Unit 2 VB Fundamentals

PREPARED BY:
EN NORZELAN BIN SALEH

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH POLYTECHNIC
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List of Visual Basic data types and the range of values each
one can contain.

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2.1 Data Type
Data Type Value Range
Boolean True or False
Byte 0 to 255 (unsigned)
Char A single Unicode character
Date 0:00:00 (midnight) on January 1, 0001,
through 11:59:59 p.m. on December 31,
9999
UNIT 2: VISUAL BASIC FUNDAMENTALS
Decimal 0 through +/
79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,335, with no
decimal point; +/
7.9228162514264337593543950335, with 28 places
to the right of the decimal. Use this data type for
currency values
Double 1.79769313486231570E+308 through
4.94065645841246544E-324 for negative values;
4.94065645841246544E-324 through
1.79769313486231570E+308 for positive values
Integer 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (signed). This is the
same as the data type Int32.
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2.1 Data Type
Long 9, 223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (signed). This is
the same as data type Int64.
Object Any type can be stored in a variable of type
Object.
SByte 128 through 127 (signed)
Short 32,768 to 32,767 (signed). This is the same
as data type Int16.
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2.1 Data Type
Single 3.4028235E+38 through 1.401298E-45 for
negative values;
1.401298E-45 through 3.4028235E+38 for
positive values
String 0 to approximately 2 billion Unicode
characters
UInteger 0 through 4,294,967,295 (unsigned)
ULong 0 through 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
(1.8...E+19) (unsigned)
UShort 0 through 65,535 (unsigned)
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2.1 Data Type
Helpful guidelines for using data types:
To store text, use String data type. The String data type can be
used to store any valid keyboard character, including numbers
and non-alphabetic characters.
To store only the value True or False, use the Boolean data type.
To store a number that doesn't contain decimal places and is
greater than 32,768 and smaller than 32,767, use the Short data
type.
To store numbers without decimal places, but with values larger
or smaller than Short allows, use the Integer or Long (long
integer) data types.
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2.1 Data Type
To store numbers that contain decimal places, use the Single data
type. The Single data type should work for almost all values
containing decimals, except for incredibly complex mathematical
applications or need to store very large numbers. In that case, use
a Double.
To store currency amounts, use the Decimal data type.
To store a date and/or a time value, use the Date data type. When
you use the Date data type, VB recognizes common date and time
formats. Eg. if you store the value 7/22/2008, VB doesn't treat it as
a simple text string; it knows that the text represents July 22, 2008.
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2.1 Data Type
Different data types use different amounts of memory. To
preserve system resources, it's best to use the data type that
consumes the least amount of memory and still provides the
ability to store the full range of possible values.
Eg. if you're storing only the numbers from 1 to 10, use a
Short instead of a Long.

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2.1 Data Type
The Object data type requires special attention. If you define
a variable or array as an Object data type, you can store just
about any value you care to in it; VB determines what data
type to use when you set the variable's value.
Object data types take up more memory than the other data
types.
VB takes a little longer to perform calculations on Object data
types. Unless you have a specific reason to do so and there
are valid reasons, such as when you don't know the type of
data to be stored ahead of time don't use the Object data
type
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2.1 Data Type
Working with Variables
A variable is an element in code that holds a value.
We might create a variable that holds the name of a user or the
user's age, for example.
Each variable (storage entity) must be created before it can be
used. The process of creating a variable is known as declaring a
variable.
Each variable is declared to hold data of a specific type, such as
text (called a string) for name or a number for age.
When we reference a variable's name in code, VB substitutes
the variable's value in place of the variable name during code
execution (at runtime the moment the variable is referenced.)
Variables can have their values changed at any time.

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Declaring Variables
The act of defining a variable is called declaring (sometimes
dimensioning), which is most commonly accomplished using
the keyword Dim (short for dimension).

