} ra}el
z
:alle9
9 lsa3.re1 aq]
I
uuql elqeuoJr.uof, eroru
?
lsroM aqt

arrrsuadxa
]sotu aql
7
uelt;a38lq
t

esrlJaxg ot fa)
ueq) '
-
se7 at l l l
z
esrJraxg ol llay
anrsuadxa lsow aql
9
Jarsnq
s
lseq aql
7
se dlpual{ se }.usr
.radeaqr
z rsalprq aql
t
1n
Past simple
Form
*
positive
Regular verb +
-ed.
We
fintshed
at 8:00.
Irregular verbs
I
ynet
Clwls at Last yeAr's conference.
w
negative
did + r.;ot + verb
Ow clients didn't like the nwl seryice.
*
questi on
Di d+subj ect +ver b
Did anglooda leane a message
Jor
me
yesterdag?
The past simple has the following uses.
ffi
events that happened at a definite time in
the past
I
jom.ed
the companry tn 2003.
The nw secretary did,n't come m yesterday.
*
finished actions or events
When
Aou
were a student, did
Aou
work iyt
the hoLidaAs?
Yes, I worked
Jor
a teleco"tyts comryarty rn the
holidays.
*
fi ni shed ti me peri ods (wi thfor)
Nsha worked tn the
ftnance
department
for
2
geare,from 2003 tiLL 2OO5.
K*v w**v*-{*l
tn ZOOS,
from
2OO2 to 2oo4,l.ast week /
month /
gear,
AesterdaA,
h!o, tn the past
Exercises
r.:,:, Choose the correct past simple form in
itahcs.
1 What ti me di d you see /
Aou
sn\l Al an?
2 We buged I bought some nice presents at the
market.
3 I didn't wal.k I walked to work today.
4 Did the presentation started / start on time?
5 We was I were very pleased with the sales
figures.
6 Which airport did Mark go
/ went to?
,",: Complete the sentences with the past
simple form of the verbs in brackets.
1 He (open) his first shop in 2005.
2 We (start) the website last yeaL
3 They (not work) for Amtec two
years a$o.
4 Si rah
fi oi n)
the company l ast
month.
5 The audi tor (arri ve)
i n Mi l an
yesterday.
6 The company (order) 200 units
last Tuesday.
7 The factory (stop) production in
2003.
8 It was a nice day, so Pietro (walk)
to work.
Write the sentences in the past simple.
I fly to Hong Kong on Wednesday.
I get some sampl es at the exhi bi ti on.
I don't buy any new products.
I meet some useful contacts for the new project.
Do you go to the exhibition last year?
What do you think of iu
Iulql
no,{ prp
I
oF no.,{ plq
s }eur ?
,tnq
t,uprp e loF 7
ma[J
I
g asrJJar(g or ubx
pa^rrre
s
pauror,
n,#l:;o^.i
r|"",?i:Ji'?
?'j3|i:i
Z
eSIJJexf, ol .{a)
ofl
9
a;am
9 lrels ?
IIe&\
e lq3noq r,
ees no,{ prp
t
I
esrf,raxg ol fa;1
il,*grtsp*r' t
be
begin
bring
buy
come
drive
find
fly
9et
was / were
began
brought
bought
came
drove
found
flew
got
go
have
know
make
meet
see
sel l
speak
thi nk
went
had
knew
made
met
saw
sol d
spoke
thought
88 f Grammar reference
Future forms
will + infinitive
*
Positive: wiLL; short form: IL
-
fLL, you'LL, etc.
ry
Negative: will not; short form: won't
*
Question:
WiLL you
I WiLL he ... ?
WiU goufirush that today?
No, I won't
firish
it today. I'Ll do it
tomorrow.
will + infinitive has the following uses.
m
predictions we feel certain about
l'LL defrrutelg
fitnsh
thrs project tomorrow.
We won't hane tune to Look at yotn report
tlus week.
m
intention, when we make the decision now to
do something
I'lI let
Aou
|mow what I decide.
m
intention after the verbs think, hope and
expect
Do gou thLnk you'll staA with the comrywny
lerA Long?
