7/10/14

1
Heat Transfer
Heat Exchangers
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
2
7/10/14
2
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Topics
Types of Heat Exchangers
The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Analysis of Heat Exchangers
The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method (LMTD)
The Effectiveness: Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method
Selection of Heat Exchangers
3
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Introduction
Definition: devices that facilitate exchange of heat between
two fluids that are at different temperatures while keeping
them from mixing with each other
Heat exchangers differ from mixing chambers:they do not
allow two fluids involved to mix.
In a car radiator heat is transferred from hot water flowing through
radiator tubes to air flowing through the closely spaced thin plates
outside attached to the tubes.
Heat transfer in a heat exchanger involves convection in
each fluid and conduction through wall separating them
4
7/10/14
3
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Types of heat exchangers
Attempt to match heat transfer hardware to heat transfer
requirements within specified constraints: resulted in
numerous types of innovative heat exchanger designs.
Double-pipe
Parallel flow
Counter flow
Cross-flow
Compact
Shell-and-Tube
One-shell pass, two tube passes (or more)
Plate and frame
5
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Double-Pipe HE
Simplest type of heat exchanger: consists of two concentric
pipes of different diameters.
One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger flows through the
smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular
space between the two pipes.
Two types of flow arrangement are possible:
Parallel flow: both hot and cold fluids enter heat exchanger at same
end and move in the same direction.
Counter flow: hot and cold fluids enter heat exchanger at opposite
ends and flow in opposite directions
6
7/10/14
4
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Parallel-flow
7
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Counter-flow
8
7/10/14
5
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Compact HE
Designed to realize large heat transfer surface area per unit
volume
Area Density, !: Ratio of heat transfer surface area of a heat
exchanger to its volume.
A heat exchanger with ! = 700 m
2
/m
3
(or 200 ft
2
/ft
3
) is
classified as being compact.
Car radiators (! = 1000 m
2
/m
3
),
Glass ceramic gas turbine heat exchangers (! = 6000 m
2
/m
3
)
Regenerator of a Stirling engine (! = 15,000 m
2
/m
3
)
Human lung (! = 20,000 m
2
/m
3
) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
9
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Cross flow: mixed and unmixed
10
7/10/14
6
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Shell-and-Tube HE
11
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Shell-and-Tube HE
Most common type of heat exchanger (although Not suitable
for use in automotive and aircraft applications because of their
relatively large size and weight.)
Construction:
Large number of tubes (sometimes several hundred) packed in a shell
with their axes parallel to shell.
Baffles: placed in shell to force shell-side fluid to flow across shell to
enhance heat transfer and to maintain uniform spacing between tubes.
Headers: at both ends of shell, tubes open to large flow areas called,
where tube-side fluid accumulates before entering the tubes and after
leaving them (good buffer and stabilizer of flow)
12
7/10/14
7
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Shell-and-tube: further classes
13
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Plate-and-Frame
Sometimes called just (Plate)
14
7/10/14
8
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Operation
Hot and cold fluids flow in alternate passages: each cold fluid
stream is surrounded by two hot fluid streams, resulting in very
effective heat transfer.
Plate HE grow with increasing demand for heat transfer: simply
mount more plates.
Fluids do not mix: number of very thin corrugated stainless steel plates
clamped together in a frame. Every second channel is open to same
fluid. Between each pair of plates there is a rubber gasket, preventing
fluids from mixing and from leaking to the surroundings
Well suited for liquid-to-liquid heat exchange applications (no
pulp), provided that hot and cold fluid streams are at same
pressure
15
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
HE with specific names
Heat exchangers are given specific names to reflect
specific application for which they are used:
Condenser: heat exchanger in which one of fluids is
cooled and condenses as it flows through the heat
exchanger.
Boiler: another heat exchanger in which one of fluids
absorbs heat and vaporizes.
Space radiator/heater: heat exchanger that transfers
heat from the hot fluid to the surrounding space by
radiation
16
7/10/14
9
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Overall heat transfer
coefficient, U
17
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
U
HE: involves two flowing fluids
separated by solid wall.
Heat is first transferred from hot
fluid to wall by convection, through
the wall by conduction, and from
wall to cold fluid again by
convection (any radiation effects are
included in convection heat transfer
coefficients)
Thermal resistance network: two
convection and one conduction
resistances (i is inner and o is outer
tubes)
18
7/10/14
10
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Double-tube geometry
19
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
U for double pipe
For: Ai= "DiL and Ao= "DoL, thermal resistance of tube wall is:
where k is thermal conductivity of wall material and L is length of tube.