Dim variablename As datatype
Example:

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Dim Number As Integer
An example of a variable declaration is

This statement creates a variable called strFirstName. This
variable is of type String, which means that it can hold any
text you choose to put into it.
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Dim strFirstName As String
We don't have to specify an initial value for a variable
It is a useful feature of VB to create a new String variable and
initialize it with a value,
eg, you could use two statements like this:

If you know the initial value of the variable at design time, you
can include it in the Dim statement, like this:

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Dim strName As String
strName = Alibaba
Dim strName As String = Alibaba"
Note: all data types have a default initial value.
For the string data type, the value is "Nothing"
Empty strings are written in code as "".
For numeric data types, the default value is 0;
the output of the following statements would be 2:

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Dim sngMyValue As Single
Debug.WriteLine (sngMyValue + 2)
Passing Values to a Variable
The syntax of assigning a literal value such as 6 or six") to a
variable depends on the variable's data type.
For strings, you must pass the value in quotation marks, like
this:

For Date values, you enclose the value in # symbols, like this:

For numeric values, you don't enclose the value in anything:

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strCollegeName = POLISAS"
dteBirthDate = #7/22/1969#
intAge = 42
Using Variables in Expressions
Variables can be used anywhere an expression is expected.
Eg. The arithmetic functions, operate on expressions. You
could add two literal numbers and store the result in a
variable like this:

In addition, you could replace either or both literal numbers
with numeric variables or constants, as shown here:

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intSum = 2 + 5
intSum = intFirstValue + 5
intSum = 2 + intSecondValue
intSum = intFirstValue +
intSecondValue
Variables are a fantastic way to store values during code
execution, and you'll use variables all the time from
performing decisions and creating loops to using them as a
temporary place to stick a value.
Remember to use a constant when you know the value at
design time and the value won't change.
When you don't know the value ahead of time or the value
might change, use a variable with a data type appropriate to
the variable's function
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Variable Scope
Constants, variables, and arrays are useful ways to store and
retrieve data in VB code.
Hardly a program is written that doesn't use at least one of
these elements. To properly use them, however, it's critical
that you understand scope.

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Variable Scope
Code is written in procedures and procedures are stored in
modules.
Scope refers to the level at which a constant, variable, array,
or procedure can be "seen" in code.
For a constant or variable, scope can be one of the following:
Block level
Procedure level (local)
Module level
Global (also called namespace scope)

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Variable Scope
1. Block Scope (or Structure Scope)
- a variable dimensioned within a structure, is given a
structure scope.
- Structures are coding constructs that consist of two
statements, eg. If..Then statement, Do..Loop Statement
If expression Then
statements to execute when expression is True
End If

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Variable Scope
Do
statements to execute in the loop
Loop
- If a variable is declared within a structure, the variable's
scope is confined to the structure; the variable isn't created
until the Dim statement occurs, and it's destroyed when the
structure completes.
- If a variable is needed only within a structure, consider
declaring it in the structure to give it block scope
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Variable Scope
- Consider the following example:

- By placing the Dim statement within the If structure, you ensure
that the variable is created only if it's needed.

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If blnCreateLoop Then
Dim intCounter As Integer
For intCounter = 1 to 100
' Do something
Next intCounter
End If
Variable Scope
2. Procedure-Level (Local) Scope.
A constant or variable declared within a procedure, has
procedure-level or local scope.
Most of the variables created will have procedure scope.
A local constant or variable can be referenced within the
same procedure, but it isn't visible to other procedures.

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Variable Scope
2. Procedure-Level (Local) Scope.
If a local constant or variable is referenced from a procedure
other than the one in which it's defined, VB returns a compile
error; to the procedure making the reference, the variable or
constant doesn't exist.
It's a best practice to declare all local variables at the top of a
procedure, but VB doesn't care where we place the Dim
statements within the procedure.
Note that if you place a Dim statement within a structure, the
corresponding variable will have block scope, not local scope.
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Variable Scope
3. Module-Level Scope
Constant or variable with module-level scope, can be viewed by
all procedures within the module containing the declaration.
the constant or variable doesn't exist to procedures in all other
modules.
To create a constant or variable with module-level scope, the
declaration is placed within a module but not within a procedure.
There is a Declarations section at the top of each module.
Use module-level scope when many procedures must share the
same constant or variable and when passing the value as a
parameter is not a workable solution.