We hope you'Il be alole to
jotn
the research
teaTn next
aear.
goll,r';g to + infinitive has the following uses.
m
predictions we feel certain about
Are the staff goLr'{ to tuccept the chan{es?
It tsn't gorr';g
to be an easry meetwLg.
It' s
{oing
to be dffia,tLt to please arcrybody.
*
intentions, when the decision to do something
was made before
I'm going to visit the Greek
ffice
next month.
We aren't
{oing
to stag \era Lon!.
Are gou golng
to stay in Athens?
The present continuous has the following use.
w
arrangements for things to happen at a fixed
time in the future
We're meeting tn the conference room at 10.
Are gou seeing the accotnttmxt tomorrow?
Exercises
":rl
. Choose the correct furure form of the
verbs in italncs.
1 The management have decided that they are
goxng
to I wiLI close the Paris branch next
year.
2 Can you check Pieter's diary? WiLl, he meet I Is
he meetinS the new CEO today?
3 I saw the plans; they are
{owvg
to /wiLL
expand the warehouse.
Oh, look, weVe run out of copier paper. t'LL get
/
I'm gettwt{
some from the stationery cupboard.
He won't come I kn't conwng into work
today; he's working at home.
She'LL be I She's betng a director in a year or
two.
I can tell you now, when you ask the staff,
they aren't acceptwt{ /
Eotng
to eccept your
proposal .
8 Is that the phone? Leave it,I'm goxng to / IIL
answer it.
,'
Read the email to Roy about his visit to a
supplier next week. Put the underlined verbs
into the correct furure form.
Hi, Roy
You' meet Li sa Cl ark, the Sal es Manager at l l am
next Thursday. I
'not
have time to book your
pl ane t i cket t hi s morni ng. I ' book i t t hi s
afternoon.
Jack
hopes you
nrneg!
him for lunch on
Friday, if you have time. He's
'contact
you at your
hotel tomorrow evening. Are you
'stay
at the
Continental Hotel again? I expect they'h4yg
vacancies. I
'phons
you later to check.
Best wishes
Sarah
euoqd
II,
g aneq
III^a
Z Furrtels 9 lleluot ol
FuroF I leatu
II,
?
4ooq II,

aneq l.uorn z Furlaaru ere
I
Z
asrJJaxg o1 z(ay
II,I
8 ldaore ol
Furo? z
eg
II,eqS
9 Surwoo ],usr s
pF
II.l t
ot
Surofi
are
Furleaw aq sl
z
ol
Furofl a.re
I
I
asrf,Jexfl ol Aa)
Grammar reference I 89
The imperative
Form
*
posi ti ve i nstructi ons:
infinitive of the verb without to
Come m!
Tttwt off the Lights when you Leaue.
Listen. The prtnter's maktng a strnylge noise.
w
negati ve i nstructi ons:
Dott't
/ Do not + infinitive without to
Don't be late!
Don't
forget
to post those letters.
Please do not touch the equipment.
*
Let' s + i nfi ni ti ve i s al so a pol i te i mperati ve
Let's
finish.
Let's go
for
Lunch now.
Let's Wa a{atn tomorrow.
*
condi ti onal i nstructi ons
IJ+ present tense + imperative
lf gou see
Joart,
gwe her m4 best wtshes.
Dott't tntentryt LLim
ffhe's
busA.
lf we don't get an answerbg Friday, sqrd
them another ematL.
Exercises
,
, Match the imperatives l-6 with the
phrases a-f.
1 Careful! a to the meeting now.
2 Wait! b late for the presentation.
3 Do not enter c the money in there.
4 Put d This coffee is very hot!
5 Don't be e fhe lights are still red.
6 Let's go f without permission.
'
,
Complete the instructions for printing a
document with the imperatives.
press Switch Check touch let's Open
Choose Attach
OK,
'
pri nt t hi s document . '
on the l aptop.' the pri nter cabl e.
n
the document. Don't
'
that key yet!
'_
that there is paper in the
printer.