Total thermal resistance becomes:
Ai is area of inner surface of wall that separates two fluids, and Ao is area
of outer surface of wall (Ai and Ao are surface areas of separating wall
wetted by the inner and outer fluids, respectively.)
20
7/10/14
11
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
U is born!
In analysis of heat exchangers: convenient to combine all
thermal resistances in heat flow path from hot fluid to cold
one into a single resistance R, and to express rate of heat
transfer between the two fluids as:
U: overall heat transfer coefficient, whose unit is W/m
2
!C
(identical to unit of ordinary convection coefficient, h)
Cancel "T in above relation:
21
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Why two Us: U
i
and U
o
for a HE?
Every heat exchanger has two heat transfer surface areas Ai
and Ao, which are not equal to each other (normally)
Note that Ui Ai = Uo Ao, but Ui # Uo unless Ai = Ao
U of a heat exchanger is meaningless unless the area on
which it is based is specified.
Especially the case when one side of tube wall is finned and
other side is not: surface area of finned side is several times
that of unfinned side
22
7/10/14
12
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Small tube thickness
When wall thickness of tube is small and thermal
conductivity of tube material is high (usually the case):
thermal resistance of tube is negligible (Rwall ! 0) and inner
and outer surfaces of tube are almost identical (Ai! Ao! As)
Overall heat transfer coefficient simplifies to:
U ! Ui ! Uo
Individual convection heat transfer coefficients inside and
outside tube, hi and ho, are determined using convection
relations
23
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
U dominated by smaller h
Inverse of a large number is small: When one of
convection coefficients is much smaller than the other
(e.g. hi" ho), we have 1/hi # 1/ho, and thus U! hi.
Smaller heat transfer coefficient creates a bottleneck on
path of heat flow and seriously impedes heat transfer.
Situation arises frequently when one of fluids is a gas and the
other is liquid: fins commonly used on gas side to enhance the
product U.As and thus heat transfer on that side.
Overall heat transfer coefficient ranges from 10 W/m
2
!C for
gas-to-gas heat exchangers to about 10,000 W/m
2
!C for heat
exchangers involving phase changes (since gases have very low
thermal conductivities, and phase-change processes involve very
high heat transfer coefficients)
24
7/10/14
13
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Representative values of U
U ranges from 10 W/m
2
!C for gas-to-gas heat exchangers to about
10,000 W/m
2
!C for heat exchangers involving phase changes.
25
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Finned tubes
When tube is finned on one side to enhance heat transfer,
total heat transfer surface area on finned side becomes:
Afin: surface area of fins.
Aunfinned: area of unfinned portion of tube surface.
Short fins of high thermal conductivity: use this total area
in convection resistance relation Rconv = 1/hAs since fins in
this case will be very nearly isothermal.
Otherwise: determine effective surface area A from
26
7/10/14
14
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Fouling Factor
27
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Fouling Factor
Performance of heat exchangers deteriorates with time as a
result of accumulation of deposits on heat transfer surfaces.
Fouling factor Rf: Measure of the thermal resistance
introduced by fouling
Fouling: Layer of deposits representing additional
resistance to heat transfer and causes rate of heat transfer in
a heat exchanger to decrease
28
7/10/14
15
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Types of fouling
Precipitation of solid deposits in a fluid on the heat transfer
surfaces (Calcium-based scale in kettles). Most common type.
To avoid this potential problem, water in power and process plants
extensively treated and its solid contents removed before it is allowed to
circulate through system (solid ash particles in flue gases accumulating on
surfaces of air preheaters create similar problems)
Corrosion (chemical fouling): common in the chemical process
industry, surfaces are fouled by accumulation of products of
chemical reactions on surfaces.
Fouling can be avoided by coating metal pipes with glass or using plastic
pipes instead of metal ones.
Biological fouling: HE fouled by growth of algae in warm fluids, can be
prevented by chemical treatment.
29
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Design for Fouling
Necessary to select a larger and thus more expensive heat
exchanger to ensure it meets design heat transfer requirements
even after fouling occurs.
Periodic cleaning of heat exchangers and resulting down time
are additional penalties associated with fouling.
Fouling factor is zero for new heat exchanger and increases
with time as solid deposits build up on heat exchanger surface.
Fouling factor depends on: operating temperature, velocity of
fluids, and length of service.
Fouling increases with increasing temperature and decreasing
velocity.
