UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE NUEVO LEN

PREPARATORIA No. 2
ACADEMIA DE INGLES
MODULES V AND VIII
PRACTICES AND EXERCISES
Compi l ed by Prof r. Mari o A. Gar za Moral es
1 3
St udent ' s name Group.
Teacher Shi f t
Semest er Modul e Number
2
/ o o f H t .
Adjectives: comparison
bigger than, more intelligent
PONDO, ,
UNIVERSITARI
Spelling rul es for comparati ves
For onesyllablewords with onevowel and oneconsonant at theend, doublethelast consonant and adder
big-bigger fat-fatter hot-hotter sad-sadder thin-thinner
For onesyllablewords with oneor two vowels or ending in two consonants, just adder
long - longer tall - taller black - blacker weak - weaker soon - sooner
For words of oneor two syllables ending with e, just add r.
nice - nicer wide wider simple - simpler
For words of two syllables ending with aconsonant andy, changethey toi and add er.
pretty - prettier easy - easier funny - funnier smelly - smellier
For most threesyllablewords and all longer ones, use more.
capable - more capable intelligent - more intelligent difficult - more difficult
Mr Adams
A
Miss Brookes
B
Mr Church
C
Ms Dangerfield
D
Examples: Mr Adams isolder than Miss Brookes.
Miss Brookes isprettier than Ms Dangerfield.
Ms Dangerfield ismore intelligent than Miss Brookes.
Mr Church ismore handsome than Mr Adams.
Exerci s e A
Makesentences about thepeopleabove:
P E / y i a
Example: fat A / C
1 thin B / D
2 happy C / A
3 sad D / B
4 rich C / A
5 poor D / B
6 intelligent A / B
7 strong C / D
Exerci s e B
Do Exercise 1on the cassette.
Mr Adams is fatter than Mr Church.
p[ayjwuBQ sftf ueqi j a8uoj ^s si i pj tvqQ j j ^ i sajjoo.ig ssip^uBif} j us S t ^m
ai ora si sui epv J W 9 s3>iooj[ ssij^j ueqi j3.iood si pj ayaaSuuQ syj g sui epy ueq^j atpu si i pj ni j Q j p^ p sai fooj g ssi pj
uem aappes si pi ayj aSueQ sj ^ g sui apv uBqi i ai ddeq si qcunqQ g ppyaaSueQ s ^ ueqi aauuup si saspcug ssi}\[ i y
SH3MSMV
2
/ o o f H t .
Adjectives: comparison
bigger than, more intelligent
PONDO, ,
UNIVERSITARI
Spelling rul es for comparati ves
For onesyllablewords with onevowel and oneconsonant at theend, doublethelast consonant and adder
big-bigger fat-fatter hot-hotter sad-sadder thin-thinner
For onesyllablewords with oneor two vowels or ending in two consonants, just adder
long - longer tall - taller black - blacker weak - weaker soon - sooner
For words of oneor two syllables ending with e, just add r.
nice - nicer wide wider simple - simpler
For words of two syllables ending with aconsonant andy, changethey toi and add er.
pretty - prettier easy - easier funny - funnier smelly - smellier
For most threesyllablewords and all longer ones, use more.
capable - more capable intelligent - more intelligent difficult - more difficult
Mr Adams
A
Miss Brookes
B
Mr Church
C
Ms Dangerfield
D
Examples: Mr Adams isolder than Miss Brookes.
Miss Brookes isprettier than Ms Dangerfield.
Ms Dangerfield ismore intelligent than Miss Brookes.
Mr Church ismore handsome than Mr Adams.
Exerci s e A
Makesentences about thepeopleabove:
P E / y i a
Example: fat A / C
1 thin B / D
2 happy C / A
3 sad D / B
4 rich C / A
5 poor D / B
6 intelligent A / B
7 strong C / D
Exerci s e B
Do Exercise 1on the cassette.