'_
the print quality that you
want . OK. now' the
' pri nt' key.
ssa.rd
8
asooq3
Z
qJe]lv

r{J}r/v\s
z
s.}al
I
Z
esrJraxg o1 u[ay
e g g s ) t
J
e z p l
I
asrJJexfl or z[a;1
{raqf,
9
qrno}
s
uado
I
90 f Grammar reference
Present perfect
Form
"
positive
Subject + haye / ha'ls + past paniciple
The nw brocltures haye a:nwed.
.
negative
Subject + hanten't
/ hasn't + past participle
Mr D avtson hasn' t phoned.
'
questi on
Hante
/ Has + subject + past paniciple
Haye you
finished?
The present perfect has the following uses.
r
recent events
Sales
figwes
hane imprwed recently.
We hayen't seettr a big rise m demand.
Has yotn manager
just
started?
r
events that affect the present situation (but we
don't say when they happened)
Wices haye
S,one
up tunLd theg're
yerA
expenswe now.
"
unfi ni shed events starti ng i n the past and
continuing up to the present (usingJor and
since)
I'ye beqr. in sales since 1992.
The compam4 has loeen the market Leader
for
tWee
Aears
yLow.
r
answering
'How
long?' about an unfinished
event
Ho,r,v long ha
ye
Aou
worked
Jor
Exxon?
K*y words
recently, wt recent Tnonths /
years, tn the
Last month /
gear, jtst,
nuw, since,Jor
(except with finished periods of time)
fi s s?t tffi s m,;* rr*g t"x tar
be been
p*st
Exercises
#,ffi Cooct the mistakes in each sentence.
I How long you have worked here?
2 Carla, did you met Stefan?
3 I hadn't spoken to
Jules
today.
4 We have no sold many units this week.
5 Sorry I'm late, I was had some problems.
6 Fran' s j ust
went home.
7 Which countries have visited you?
8 I haven't see many new models yet.
ffi
Write complete sentences using the
present perfect.
1 you
/ finish
/ the report?
2 How l ong
/ you / l i ve / i n Rome?
3 He /j ust / start
/ work / i n the Marketi ng
department.
4 I / not
/ use / the company car since Tuesday.
5 I / never
/ meet
/ the Chief Executive.
6 Our market share / have
/ remain steadv /
si nce
June.
$$ Choose the correct form of the verbs in
itahcs.
1 Ellen phoned
/ has phoned Lars yesterday.
2 Had
/ Hante you arranged the presentation yet?
3 | bought
/ hane bought a new car last month.
4 The company grew
/ has
lrown
rapidly in
recent years.
5 Customer service was / hasbeen important to
our company for 15 years
-
and it still is today!
6 He Lwed
/ has Lwed in Rio for three vears but
now he lives in Sydney.
pa^rl
9
uaeq seq
s urvrorF seq
? lqFnoq
g e^eH
z
pauoqd
1

asrcJexu ol Aex
'aun[
eJurs dpeals paureueJ seq aJer{s }elreur rno
9
'a^rlnf,axI
JelqS
er{}
}al.u ra^au e4I
5
'r{epsanl
ef,urs ;er rtuedurol eq} pesn
},uanuV I r
'luaulredap
Furla4rew aql ur
lro/v\
peuels
rsnf seq ag
6
eawo5
ul pe
ll
nod aneq
fiuo1
mog
7
auodar
eql paqsrug nod aAeH
I
z
esrJJax[ or fa)
ueas
l.ue^er{
g
peUs1zr nof aleq
z
auofl lsnf 9
per{ e^eq
I
plos
}ou
a eq
? l.uelerl ]ew nod aneq
z
pe{Jo 4, nor{ aneq
I
I
esrJJaxu ol r{a)
found
flown
got
g*mffite$pL*s
go
have
know
make
meet
see
sel l
speak
thi nk
$one
had
known
made
met
seen
sold
spoken
thought
begin begun
bring brought
buy bought
come come
drive driven
find
fly
get
Grammar reference I 91
Passive verbs
Passive sentences are formed as follows.