30
7/10/14
16
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
U fouling
Modify relations for U to include extra resistance introduced by
fouling (on both inner and outer surfaces of tube)
For unfinned shell-and-tube heat exchanger, expressed as:
Ai= "DiL and Ao= "DoL are areas of inner and outer surfaces
Rf,i and Rf,o: fouling factors at inner and outer surfaces
Get representative fouling factors from tables (high uncertainty)
Most fouling factors in table are of order of 10
-4
m
2
!C/W, equivalent to
thermal resistance of a 0.2-mm-thick limestone layer (k= 2.9 W/m!C) per
unit surface area.
In absence of specific data: assume surfaces to be coated with 0.2 mm of
limestone as starting point to account for effects of fouling.
31
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Fouling Factors
32
7/10/14
17
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Nusselt Number for tubes
Laminar flow (fully developed):
Developing laminar flow
33
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Nusselt: Turbulent
34
7/10/14
18
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Example: Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient of a Heat Exchanger
Hot oil is to be cooled in a double-tube counter-flow heat
exchanger. The copper inner tubes have a diameter of 2 cm
and negligible thickness. The inner diameter of the outer tube
(the shell) is 3 cm. Water flows through the tube at a rate of
0.5 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a rate of 0.8 kg/s.
Taking the average temperatures of the water and the oil to be
45C and 80C, respectively, determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger.
35
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Solution
36
7/10/14
19
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Solution
37
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Analysis of heat exchangers
HE design tasks: You are asked to either:
1. Select a heat exchanger that will achieve a specified
temperature change in a fluid stream of known mass
flow rate
Use log mean temperature difference (or LMTD) method
2. Predict outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluid
streams in a specified heat exchanger.
Use effectivenessNTU method
38
7/10/14
20
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Assumptions in HE anaylsis
HE operate for long periods of time with no change in their operating
conditions: be modeled as steady-flow devices
Mass flow rate of each fluid remains constant, and fluid properties such (temperature
and velocity) at any inlet or outlet remain the same.
Fluid streams experience little or no change in their velocities and
elevations, and thus kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Specific heat of a fluid changes with temperature but can be treated as a
constant at some average value with little loss in accuracy.
Axial heat conduction along the tube is usually insignificant and can be
considered negligible.
Outer surface of heat exchanger is assumed to be perfectly insulated, so
that there is no heat loss to the surrounding medium
39
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Thermodynamics of HE
First law of thermodynamics requires that rate of heat transfer
from hot fluid be equal to rate of heat transfer to cold one:
Subscripts c and h: cold and hot fluids, and:
#c, #h= mass flow rates
Cpc, Cph= specific heats
Tc,out, Th,out= outlet temperatures Tc,in, Th,in = inlet temperatures
40
7/10/14
21
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Heat capacity rate, C
Heat capacity rate of a fluid stream represents rate of heat
transfer needed to change temperature of the stream by 1C
as it flows through HE
The product of mass flow rate and specific heat of a fluid
in a single quantity:
Ch= #hCph and Cc= #cCpc
In HE: fluid with large heat capacity rate will experience
small temperature change, and fluid with a small heat
capacity rate will experience a large temperature change
doubling the mass flow rate of a fluid while leaving everything
else unchanged will halve the temperature change of that fluid
41
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Heat equations and heat capacity
Heat equations:
Only time temperature rise of cold fluid is equal to temperature drop of
hot fluid is when heat capacity rates of two fluids are equal
42
7/10/14
22
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Condensers and boilers
One of fluids in a condenser or a boiler undergoes a phase-
change process, and rate of heat transfer is:
#: rate of evaporation or condensation of fluid
hfg: enthalpy of vaporization of fluid at specified temperature or pressure
During phase change: ordinary fluid absorbs or releases large
amount of heat essentially at constant temperature
Heat capacity rate of fluid during phase-change process: must
approach infinity since temperature change is practically zero.
That is, C= #Cp $% when $T$0, so that heat transfer rate Q =#Cp$T
remains finite quantity
43
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Model boiling and condensation as fluids
having % heat capacity rate
44
7/10/14
23
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
HT in HE
Use Newtons law of cooling:
U: overall heat transfer coefficient,
As: heat transfer area (approximated by size of HE)
$Tm: appropriate average temperature difference between two fluids
U: can be determined by using average convection
coefficients for each fluid.
$T between hot and cold fluids are not constant and vary
along heat exchanger.