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Variable Scope
4. Global (Namespace) Scope
A global scope (or namespace scope) constant or variable can be seen
and referenced from any procedure, regardless of the module in which
the procedure exists.
One common use of a global variable is storing a reference to a
database connection so that all code that needs access to the database
can do so via the variable.
Creating global constants and variables is similar to declaring module-
level constants and variables.
Global constants and variables must be declared in a module's
Declarations section, just like module level constants and variables.
The difference between a module-level declaration and a global-level
declaration is the use of the keyword Public.
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Variable Scope
To declare a global constant, begin the constant declaration
with the word Public:
Public Const MyConstant As Integer = 1
To dimension a variable as a global variable, replace the
keyword Dim or Private with the word Public:
Public strMyVariable as String

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Variable Scope
To create a constant or variable of global scope, you must
declare the constant or variable in a standard module, not a
class-based module.
We can't have two variables of the same name in the same
scope, but we can use the same variable name for variables
with different scope.
when referencing the variable name in the procedure
containing the local variable, VB would use the local variable.
When accessing the variable from another procedure, the
local variable is invisible, so the code would reference the
global variable

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Understanding Constants
a constant represent an identifier having a specific value at
design time, and that value never changes throughout the life
of your program.
Constants offer the following benefits:
1. They eliminate or reduce data-entry problems
2. Code is easier to update
3. Code is easier to read

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Constant definitions have the following syntax:

Const name As datatype = value

Example:
Statement to define a constant to hold the value of pi

Const pi As Single = 3.14159265358979

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After a constant is defined, we can use its name in code in
place of its value.
For example, to calculate the value of Circle_area, we use:

Using the constant is much easier and less prone to error
than typing this:

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Circle_area=pi*radius^2
Circle_area=3.14159265358979 * radius^2
Naming Convention
To make code more self-documenting and to reduce the
chance of programming errors, you need an easy way to
determine the exact data type of a variable or the exact type
of a referenced control in VB code.

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Naming Convention
1. Using Prefixes to Denote Data Type.

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Data Type Prefix Sample Value
Boolean bln blnLoggedIn
Byte byt bytAge
Char chr chrQuantity
Date dte dteBirthday
Decimal dbc decSalary
Double dbl dblCalculatedResult
Integer int intLoopCounter
Long lng lngCustomerID
Object obj objWord
Short sho shoTotalParts
Single sng sngMortgageRate
String str strFirstName
Naming Convention
1. Denoting Scope Using Variable Prefixes

In particularly large applications, a scope designator is a
necessity.
Visual Basic doesn't care whether you use prefixes, but
consistently using prefixes benefits you as well as others who
have to review your code

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Prefix Description Example
g_ Global g_strSavePath
m_ Module-level m_blnDataChanged
s_ Static variable s_blnInHere
No prefix Nonstatic variable, local to procedure
Prefix Description Example
Related Links:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/gg145045(v=VS.100).aspx

.Net Framework Class Library contains many predefined classes that
are grouped into namespaces which uses Import statement to
specify the namespaces used in a program
Example:
Import System.Windows.Forms

The declaration above will enable the program to use classes in this
namespace, such as class MessageBox.

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Related Links:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zdf6yhx5.aspx
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.console.readline.aspx
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.console.aspx
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dwhawy9k.aspx#DFormatString

ReadLine : Reads the next line of characters from the
standard input stream.
WriteLine : Writes the current line terminator to the
standard output stream.
Write : Writes the text representation of the specified value
or values to the standard output stream.