"
Subject + to be + past participl e (+ bg + agent)
[agent
=
person or thing who did the action]
Active: We manufacture the goods in Korea.
Passive: The goods wre manufacfined wv Koren
Active: The sales team sold 4.000 units last
month.
Passive: Forn thousqnd uyits were sold Last
month.
Active: The CEO will open the new factory
next week.
Passive: The
Jactory
vnll loe opened bg the
CEO next week.
The passive has the following uses.
u
when we don't know who did something
My purse has been. stolen!
*
when it isn't important who did something
These products were tested gesterday.
systems and processes
Job
appLicnnoys are sorted, nnd the best
ca.rldidates are selected and intewiewed.
formal language (letters and reports)
Yotn enquug has beqt passed on to the sales
departunent.
The market
for
DVD players was researched
Last year, and the
flndtnfs
are rqorted wt
otn December sunea.
Exercises
,.:'rlr
Choose the correct words in italtcs to
form passive sentences.
1 My watch has lwas stolen.
2 When was / did the window broken?
3 The new system wlLL I wiLL be installed next
month.
4 Our producrs don't / Aren't made in Europe
any more.
5 The printer wtsn't I hasn't been fixed yet.
6 The fire alarm k / has tested once a week.
it'.,:''. newrite the sentences usin$ the correct
form of the passive.
1 Somebody stole computers from the office.
Computers
2 The managerphoned the pol i ce.
The pol i ce
3 The police interviewed staff.
Staff
4 They sent a report to the
The i nsurance company
5 They are processing the insurance claim.
The i nsurance cl ai m
6 Head Office will replace the computers.
The computers
l nsurance company.
acggO peeH dq paoeldar aq
IIIrll.
9
passacord
furaq sr g
uoda; e luas se^\ ?
arrlod aql r{q pe/v\erlJa}ur eJervr

"'ffi:,?J:HH:l'iil1
Z
asrJJexg ot AaX
sr
9 l.useq I l,uare ?
aq
IIP\

se^\
z
sei!\
I
I
asrf,Jaxg o1 zfay
92 | Grammar reference
Conditionals
Conditional instructions :
.
$+
presenttense+ i mperati ve
If I'm not in the
ffice,
please Leante a messa{e.
Conditional t
t
If + present tense + future with wiLL or won't
.
IJ* present tense +
can / cara't / could / couldn't
If ow comryentors
ftnd
out about orn new
product, theg'Il warfi to copg it.
We'lI be lery happU if gou can
jom
w
for
dwmer.
Conditional t has the following uses.
.
talk about the future results of a possible
action or event
If we
ryend
too much, we'IL rtrn out of mona4.
TheU wott't bu.g ow products if theg ilretlt
food
qualiu4.
If mana{emertt doesrt't gwe
w the budget we
need, we could hante problems.
r
terms in a contract or agreement
If gou are not
fuLLy
satisfied with tWs
product, we will refi,md
Aour
moneA.
Conditional 2
.
ff
+ past tense +
would / wouldn't
r
IJ+ past tense +
could / rwlgltt
tf the price was Lower, I'd bu.g it.
I wouldn't bttg it if it $tastt't good qualitg.
If gou reduced the price, we might be
interested.
Conditional z has the following uses.
r
imagine unreal situations
If arctyone used ematl, we wouldn't need to
send Letters.
If eleqtnc ca:ts didn't hane so manry
dtsadyayvthges, mwe people wouldbug them.
r
imagine the results of improbable actions or
events
lf ow sales htseased bU 15 per cent, we'd
make a lot of profit.
If other companies entered the market, there
w ould b e more comry ennon.
Exercises
ffi
Complete the sentences with if or witl.
we reduce costs, we'll increase
profits.
They give us a discount if we buy
two.
We could have problems
we
spend too much.
If you increase our discount, we
buy more of your products.
they sign the contract if we extend
the deadlines?
they don't offer him a pay rise,
will he leave the company?
More people
buy the product if
we completely re-designed it.
2
be so tired.
3 If we raised
customers.