Mr Adams is fatter than Mr Church.
p[ayjwuBQ sftf ueqi j a8uoj ^s si i pj tvqQ j j ^ i sajjoo.ig ssip^uBif} j usSt ^m
aiora si sui epv J W 9 s3>iooj[ ssij^j ueqi j3.iood si pj ayaaSuuQ syj g sui epy ueq^j atpu si i pj ni j Q jp^ p sai fooj g ssi pj
uemaappes si pi ayj aSueQ sj ^ g sui apv uBqi i ai ddeq si qcunqQ g ppyaaSueQ s ^ueqi aauuup si saspcug ssi}\[ i y
SH3MSMV
ni Jt Adjectives: superlative
J .... ?
the biggest
Spelling rules for superlatives
For onesyllablewords with onevowel and oneconsonant at the end, doublethe last consonant and
add est.
big-biggest fat-fattest hot-hottest sad-saddest thin - thinnest
For onesyllablewords ending in two consonants or with two vowels, j ust add est.
long-longest tall-tallest black - blackest weak-weakest
For words of oneor two syllables ending with e, j ust add st.
nice - nicest wide - widest simple - simplest
For words of two syllables ending with aconsonant andy, change they to i and add est.
pretty-prettiest easy - easiest funny - funniest smelly - smelliest
For most threesyllable words and all longer ones, use most.
capable - most capable intelligent - most intelligent difficult - most difficult
Ex e r c i s e A
Arthur, Brenda, Charles and Delia arefriends.
Examples: Arthur isthe tallest of thefour. Brenda is the happiest of the four. Charles is the.oldest ot the
four. Delia is the most intelligent of the four.
Make sentences likethe examples.
1 Charl es- f at _
2 Delia- slim _ _
3 Arthur - strong --
4 Brenda- elegant
Ex e r c i s e B
Example: High mountains (world): Mont Blanc / Everest / Kilimanjaro
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
Make sentences likethe example.
1 Long rivers (Europe): the Danube / theRhine / the Seine
2 Biganimals (Africa): the rhino / theel ephant / the hippopotamus
3 Busy airports (England): Gatwick / Heathrow / Manchester
4 Expensive metals (world): platinum / silver / gold
5 Fast passenger planes (world): Concorde / the 747 / the Airbus
Ex e r c i s e C
Do Exercise 3on the cassette.
P1JOM amui auBjd j auassEd adoj ng ui aaAU isauoi aqi si aqnuBQ aqj, I a
i sai sei sui si apaoouoo c piJ OA^aq; ui jeiaux aAisuadxa unqj aqi j o )UBa[a-jsoiuaqi si puaag f \moj
isoui am s. umunBi a f puei 3ua m^odaiB ^saisriq aq, si aq, j o ,sauo^s aq* si . mqw 8 ^oj aM1 jo
MoaqieaH ' ^WV
U
T t'!
9
M5 l uqda^aqX Z sai uoi us aqi si eqaQ Z -'"Oj aM1 j o ^sa^Bj aq si sa^Bqo y
SI3A\SMV
Conjunctions
John and Mary
BUT AND
Tomis tall but Carol is short.
I likeice-creambut I don't like fish
Sweden is small-hut strong.
She is rich but heis poor.
J ohn is tall and Mary is tall.
I likeice-creamand you like chocolate
Saudi Arabia ishot and sunny.
I amsad and you are lonely.
BECAUSE (reason) SO (result)
I'mgoingto bed because I'mtired.
She stayed at home becauseit was wet.
I eat ice-creambecause I like it.
I'mtired so I'mgoingto bed.
I t Was wet so shestayed at home
I likeice-creamso I eat alot of it.
numbered spaces below.
so wehad along swim.
but shehates sport.
and it has green eyes.
and has abig car.
but I haven't finished.
becausehewas very angry.
so wecouldn't buy any cigarettes.
because heis agood Muslim.
and it flows through many countries
but I didn't want to go.
so they had to walk.
because I worked hard.
J oin the pairs of sentences. Writea to / in the
1 The shop was closed a
2 My father shouted at me b
3 The water was very warm c
4 Our cat has alongtail d
5 Mikki loves popmusic e
6 TheNileis avery long river f
7 They missed the bus g
8 My boss was very pleased h
9 Tomoko asked meto aparty i
10 Mustapha prays fivetimes aday j
11 I'vebeen working very hard k
12 Helives in alargehouse 1
! S } Z I
SH3AVSNV
l
15
Prepositions: place
ot home in bed
AT I N ON
at home/work/school
at the beginning/end
at the theatre/cinema
at the station/airport
at a party/dance/concert
in Rome(town or city)
in France(country)
in acar
in a room/house/garden
in your tea/drink
in bed/hospital/prison
in the air
on the table/shelf
on theground/floor
on a bus/train/plane
on the wall/ceiling
on theleft/right
Exe r c i s e A
Writeinthecorrect prepositions.