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37
Format
specifier
Name Description Examples
"C" or "c" Currency Result: A currency value.
Supported by: All numeric types.
Precision specifier: Number of decimal digits.
Default precision specifier: Defined by
System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo.
More information: The Currency ("C") Format Specifier.
123.456 ("C", en-US) -> $123.46
123.456 ("C", fr-FR) -> 123,46
123.456 ("C", ja-JP) -> 123
-123.456 ("C3", en-US) -> ($123.456)
-123.456 ("C3", fr-FR) -> -123,456
-123.456 ("C3", ja-JP) -> -123.456
"D" or "d" Decimal Result: Integer digits with optional negative sign.
Supported by: Integral types only.
Precision specifier: Minimum number of digits.
Default precision specifier: Minimum number of digits required.
More information: The Decimal("D") Format Specifier.
1234 ("D") -> 1234
-1234 ("D6") -> -001234
"E" or "e" Exponential
(scientific)
Result: Exponential notation.
Default precision specifier: 6.
More information: The Exponential ("E") Format Specifier.
1052.0329112756 ("E", en-US) ->
1.052033E+003
1052.0329112756 ("e", fr-FR) ->
1,052033e+003
-1052.0329112756 ("e2", en-US) -> -
1.05e+003
-1052.0329112756 ("E2", fr_FR) -> -
1,05E+003
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Format
specifier
"F" or "f" Fixed-point Result: Integral and decimal digits with optional negative sign.
More information: The Fixed-Point ("F") Format Specifier.
1234.567 ("F", en-US) -> 1234.57
1234.567 ("F", de-DE) -> 1234,57
1234 ("F1", en-US) -> 1234.0
1234 ("F1", de-DE) -> 1234,0
-1234.56 ("F4", en-US) -> -1234.5600
-1234.56 ("F4", de-DE) -> -1234,5600
"G" or "g" General Result: The most compact of either fixed-point or scientific
notation.
Precision specifier: Number of significant digits.
Default precision specifier: Depends on numeric type.
More information: The General ("G") Format Specifier.
-123.456 ("G", en-US) -> -123.456
123.456 ("G", sv-SE) -> -123,456
123.4546 ("G4", en-US) -> 123.5
123.4546 ("G4", sv-SE) -> 123,5
-1.234567890e-25 ("G", en-US) -> -
1.23456789E-25
-1.234567890e-25 ("G", sv-SE) -> -
1,23456789E-25
"N" or "n" Number Result: Integral and decimal digits, group separators, and a
decimal separator with optional negative sign.
Precision specifier: Desired number of decimal places.
More information: The Numeric ("N") Format Specifier.
1234.567 ("N", en-US) -> 1,234.57
1234.567 ("N", ru-RU) -> 1 234,57
1234 ("N", en-US) -> 1,234.0
1234 ("N", ru-RU) -> 1 234,0
-1234.56 ("N", en-US) -> -1,234.560
-1234.56 ("N", ru-RU) -> -1 234,560
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Format
specifier
"P" or "p" Percent Result: Number multiplied by 100 and displayed with a percent
symbol.
Precision specifier: Desired number of decimal places.
More information: The Percent ("P") Format Specifier.
1 ("P", en-US) -> 100.00 %
1 ("P", fr-FR) -> 100,00 %
-0.39678 ("P1", en-US) -> -39.7 %
-0.39678 ("P1", fr-FR) -> -39,7 %
"R" or "r" Round-trip Result: A string that can round-trip to an identical number.
Supported by: Single, Double, and BigInteger.
Precision specifier: Ignored.
More information: The Round-trip ("R") Format Specifier.
123456789.12345678 ("R") ->
123456789.12345678
-1234567890.12345678 ("R") -> -
1234567890.1234567
"X" or "x" Hexadecimal Result: A hexadecimal string.
Supported by: Integral types only.
Precision specifier: Number of digits in the result string.
More information: The HexaDecimal ("X") Format Specifier.
255 ("X") -> FF
-1 ("x") -> ff
255 ("x4") -> 00ff
-1 ("X4") -> 00FF
Refer Unit2 eg1.vbp
Syntax Represents
Literals a = 5;
Integer Numerals 1776707-273
75 decimal
&O43 octal
&HFF3 hexadecimal
"Z"C char
vbCR a carriage-return character for print and display
functions.
vbTab a tab character for print and display functions.
vbCrLf a carriage-return character combined with a linefeed
character for print and display functions.
vbNullString a zero-length string for print and display functions,
and for calling external procedures.
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If used, the Option Explicit statement must appear in a file
before any other source code statements.
When Option Explicit appears in a file, you must explicitly
declare all variables using the Dim or ReDim statements. If
you attempt to use an undeclared variable name, an error
occurs at compile time.
Use Option Explicit to avoid incorrectly typing the name of
an existing variable or to avoid confusion in code where the
scope of the variable is not clear.
If the Option Explicit statement is not used, all undeclared
variables are of Object type.
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Restricts implicit data type conversions to only widening
conversions.
If used, the Option Strict statement must appear in a file
before any other source code statements.
VB allows conversions of many data types to other data
types. Data loss can occur when the value of one data type is
converted to a data type with less precision or smaller
capacity. A run-time error occurs if such a narrowing
conversion fails.
Option Strict ensures compile-time notification of these
narrowing conversions so they can be avoided.
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An operation is at least one value combined with a symbol to
produce a new value.
A more complex operation can involve more than one value
and possibly more than one symbol.
A value involved in an operation is called an operand.
A symbol involved in an operation is called an operator.