Appropriate form the mean temperature difference between the two
fluids is logarithmic in nature
45
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD) Method
Consider parallel-flow double-
pipe heat exchanger
temperature difference "T
between hot and cold fluids is
large at inlet of heat exchanger
but decreases exponentially
toward outlet
Temperature of cold fluid can
never exceed that of hot fluid no
matter how long the heat
exchanger is.
46
7/10/14
24
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Energy balance
Outer surface insulated, and neglecting PE and KE
Using previous figure:
Rate of heat loss from hot fluid at any section of HE = rate of
heat gain by cold fluid in that section.
Temperature change of the hot fluid is a negative quantity, and
so a negative sign is added
Solving equations above for dTh and dTc gives:
47
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Energy balance II
Taking temperature difference
Rate of heat transfer in differential section of heat
exchanger can also be expressed:
Substituting into temperature difference above, rearrange:
Solving for #cCpc and #hCph and substituting:
48
7/10/14
25
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
LMTD
Where:
Here $T1 and $T2: temperature difference between two fluids
at two ends (inlet and outlet) of heat exchanger.
Makes no difference which end of HE is designated as inlet or outlet
49
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Why log scale?
Temperature difference between two fluids decreases from $T1 at
inlet to $T2 at outlet:Tempting to use arithmetic mean temperature
$Tam =
1
/2 ($T1 + $T2) as average temperature difference
Logarithmic mean temperature difference $Tlm is obtained by
tracing actual temperature profile of fluids along heat exchanger
and is exact representation of average temperature difference
between hot and cold fluids. It truly reflects the exponential
decay of the local temperature difference.
Note: $Tlm is always less than "Tam
50
7/10/14
26
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Why log scale?
using "Tam in calculations instead of "Tlm overestimates rate of
heat transfer in a heat exchanger between the two fluids.
When "T1 differs from "T2 by no more than 40 % error in using
arithmetic mean temperature difference is less than 1%.
Error increases to undesirable levels when "T1 differs from "T2
by greater amounts
Should always use the logarithmic mean temperature difference
when determining the rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger
51
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Counter-Flow Heat Exchangers
52
Hot and cold fluids enter HE from
opposite ends, and outlet temperature
of cold fluid may exceed outlet
temperature of hot fluid.
limiting case: cold fluid will be heated
to inlet temperature of hot fluid.
Outlet temperature of cold fluid can
never exceed inlet temperature of hot
fluid (violates second law of
thermodynamics)
LMTD works with CF HE, just note
"T1 and "T2 are calculated from T
diagram above
7/10/14
27
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Counter flow vs. Parallel flow
For specified inlet and outlet temperatures, LMTD for a
counter-flow heat exchanger is always greater than that for a
parallel-flow heat exchanger.
That is: $Tlm,CF > $Tlm,PF: smaller surface area (and thus a smaller
heat exchanger) needed to achieve a specified heat transfer rate in a
counter-flow heat exchanger.
Common practice to use counter-flow arrangements in heat exchangers
For counter-flow heat exchanger, temperature difference
between hot and cold fluids remains constant along heat
exchanger when heat capacity rates of two fluids are equal:
("T= constant when Ch = Cc or &hCph = &cCpc).
53
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers:
Use of a Correction Factor
LMTD $Tlm relation is limited to parallel-flow and counter-
flow heat exchangers only.
Similar relations are developed for cross-flow and multipass shell-and-
tube heat exchangers, but resulting expressions are too complicated
because of complex flow conditions
Convenient to relate equivalent temperature difference to log
mean temperature difference relation for counter-flow case
as:
F: correction factor (depends on geometry of HE and the inlet and
outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluid streams).
$Tlm,CF: LMTD for counter-flow heat exchanger [$Tl= Th,in- Tc,out]
and [$T2 = Th,out -Tc,in]
54
7/10/14
28
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers:
Use of a Correction Factor
55
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Correction factor, F
Correction factor is less than unity for cross-flow and
multipass shell- and-tube heat exchanger, F ' 1.
Limiting value of F= 1 corresponds to counter-flow heat exchanger.
Thus, F for HE is a measure of deviation of the "Tlm from the
corresponding values for counter-flow case.
The correction factor F for common cross-flow and shell-
and-tube HE configurations is given in Figure, versus two
temperature ratios P and R defined as:
Subscripts 1 and 2 represent inlet and outlet, respectively.
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger, T and t represent the shell- and tube-
side temperatures, respectively
56
7/10/14
29
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Correction factor
Makes no difference hot or the cold fluid flows through
the shell or the tube.