Where's J ohn? He's not
Where's your cup?
Do you takesugar
work today.
your coffee?
the airport?
Wherewereyou last night, a party?
Has theplane arrived
Haveyou seen my football?
Wheredo you live?
8 I can't findmy shoes.
9 Didyou meet him the station?
10 Whereis Mr Smith?
beside / next to on
Ex e r c i s e B
in between
Now look at thepictureand answer the questions.
Example: Whereis the car?
1 Whereis the taxi?
2 Whereis theplane? faty
3 Whereisthe bus?
4 Whereis the lorry?
5 Where is the helicopter?
6 Whereis the boat?
7 Whereis the bicycle?
8 Whereis the dog?
No, he's bed _
I t's the table.
hospital.
No thanks.
No, it's still
No, I was _
Yes, it's
the air.
the theatre London.
the grass
Trento, a small town
They're the floor
the garden.
_ Italy.
the train. No, hewasn't
He's thethird room
the kitchen.
theleft.
above behind in front of under below
It's in front of the taxi.
thecar and the bus.
the helicopter,
the taxi,
the bus.
the plane,
the lorry,
the car.
the car.
MEDaqi ui S/JJ g JBDaq; aqi aAoqe s,i j g snq aqi puB JBOaqi uaa^i aq s.i j i a
j apun s^j I
-
X.uo[ aqi uo s,u 9 auBj d aqi Avojaq s, n g -snq uo'ui ox tuo 'I B g i ui 'uo g ui 'ui i tut'uo 9
aqi onxau / aptsaqs. n p -PRE}aqi pui qaq S,N g aa^dooqaq !ui 'I B 'I B g UI 'I B p ;ui g :uo g i ui 'ui 'i B \ y
SHaMSNV
Prepositions: time
ot four o' cl ock on Saturday
IN (months /years/seasons)
OH (days/dates)
AT (times /festivals)
in J uly
in 1992
in winter
in the morning
on Monelay
on 15th May
onApril 3rd
at four o'clock
at 3.15
at Christmas
at the weekend
Exe r c i s e A
Example: When does theplane leave?
It leaves at 6.30.
1 When didyou arrive?
2 What timeshall we start?
3 When do theshops close?
4 What timedoesthefilmbegin?
Exe r c i s e B
Example: WhenisChristmas Day? Friday
1 WhenisNew Year's Day? 4thJ uly /
2 WhenisAmerican I ndependenceDay? "*25th December
3 On which day do Christians go to church? 1st J anuary
4 Onwhichday to Muslims go to themosque? Sunday
Christmas Day is on 25th December.
Exe r c i s e C
Fill inthegaps inthesentences with on, in or aL
1 Monday, Susan wokeup fiveo'clock the morning.
2 InEngland they play football winter and cricket summer.
3 My sister arrived half past three theafternoon.
4 I usually play badminton Wednesdays and tennis Saturdays.
uBouaury J ; Xj aauBf IST uo SI XBQS,J A M3N \ a
ijDop.oi qgi a i s sui Saq u fr OE SI aeopvCaqx g
9ri 1S}j WL
9
A V Z -*>op,o,3A0S PA*MB I I V
SHSMISNV
uo'uo f im'IB 8 ui*ui Z '.ui'ibMo I 3
X Bpuj uo anbsoui aqi oi 08 suiqsnjv p Bpunguo
qwnqo<no8suBti 8tj qo G pif qifr uo stAB<I aauapt'.ec apq
]
28
Questions: wh~
What is this?
Wh- questions begin with question words like What, Wfcen, Who, WW, Why, Which,
1i J. _ M /J Ll ^>1/1
Where, and How.
What isyour name?
Exe r c i s e A
Write the questions.
QUESTI ON
ANSWER
What is your name?
(verb) (subject)
Where are the children?
My name is Maria.
(subject) (verb)
Thechildren are in the garden.
(verb) (subject)
When is she coming?
(verb) (subject> (verb)
The verb comes before the subject.