I finished work earlier. I wouldn't
prices, we lose
4 I think quality would go down
reduced costs anv more.
you buy this product if it were
cheaper?
6 it had more features, would more
people buy ita
ffi
Choose the correct form in italics.
If the delivery is late, it'LL / it'dbe a problem.
Woul.d
/ WilLL they buy more if we reduced the
price?
If we sold out, I'd
/ flL be very happy.
If you return the product,we'd
/weIL credit
your account.
He won't
/ wouldn't agree to the contract if
we can't guarantee
the deadline.
If I had more money, I'LL
/l'dbuy a better car.
I
2
ffi
Complete the sentences with if or would,.
P,I
9 l,uoa,r I
ll,azvt 7
P,I
e
plnoM
Z
II,U I
g
asrJraxg or zb)
JI
9
p1no6
S
Jl
V
plno^a
.
JI
z
plno^^
r
Z
asrJraxg o1 day
JI
9
11t 1' 49 I I I I V\ V i l e ul 1^z JI I
I
asrJJaxg ol fa;1
3
4
Grammar reference 193
Adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives
*
describe or qualify nouns
He's An excellent mana{er.
Word order
*
in front of the noun
Tlus is nn easA ta.sk.
o
where there are several adjectives:
size colour material noun
A large black leather bug.
"
after some verbs: be,become,feel.
The qualitU is good.
The compan4 is becoming profitable.
Adverbs
*
go with verbs to describe how or how often
you do something.
She works
ffiaently.
I often check sharc prices on the wtternet.
*
adverbs that tell you how often:
s ometunes, oft en, usualLg, r ar el.y, o c c asionalLg,
Jr
e quentLq,
{
ener aLLy, norm aLLy, aLw ag s, n6) er
Forming adverbs from adjectives
s
most adjectives +
-Ly
slow
-
sLowly
*
adjectives ending in
a
y + 4Ly
steady
-
steadilg
n
adjectives ending in 4c +
-aLLy
aut omatic
-
automaticaLlg
u
adjectives ending in
-able -abLg
r e asonable
-
r e as onabLy
s
irregular adverbs
Adjective Adverb
That's a fast car. He drives too fast.
It's a very hard
job
The sales team is
to do. working hard.
They're good workers. They do their
job
well.
Word order
*
adverbs that tell you how follow the verb and
any object in the sentence
Sales rose ra:pidlg.
u
adverbs that tell you how often, as well as
adverbs of certainty and uncertainty, can go
in front of the main verb or at the beginning
or end of the sentence.
I often work nLL 6 o'clock.
Sometfurtes prices
fo
down.
94 a Grammar reference
I
2
3
Exercises
,'.
'.,
Correct the mistake in each sentence.
5
6
7
8
He has a green bi g company car.
The product expensive is.
It was an unusual l y pl ace to have a
presentati on.
The directors have bought a wooden large
scul pture for recepti on.
The negoti ati on l ong and di ffi cul t was.
We worked very hardly.
She speaks well French.
Prices are rising very slow.
,,,
,'
Change the adjectives into adverbs.
1 This machine breaks down easy.
2 If you tal k to hi m reasonabl e, he wi l l
understand.
3 I visit Penang frequent.
4 We need to l ook at thi s real i sti c.
5 The new schedule is working good.
6 Pete usual arrives late on Mondays.
7 The finishing team work very quick.
8 When you write a business letter, it's very
i mportant to spel l correct.
,t1tra.r.ror g dgcrnb
2
dllensn
9
IIa^a
S
ztllerrlsrlea.r
7
,{lluanbarS
e
dlqeuosear
7
z{1rsea
1
z
asrJJaxg or ztay
d1mo1s g
'qruerJ
pooF s4eads aqg
/'llam
r4luers s4eads eVS
z
pteq9
llnrrgrp pue
Euol se^\ uorlerloFau aVt
E
arnldlncs uepoo/!\ aflrc1e
tr
areld
Iensnun
ue

' anrsuadxa
sr lcnpord altz
.rec duedruor uaa;B FIq e
t
I
esrJJaxg ot fax