Determination of correction factor F requires availability
of inlet and outlet temperatures for both cold and hot
fluids.
Note that value of P ranges from 0 to 1.
Value of R ranges from 0 to infinity ( R= 0 corresponding to the
phase-change (condensation or boiling) on shell-side and R $ % to
phase-change on tube side.
Correction factor is F= 1 for both of these limiting cases.
(correction factor for a condenser or boiler is F = 1, regardless of
the configuration of the heat exchanger)
57
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
58
7/10/14
30
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
59
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Example
Steam in the condenser of a power plant is to be condensed
at a temperature of 30C with cooling water from a nearby
lake, which enters the tubes of the con- denser at 14C and
leaves at 22C. The surface area of the tubes is 45 m
2
, and
the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2100 W/m
2
!C.
Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed
and the rate of condensation of the steam in the condenser.
60
7/10/14
31
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Solution
61
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Example II
A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water
from 20C to 80C at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be
accomplished by geothermal water available at 160C at a
mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has
a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of
the heat exchanger is 640 W/m
2
!C, determine the length of the
heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.
62
7/10/14
32
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Solution
63
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Example III
A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat
glycerin from 20C to 50C by hot water, which enters the thin-
walled 2-cm-diameter tubes at 80C and leaves at 40C. The total
length of the tubes in the heat exchanger is 60 m. The convection
heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m
2
!C on the glycerin (shell) side
and 160 W/m
2
!C on the water (tube) side. Determine the rate of
heat transfer in the heat exchanger (a) before any fouling occurs
and (b) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m
2
!C/ W
occurs on the outer surfaces of the tubes.
64
7/10/14
33
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Solution
65
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
LMTD procedure
LMTD method: very suitable for determining size of HE to realize
prescribed outlet temperatures when mass flow rates and inlet and
outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids are specified.
With LMTD method: task is to select a heat exchanger that will
meet prescribed heat transfer requirements.
Procedure to be followed:
Select type of heat exchanger suitable for the application.
Find unknown inlet or outlet temperature and HT rate using energy balance.
Calculate log mean temperature difference "Tlm and correction factor F
Obtain (select or calculate) value of overall heat transfer coefficient U.
Calculate the heat transfer surface area As
66
7/10/14
34
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Effectiveness-NTU Method
If determination of heat transfer rate and outlet
temperatures of the hot and cold fluids for prescribed fluid
mass flow rates and inlet temperatures when the type and
size of the heat exchanger are specified.
The heat transfer surface area A of heat exchanger in this
case is known, but outlet temperatures are not.
Task: determine heat transfer performance of a specified
heat exchanger or to determine if a heat exchanger
available in storage will do the job.
LMTD method can still be used for this alternative
problem, but procedure would require tedious iterations,
and thus it is not practical
67
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
NTU method formulation
To eliminate iterations from the solution of HT rate without
knowing outlet temperatures, Kays and London came up with a
method in 1955 called effectivenessNTU method, greatly
simplified heat exchanger analysis.
This method is based on a dimensionless parameter called the
heat transfer effectiveness (, defined as
actual HT rate in HE can be determined from an energy
balance on hot or cold fluids and can be expressed as:
Cc= #cCpc and Ch= #cCph are heat capacity rates of cold and hot fluids
68
7/10/14
35
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
NTU method formulation
Maximum possible heat transfer rate in HE: maximum
temperature difference is difference between inlet temperatures
of hot and cold fluids:
HT in HE will reach its maximum value when:
Cold fluid is heated to inlet temperature of hot fluid
Hot fluid is cooled to inlet temperature of cold fluid.
Two limiting conditions will not be reached simultaneously
unless heat capacity rates of hot and cold fluids are identical
(i.e., Cc = Ch)
69
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
NTU method formulation
When Cc # Ch (usually case): fluid with smaller heat capacity
rate will experience a larger temperature change, and it will be
the first to experience maximum temperature, at which point the
heat transfer will come to a halt.
Maximum possible heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger is
Cmin is the smaller of Cc= #cCpc and Ch= #cCph
70
7/10/14
36
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Example
Cold water enters a counter-flow heat exchanger at 10C at
a rate of 8 kg/s, where it is heated by a hot water stream that
enters the heat exchanger at 70C at a rate of 2 kg/s.
Assuming the specific heat of water to remain constant at
Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg!C, determine the maximum heat transfer
rate and the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot water
streams for this limiting case.
71
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Solution
72
7/10/14
37
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Finding maximum Q
.