(subject) (verb)
She iscoming at 8 o'clock.
(subject) (verb)
The verb comes after the subject
What
Where
Who _
Why _
How old
Whose car
i ntS EI
His nameis J uan.
Thepyramids arein Egypt.
Alain was sick at the party.
I amlearning English becauseof my job.
Sheis 20.
I t's my car.
PRESENT TENSE
a) J oan knows Mike.
(subject) (verb) (object)
J oan knows-jwho? 1
Who'*^Zoes J oan know?
(object) (subject)
b) J oan knows Mike.
(subject) (verb) (object)
Cp knows Mike?
Who knows Mike?
(subject) (verb) (object)
PAST TENSE
J oan knew Mike.
(subject) (verb) (object)
1
J oan juitaau\who? i
Who * did J oan know?
(object) (subject).
J oan knew Mike.
(subject) (verb) (object)
[f j knew . Mike?
Who knew Mike?
(subject) (verb) (object)
Exe r c i s e B
Writethe questions.
Examples: Who arrived at 7o'clock ?
Who did he see yesterday?
Where
How many books
Who
When
Which car
What
What
Whosepen
f~?1arrived at 7o'clock.
Hesaw TJ yesterday.
Hewent to [T) last week.
J ohn bought (Tj books last year.
[ f j bought anew car last month.
Phyllis went to China [?]
I likethe [Tjcar.
r?l happened.
[Y] Youwant ?
Shetook
?'s pen.
aspe? aqspi{>u; d
380HM 8 *
U8M n0i
P L pouoddnqiBqM f* i
8>
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noi op jtBaupiMM 9 eui qo o8s q^qj pi p uaqjvV *
qj uoui ifc'B[ xm Mau b i qSnoq oqA\ fc J B8- 1SB( Xnq
uqof pi p BJ jooqA'UBUI Moj G i{33A\ i seI o8 aq pvp a.iatjW 1
y si aeo asoqM 9 aqs si pi o AVOJJ S
qsquy UIUJ B9[ noX are q^ f M
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s S8AV
OU M ' C ;spi ui Bj Xdaq?ai BaaaqM Z aorey si q si i s m I V
^ SH3AVSNV
Verbs: future with going to
SHORTANSWER
QUESTION
STATEMENT
are.
aren't.
are
're
are not
aren't
goingto sing.
Weusegoing to when weknow what is goingto happen, or wethink theother person knows what is going
to happen.
Examples
Is he going to
play thedrums?
No, he isn't. He's going
to play thepiano.
What are you
going to do?
I'mgoing to
play thepiano.
Exe r c i s e A
What is goingto happen?
1 She / read / abook
2 They / watch / TV
3 He / not play / thedrums _
4 She / not do / her homework
5 I / do / my homework
6 You / do / your homework?
7 I t / rain -
8 I t / not / rain
9 I t / rain?
10 They /notcome / to the party
Exe r c i s e B
Do Exercise 15on the cassette.
I thi nk I 'll
have fi sh.
QUESTI ON
Will
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
come?
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
40
Verbs: future with v/lll
I'll g o . . .
STATEMENT SHORTANSWER
will,
won't.
Example:
I think I / stay / in bedtomorrow. 1 think f t
1 I don't think she / go / to the party.
2 Theweather / be / sunny in J une.
3 You / help / me?
4 There / not be / enough water next summer.
5 I think I / go / to the bank.
6 He / pay / you tomorrow.
7 I / have / soup, please.
8 Thegovernment says we / have / more
money next year.
9 You / marry / me?
10 No, I / not lend / you any money.
PROMI SE PREDI CTI ON QUI CK D ECISION
Weusethefuturewithwill to express thefollowing.
I n Scotl and it. wi l l rai n
tomorrow. I n the south
of Engl and i t will be
sunny. _
auoui Xusno/tpua[ i.uomj 'Ofj; oi sui Xxihui l.oX
IHM 6 MB/ixauKaooui 3JOIU 8ABq[.SM sXas4U9UIUI3AO3
aqj, 8 as6a[d'dnosa,\Bqili mojjoiuoi noiCXBd[[ af- 9
5{UBqaq o 08 [y ru-imI fi auuuns jxau ja^BM
qgrsoua aq},uoiv\ aaaqj, f aui dpjqno[i ^ g sunf ai i uuns
aq [JJM jaqiBBM aqj , g AiJBd aq o}08n.aqs 3(uiqu,uop [
SH3MSNV
Verbs: modal auxiliaries can/could
c a n , I could.