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Types of operators:
Arithmetic operators
Boolean operators
Relational operators
Bitwise operators
unary operators. - Operators that work with only one
operand are called
binary operators - operators who work with two operands
are called

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Symbol Syntax Example
^
result = number^exponent Dim MyValue
MyValue = 2 ^ 2 'Returns 4.
MyValue = 3 ^ 3 ^ 3 'Returns 19683.
MyValue = (-5) ^ 3 'Returns -125.
*
multiply two numbers.
result = number1*number2
Dim MyValue
MyValue = 2 * 2 ' Returns 4.
MyValue = 459.35 * 334.90'Returns
153836.315.
/
divide two numbers and return a
floating-point result.
result = number1/number2
Dim MyValue
MyValue = 10 / 4 ' Returns 2.5.
MyValue = 10 / 3 ' Returns 3.333333.
\
divide two numbers and return an
integer result.
result = number1\number2
Dim MyValue
MyValue = 11 \ 4 ' Returns 2.
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1. Arithmetic Operators
Mod
divide two numbers and
return only the remainder
result = number1 Mod
number2.
Dim MyResult
MyResult = 10 Mod 5 ' Returns 0.
MyResult = 10 Mod 3 ' Returns 1.
MyResult = 12 Mod 4.3 ' Returns 0.
MyResult = 12.6 Mod 5 ' Returns 3.
+
sum two numbers.
result =
expression1+expression2
Dim MyNumber, Var1, Var2
MyNumber = 2 + 2 ' Returns 4.
MyNumber = 4257.04 + 98112 ' Returns 102369.04.
Var1 = "34": Var2 = 6 ' Initialize mixed variables.
MyNumber = Var1 + Var2 ' Returns 40.
Var1 = "34": Var2 = "6" ' Initialize variables with strings.
MyNumber = Var1 + Var2' Returns "346" (string
concatenation).
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-
Used to find the difference
between two numbers or to
indicate the negative value
of a numeric expression.
result = number1number2
number
Dim MyResult
MyResult = 4 - 2 ' Returns 2.
MyResult = 459.35 - 334.90 ' Returns 124.45.
&
Used to force string
concatenation of two
expressions.
result = expression1 &
expression2
Dim MyStr
MyStr = "Hello" & " World" ' Returns "Hello World".
MyStr = "Check " & 123 & " Check" ' Returns
"Check 123 Check".
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Symbol Syntax Meaning
= X = Y X is equal to Y
<> X <> Y X is not equal to Y
> X > Y X is greater than Y
< X < Y X is less than Y
>= X >= Y X is greater than or equal to Y
<= X <= Y X is Less than or equal to Y
Like
result = string Like pattern
Used to compare two strings.
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2. Equality and Relational Operators
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3. Logical (Boolean) operators
Not
Used to perform logical negation on
an expression.
result = Not expression
Dim A, B, C, D, MyCheck
A = 10: B = 8: C = 6: D = Null ' Initialize variables.
MyCheck = Not(A > B) 'Returns False.
MyCheck = Not(B > A) 'Returns True.
MyCheck = Not(C > D)' Returns Null.
MyCheck = Not A 'Returns -11 (bitwise comparison).
And
Used to perform a logical
conjunction on two expressions.
result = expression1 And
expression2
MyCheck = A > B And B > C ' Returns True.
MyCheck = B > A And B > C ' Returns False.
MyCheck = A > B And B > D ' Returns Null.
MyCheck = A And B ' Returns 8 (bitwise comparison).
Or
Used to perform a logical
conjunction on two expressions
result = expression1 Or expression2
MyCheck = A > B Or B > C ' Returns True.
MyCheck = B > A Or B > C ' Returns True.
MyCheck = A > B Or B > D ' Returns True.
MyCheck = B > D Or B > A ' Returns Null.
MyCheck = A Or B ' Returns 10 (bitwise comparison).
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3. Logical (Boolean) operators
Symbol
Syntax Example
Xor