Determination of Q! max requires availability of inlet
temperature of the hot and cold fluids and their mass flow
rates (usually specified)
Then, once effectiveness of heat exchanger is known,
actual heat transfer rate Q! can be determined from:
Effectiveness of HE enables us to determine heat transfer
rate without knowing outlet temperatures of fluids
Effectiveness of HE depends on geometry of HE as well
as flow arrangement (different types of heat exchangers
have different effectiveness relations)
73
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Effectiveness, (, development
Effectiveness, (, relation for double-pipe parallel-flow heat
exchanger: from LMTD equations:
Solving for Th,out:
Rearranging
Which simplifies to:
74
7/10/14
38
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Manipulate the definition of effectiveness to obtain
solving for ( gives the following relation for effectiveness of a
parallel-flow HE:
Taking either Cc or Ch to be Cmin (both approaches give same
result), relation above can be expressed more conveniently as:
Effectiveness, (, development
75
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Number of transfer units NTU
Effectiveness relations of HE typically involve dimensionless
group UAs/Cmin. This quantity is: number of transfer units
NTU and is expressed as
U: overall heat transfer coefficient, As: heat transfer surface area of HE.
NTU is proportional to As: for specified values of U and Cmin, value of
NTU is measure of the heat transfer surface area As (larger NTU, the
larger heat exchanger)
Convenient to define another dimensionless quantity called
the capacity ratio, c:
76
7/10/14
39
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
( = f (UAs /C
min
, C
min
/C
max
) = f(NTU, c)
77
Better than graphs
(no reading errors)
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Graphical form
78
7/10/14
40
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Graphical form
79
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Graphical form
80
7/10/14
41
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
observations from effectiveness relations and
charts
Value of the effectiveness ranges from 0 to 1:
Increases rapidly with NTU for small values (up to about NTU=
1.5) but rather slowly for larger values.
Use of a heat exchanger with a large NTU (usually larger than 3)
and thus a large size cannot be justified economically, since a large
increase in NTU in this case corresponds to a small increase in
effectiveness.
A heat exchanger with a very high effectiveness may be highly
desirable from a heat transfer point of view but rather undesirable
from an economical point of view.
81
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
observations from effectiveness relations and
charts
For a given NTU and capacity ratio c= Cmin /Cmax, counter-flow heat
exchanger has highest effectiveness, followed closely by cross-flow
heat exchangers with both fluids unmixed (lowest effectiveness values
are encountered in parallel-flow heat exchangers)
82
7/10/14
42
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
observations from effectiveness relations and
charts
The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is independent of capacity ratio
c for NTU values of less than about 0.3.
Value of capacity ratio c ranges between 0 and 1, for a given NTU,
effectiveness becomes a maximum for c= 0 and a minimum for c= 1.
The case c = Cmin /Cmax $ 0 corresponds to Cmax $ %, which is
realized during a phase-change process in a condenser or boiler. All
effectiveness relations in this case reduce to (regardless of the type of
heat exchanger)
83
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Determination of temps and HT
Once the quantities c= Cmin/Cmax and NTU= UAs /Cmin have
been evaluated, effectiveness ( can be determined from
either charts or (preferably) effectiveness relation for
specified type of heat exchanger.
Then the rate of heat transfer Q! and the outlet temperatures
Th, out and Tc, out can be determined from
84
7/10/14
43
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Determination of temps and HT
When all inlet and outlet temperatures are specified, size of
heat exchanger can easily be determined using LMTD
method.
Alternatively, it can also be determined from effectiveness
NTU method by first evaluating the effectiveness ( from its
definition and then the NTU from the appropriate NTU
relation in tables (given for NTU f(() next)
85
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
NTU f(()
86
Same as previous but here
NTU f(()
7/10/14
44
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Example, use NTU
A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water
from 20C to 80C at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be
accomplished by geothermal water available at 160C at a
mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has
a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of
the heat exchanger is 640 W/m
2
!C, determine the length of the
heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.
87
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Solution
88
7/10/14
45
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Example II
Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes
heat exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are made of copper with
an internal diameter of 1.4 cm. The length of each tube pass in the heat
exchanger is 5 m, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 310 W/m
2

! C. Water flows through the tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, and the oil
through the shell at a rate of 0.3 kg/s. The water and the oil enter at
temperatures of 20C and 150C, respectively. Determine the rate of
heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the outlet temperatures of the
water and the oil.
89
Dr Abdul Hai Alami
Solution
90