SHORTANSWER QUESTION STATEMENT
can
swim
swim.
Can - I know how to do it, or it is possible for me to do it.
Example: Can you swim? Yes, I can. Can you ski? No, I can't. You can't divein here.
Ex e r c i s e A
Write statements with can or can't.
ft -0-^
oh ,, W- - \
drive.
dance
Ex e r c i s e B
Thepast tense of can/can't is could / couldn't. Complete these sentences.
-gi SeMootBf
ptj MoroniMG
3 Last year she
1 Last year they
dance.
Wealso usecan or could for making requests. (Could is very polite.)
Exa mple:
I vS /can I useyour j tBj l L ^s/ Couldyouhelp
i M <7 phone? ! f r n ^S v
me
'
pI ease?
/ 6oul d you cl ose the
y^wi ndow, pl ease?
Ex e r c i s e C
Write requests using can or could.
1 You want to read someone's newspaper.
2 You want afriendto post a letter for you
3 You want someone to pass the salt.
4 You want to watch TV.
SAUp
^upj noa aqs g i ^s i.upjnoo aq g aouep yi pi noa laqi t g
AAUPUBOAQS g TVj S^UBOAH Z AAUBP UBD XAQJ , x V
SH3A V SNV
asB3]d 'AJ ,qa?BM j ppoo/UBQ \ osBajd'qssaqj
ssBd noi p[noQ/uBQ g asBajd 'aiu aoj j a^aj si qi i sod no/C
ppio^/UBQ z asB3{d'jadBdsMauano pBa.i j pjnoo/ire'o 1 3
I / Y ou
We/They
He/She/I t
come
work.
Weusemay or might when wethink something is possible.
May is oftenmore possiblethan might.
Examples: What areyougoingto do this afternoon? Wedon't know yet. Wemay watch a video.
Wemight not likethis video. No, this onemight be better.
Exe r c i s e A
Writesentences with may (not) and might [not : for the following situations.
GO BY BUS?
BE SUNNY ?
GO BY TAXI ?
RA I N?
PEA CE I N T HE WORL D?
ORK ?
GO T O T HE CI NEMA ?
A NOT HE R WA R?
a) There
47
Verbs: modal auxiliaries with may/might
We may do that. ^
Ex e r c i s e B
May J. . .? means Is it OK if I. . .?
Example: May I useyour pen? Yes, hereyou are
Ask:
] You want to read someone's newspaper-. 9
2 You want to open awindow. 9
3 You want to turn on theTV. 9
AiL am uo ' " i n I
S Mopui/A B uado j %
jadBdsMaujno'peaj i Xbj\ j g
>lJ0Au>iu0i{jaq
op -joui qSuu aqg (q Buxaup aq:)
o-j oS yfBUi aq<j (.? j, -jbmjaq^ouB
aq i cu qSi m ; uaq (q 'Pl-iOM
aqi ui aosad aq A'BUJ auaqj , (B G
snq Aq o -|ou i qi ui Aaqj , (q
iXB^/iqoSBUi'/aqx(B z
ui ej ^j ou
!
qSuu IF (q A uuns aq ABUI J }(B I Y
SH3AVSNV
Verbs: modal auxiliaries with must/mustn't/needn't
~ M J \ -
We must do this.
U(0c i9se|3aqi UT ajjouis^u^srim
f P
U E
n
0 5
S
o n0A U9
M
M
Aauoui
qsqSug anoA auBqa i .upaau no^ g
jooqos aoj a?ej
aq uisriui no^ z puBj ug o}o3hoA
uaqM laodssBd e 3Aeq tsnui no^ x V
SH3MSNV
ai Bi aq^ui snui j g
^ueqaqi cr o3}smuj z
eqaj qumUB aspn^up
3911 n0
I 0
Must or mustn't means it is necessary. Neeon t means it is not necessary.
Youmus driveon the left in England. You take this medicine. Youmu^tnt walk on the grass.
You must not driveon theright, You needn't stay mbed. Youneedn t go homeyet.