Used to perform a logical exclusion
on two expressions.
[result =] expression1 Xor
expression2
MyCheck = A > B Xor B > C ' Returns False.
MyCheck = B > A Xor B > C ' Returns True.
MyCheck = B > A Xor C > B ' Returns False.
MyCheck = B > D Xor A > B ' Returns Null.
MyCheck = A Xor B ' Returns 2 (bitwise comparison).
Eqv
Used to perform a logical equivalence
on two expressions.
result = expression1 Eqv expression2
MyCheck = A > B Eqv B > C ' Returns True.
MyCheck = B > A Eqv B > C ' Returns False.
MyCheck = A > B Eqv B > D ' Returns Null.
MyCheck = A Eqv B ' Returns -3 (bitwise comparison).
Imp
Used to perform a logical implication
on two expressions
result = expression1 Imp expression2
MyCheck = A > B Imp B > C ' Returns True.
MyCheck = A > B Imp C > B ' Returns False.
MyCheck = B > A Imp C > B ' Returns True.
MyCheck = B > A Imp C > D ' Returns True.
MyCheck = C > D Imp B > A ' Returns Null.
MyCheck = B Imp A ' Returns -1 (bitwise comparison).
Symbol Function Example
<<
Performs an arithmetic left
shift on a bit pattern.
Dim pattern As Short = 192' The bit pattern is 0000 0000 1100
0000.Dim result As Shortresult = pattern << 4 pattern is 192
0000 0000 1100 0000
result is 3072
0000 1100 0000 0000
>>
Performs an arithmetic right
shift on a bit pattern.
Dim pattern As Short = 2560' The bit pattern is 0000 1010 0000
0000.Dim result As Shortresult2 = pattern >> 4 pattern is 2560
0000 1010 0000 0000
result is 160
0000 0000 1010 0000
>>=
Performs an arithmetic right
shift on the value of a variable
or property and assigns the
result back to the variable or
property
<<=
Performs an arithmetic left
shift on the value of a variable
or property and assigns the
result back to the variable or
property.
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4. Bitwise Operators
Compound
assignment operator
Sample expression Explanation
+= c+=7 c=c+7
-= c-=3 c=c-3
*= c*=4 c=c*4
/= c/=2 c=c/2
\= c\=3 c=c\3
^= c^=2 c=c^2
&= d&=llo d=d&llo
<<= c<<=1 c=c<<1
>>= c>>= c=c>>1
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5. Compound Assignment Operators
In VB we have two operators for string concatenation. The plus
+ operator and the & ampersand operator.

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Option Strict On

Module Example

Sub Main()

Console.WriteLine(Politeknik " & Sultan " & Haji Ahmad Shah")
Console.WriteLine(Politeknik " + Sultan " + Haji Ahmad Shah")

End Sub

End Module
6. Concatenating Strings operators
Dim strA As String
Dim strB As String
Dim intA As Short
Dim dblB As Decimal
strA = "POLITEKNIK "
strB = "SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH "
intA = 1234
dblB = 1234.567
Console.WriteLine(strA & strB)
Console.WriteLine(strA + strB)
Console.WriteLine(intA & dblB)
Console.WriteLine(intA + dblB)
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6. Concatenating Strings
Operator Operation
1 ^ Exponentiation
2 +,- Sign operations
3 *,/ Multiplication and Division
4 \ Integer division
5 Mod Modulus
6 +,- Addition and Subtraction
7 & concatenation
8 <<, >> Bitwise
9 =, <>, <, <=, >=, Like, Is Relational
10 Not Logical NOT
11 And, AndAlso Logical AND
12 Or, OrElse Logical inclusive OR
13 Xor Logical exclusive OR
14 =, +=, -=, *=, /=, \=, ^=, &= Assignment
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Hierarchy of Operators Precedence
Decision-making or Selection Control Structures are coding
structures that enable you to execute or omit code based on
a condition, such as the value of a variable.
VB includes two constructs that enable you to make any type
of branching decision you can think of:

If...Then...Else and Select Case.