Personal opi ni on:
Examples: Wemust hurry or we'll belate. I mustn't make any mistakes.
You needn't clean the window. I did it yesterday.
Ex e r c i s e B
takean umbrella. I go to the bank.
be late.
when yougo to England.
belatefor school.
You changeyour English money
when yougo to Scotland.
smokein the classroom.
Usemust / mustn't I needn't.
1
need not
needn't
doesn't
need not
needn't
go,
work.
Ex e r c i s e A
Usemust ! mustn't I needn't.
Verbs: modal auxiliaries with should
We should do thet .
I/You
We/They
He/She/It
should
should not
shouldn't
Weuseshould whenit is agoodthing to do.
Wealso useit to give advice.
Weuseshould not or shouldn't when it isa bad thing to do.
Examples: Youshouldn't biteyour finger nails! Youshould study hard and go to university.
Exe r c i s e A
Changetheseorders into advice.
Examples: Writeto your mother! You should write to your mother.
Don't put your feet on thetable! You shouldn't put your feet on the table.
1 It's aniceday. Don't stay inthehouse!
2 Go for awalk!
4 She
to the police.
5 They 6 He.
his car.
JBOSIL( SAtjp
3,upjnoqs
a
H 9 'Biiajqumue a^B}pjnoqs/Caqj, -aoqod
aqi oi oSpjnoqs aqg i srj uapaq? oi oS pjnoqs aj{ g
amours5,up[noqs aj^g qatitu osi sa i (up|noqs aqg I a
Xep HAX q^lB^-J .upjnoqsnoj^ a[doad aap(o ^aadsaj
p|i i oqsno^ p -juneJHOAIISIA pjnoqs no g ^BM
B j oj o3 pjnoqs no 9snoq aqi ut Xb-JS /upjnoqs x y
SH3MSKV
3 Visit your aunt!
4 Respect older people!
5 Don't watchTV all day!
Exe r c i s e B
Now useshould or shouldn't to giveadviceto these people.
1 She eat so much. 2 He 3 He to the dentist.
choki ng
KILLSf
T i--
Verbs: present continuous
I am going.
/ 3
STATEMENT
You
We
They
He
She
I t
am
'm
'mnot,
are
're
are not
're not
is
's
is not
isn't
's not
goi ng.
QUESTI ON
Am
Are
Is
you
we-
they
he
she
it
going?
SHORT ANSWER
Yes,
I
am.
'mnot,.
Yes, you
we are.
No,
they
No, he
she
it
is.
isn't.
The present continuous tense talks about what ishappening now.
Look at thepicture. I t's 3o'clock on Sunday afternoon.
V- 'tiSfy
Thedogis chasing
the cat.
Thechildren are
playingwith aball.
The fish is
swimming.
Grandad is sleeping.
Examples: What isthefishdoi ng?- ^swimming.
Isthefishswimming? Yes, it is.
1 What isMrs Smith doing?
2 I sGrandad reading?
3 What is thecat doing?
4 Is thedog sleeping?
5 What arethechildren playing with?
6 What isthedogdoing?
7 What is Mr Smith doing?
8 AreMrs Smith and Grandad working?
9 IsMr Smith working?
10 Arey ouworki ng? !
aqVONS s.,1 9 UBquqi x- w^^u^^ ^ SH3AVSNV
Verbs: present perfect continuous
I have been working
STATEMENT
QUESTION SHORTANSWER
have
've
have not
haven't
have,
haven't.
Have been working?
been working.
hasn't.
Thepresent perfect continuous tense looks mtEepresentat an action wETch~started
havefinishedor may be continuing.
inthepast and may
Why is shecrying?
She's been chopping onions.
Exe r c i s e A
Why istheSmith family tired?
I'mtired. I've been
painting this roomall day.
They'refedup. They've been waiting
for thebus for 30 minutes.
Mr Smith
(drive)
(chase) thecat.
Mrs Smith
(garder.) Grandma and Grandpa
(walk) in thepark.
The children
(ploy] football,
^J BD AQI ut3UI |[BM uaaqAABQ edpu'J ;,
PUB BuipuBjr) g -JBD aq; gutsBqo uaaqSBQ Sopaq^
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uaaqSBqq?iuigsij^55-SuiAupuaaqsaqq^iuisJJM I v
8H3MSMV
strong beautiful tired happy
a student apoliceofficer a champion footballers singers a painter
Verbs: to be
STATEMENT
QUESTI ON
- /S-
SHORT ANSWER
am.