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The If Statement
1. If..Then statement
Syntax:
If expression Then
... ' code to execute when expression is True.
End If
If the expression evaluates to True, the code placed
between the If statement and the End If statement
gets executed. If the expression evaluates to False,
Visual Basic jumps to the End If statement and
continues execution from there, bypassing all the
code between the If and End If statements.

57
The If Statement
Example:

58
If IsNumeric(txtInput.Text) Then
MessageBox.Show("The text is a number.")
End If
The If Statement
Examples:
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
If RadioButton1.Checked = True Then
MsgBox("RadioButton1 selected")
End If
End If
End Sub
59
The If Statement
2. Else Statement
to execute some code when expression evaluates to False,
include an Else statement between If and End If:
Syntax:
If expression Then
... ' code to execute when expression is True.
Else
... ' code to execute when expression is False.
End If

60
The If Statement
Example:
If IsNumeric(txtInput.Text) Then
MessageBox.Show("The text is a number.")
Else
MessageBox.Show("The text is not a number.")
End If

61
The If Statement
3. ElseIf Statement
The ElseIf statement allows you to evaluate a second
expression when an If...Then statement equates to False.
Syntax:
If expression Then
...
ElseIf expression2 Then
...
End If

62
Example:
ElseIf RadioButton2.Checked = True Then
End If
63
The If Statement
3. Nested If..Then
Syntax:
If expression Then
...
Else
If expression2 Then
...
End If
End If

64
Example:
If CheckBox1.Checked = True Then
MsgBox("RadioButton1 and CheckBox1 selected")
Else : MsgBox("radioButton1 and ChechBox2 selected")
End If
ElseIf RadioButton2.Checked = True Then
If CheckBox1.Checked = True Then
MsgBox("RadioButton2 and CheckBox1 selected")
Else : MsgBox("radioButton2 and ChechBox2 selected")
End If
End If
65
The Select case statement
Syntax:
Select Case expression
Case value1
...
Case value2
...
Case value3
...
Case Else
...
End Select

66
Case Else is used to define code that
executes only when expression doesn't
evaluate to any of the values in the
Case statements. Use of Case Else is
optional.
The Select case statement for Multiple Selections
The Select Case statement enables you to create some
difficult expression comparisons.
Eg. specify multiple comparisons in a single Case statement
by separating the comparisons with a (,).

67
Examples:

68
Select Case lngAge
Case 1 To 7
' Code placed here executes if lngAge is 1, 7 or any number in between.
End Select
Select Case strName
Case "Hartman" To "White"
' Code placed here executes if the string is Hartman, White,
' or if the string falls alphabetically between these two names.
End Select

Examples:

69
Select Case lngAge
Case < 10
...
Case 10 To 17
...
Case 18 To 20
...
Case Else
...
End Select

Dim Number
Number = 8 ' Initialize variable.
Select Case Number ' Evaluate Number.
Case 1 To 5 ' Number between 1 and 5, inclusive.
Console.WriteLine("Between 1 and 5")
Case 6, 7, 8 ' Number between 6 and 8.
Console.WriteLine("Between 6 and 8")
Case 9 To 10 ' Number is 9 or 10.
Console.WriteLine("Greater than 8")
Case Else ' Other values.
Console.WriteLine("Not between 1 and 10")
End Select
70
1. For...Next Loop
Syntax:
For countervariable = start To end [Step step]
... [statements to execute in loop]
[Exit For]
... [statements to execute in loop]
Next [countervariable]

71
1. For...Next Loop
Components of a for loop:
72
Part Description
countervariable
A previously declared variable of a numeric data type (Integer, Long,
and so on). This variable is incremented each time the loop occurs.
start
The number you want to start counting from.
end
The number you want to count to. When countervariable reaches the
end number, the statements within the For...Next loop are executed a
final time, and execution continues with the line following the Next
statement.
step
The amount by which you want countervariable incremented each time
the loop is performed. step is an optional parameter; if you omit it,
countervariable is incremented by 1.
Exit For
A statement that can be used to exit the loop at any time. When Exit
For is encountered, execution jumps to the statement following Next.
1. For...Next Loop
Examples:

73
For intCounter = 1 To 10
Console.WriteLine(intCounter)
Next intCounter

Next

Note: Both examples will produce the
same results.
1. For...Next Loop
Example:
74
Dim intSecondCounter As Integer
For intSecondCounter = 1 To 5
Console.WriteLine(intSecondCounter)
Next intSecondCounter
Next intCounter
1. For...Next Loop
Using step
Step is used in a For...Next statement to
designate the value by which to increment the
counter variable each time the loop occurs.
Example:

75
For intCounter = 1 To 100 Step 4
Next intCounter
2. Do . . . Loop
Syntax:
Do
[Statements]
Loop

You could start a For...Next loop specifying an upper limit
that you know is larger than the number of loops needed,
check for a terminating condition within the loop, and exit
the loop using an Exit For statement when the condition is
met.
76
2. Do . . . Loop
Example:
Dim counter As Integer = 10
Do
Console.WriteLine(counter)
Loop
Caution:
This is an infinite loop. Why????
77
2. Do . . . Loop
More complete Syntax:
Do
[Statements]
If expression Then Exit Do
Loop

In this code, the loop would execute until
expression evaluates to True.
78
2. Do..Loop
Example:
Do
counter += 2
If counter > 10 Then Exit Do
Loop

79
Loop Control Structure
2. Do..Loop
Flowchart:
80
If
Counter
>10

Start or initialize
Counter =1

Yes

No

Increment
(counter+=2)

Display value of
counter

2. Do . . . Loop
More Syntax:
Do While expression
[Statements]
Loop

As long as expression evaluates to True, this loop
continues to occur. If expression evaluates to
False when the loop first starts, the code between
the Do While and Loop statements doesn't
execute not even once
81
2. Do . . . Loop
Example:
Do While (counter < 10)
counter += 2
Loop
82
2. Do . . . Loop
More Syntax:
Do Until expression
[Statements]
Loop
the loop executes repeatedly until expression
evaluates to True

83
2. Do . . . Loop
Example:
Do Until (counter > 10)
counter += 2
Loop

84
2. Do..Loop
Flowchart:
85
If
Counter
>10

Start or initialize
Counter =1

Yes

No

Increment
(counter+=2)

Display value of
counter

2. Do . . . Loop
More Syntax:
Do
[Statements]
Loop While expression

This loop executes as long as expression evaluates to True

The difference between the Do...While and Do...Loop While
loops:
Code between the Do and the Loop While statements always
executes at least once; expression isn't evaluated until the
loop has completed its first cycle. Again, such a loop always
executes at least once, regardless of the value of expression.
86
2. Do . . . Loop

Example:
Do
counter += 2
Loop While (counter < 10)
87
2. Do . . . Loop
More Syntax:

Do
[Statements]
Loop Until expression

This loop executes until expression evaluates to
True. However, the code within this loop always
executes at least once; expression isn't evaluated
until the loop completes its first cycle.

88
2. Do . . . Loop
Example:
Do
counter += 2
Loop Until (counter > 10)
89
3. While...End While Loop Statement
Syntax
While condition
[statements]
End While

90
Example:
Dim Counter As Short = 1
While Counter < 10
Counter += 2
Console.WriteLine(Counter)
End While

91
Flowchart
92
If
Counter
<10

Start or initialize
Counter =1

Yes

No

Increment
(counter+=2)

Display value of
counter


Unit 2 VB Fundamentals

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Unit 2 VB Fundamentals

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EN NORZELAN BIN SALEH

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