'mnot.
are.
aren't.
is.
isn't.
Exerci se^A
To be +ADJ ECTIVE Example: Heis angry!
Completethesentences choosingfromtheadjectivesgiven below.
Exe r c i s e B
To be +NOUN Example: Sheis a nurse.
am ...
'm...
amnot
are. . .
're...
aren't.
is.. .
's...
isn't..
6 We
Is
Isn't
Am
Aren't
Are
Aren't
1 They
saaSuis aiB a^. S)
.iDDyjoaoqod B aq sj g uotduiBqD B SJ }I ^uapn^-
B noA AI Y J AAUTBD B SI AQS Z sj ai [ BQ^ooj AI E AQX \
qau -jouuxB J 9 paati si an S PI
03 3 j e 8
M P
I t si g AddBq j ou aas aqj, z i nj tj nBaqsi aqs 1 V
SH3AVSNV
68
Irregular verb fable
Exe r c i s e A
Writethemeaninginyour own language.
I nfi ni ti ve Past
be
begin
bite
break
bring
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
find
fly
forget
get
give
go
grow
have
hear
hold
keep
know
leave
let
Past Meani ng
parti ci pl e i n your
l anguage
I nfi ni ti ve Past
was
began
bit
broke
brought
bought,
caught
chose
came
cost
drank
drove
ate
fell
felt
found
flew
forgot
got
gave
went
grew
had
heard
held
kept
knew
left
let
been
begun
bitten
broken
brought
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
felt
found
flown
forgotten
got
given
gone
grown
had
heard
held
kept
known
left
let
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
read
ride
run
say
see
sell
send
show
shoot
shut
sing
sit
speak
7 spend
stand
swim
take
teach
tell
think
past Meani ng
parti ci pl e in your
l anguage
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
showed
shot
shut
sang
sat
spoke
spent
stood
swam
took
taught
told
thought
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
run
said
seen
sold
sent
shown
shot
shut
sung
sat
spoken
spent
stood
swum
taken
taught
told
thought
understand understood understood
wear wore worn
write wrote written
Exercise B
r \ - TT> I O xoDoaf ta
6
Adverbs: formation
She plays beautifully.
m
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
strong
+iy =
strongly
cheerful
+ ly = cheerfully
happy y >i
+ ly = happily
Example: Susan isacareful driver. ^drit^arefiUly._
Exe r c i s e A
Makeasentencefor each picture.
1 J ohn is aquick runner.
2 Mohammed is abravefighter.
3 Geoffrey isabad writer.
4 Mariais abeautiful singer.
5 Sheila isastrong swimmer.
6 Andy is anoisy eater.
7 Ilanovais agraceful dancer.
8 Ann is adangerous driver.
9 J oeis acareless painter.
10 Thebird is aloud singer.
I Exe r c i s e B
Do Exercise4onthe cassette.
K
3
*J3
A
H e
He
He
She
She
He
She
She
He
It
jpno] sSuis ){ oi
.^ssapjBO s^uiBdOH 6 ^[sno.iaSuRpsaAupaqs 3
%nj aoea3saauap aqs L A'usiou s^ea an 9
A[3uoJ is sun/As aqs S [injyirmaqsSuts aqs P ^ipeq
sai UM au g XIAABAQS^qSyaH 7, 'APPINB sun.T an I V
SH3AVSNV
34
Verbs: conditional I
if...
Conditional I is used when things usually happen, or are likely to happen.
Exe r c i s e A
GENERAL CONDITIONS
Example: If you put milk into thefridge, it stays coid.
(present simple) (present simple)
or: Milk stays coldif youput it into thefridge.
Choosethecorrect endings.
Water boils if
If I amlate for work,
My teacher gets angry if
If I feel tired,
I don't likedrivingif
If theweather iscold,
my boss gets very angry
I always wear acoat
I don't do my homework
the roads are busy
you heat it to 100C
I usually go to bed early
Exe r c i s e B
LIKELY CONDITIONS
Choose thecorrect endings.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Example: Youwill catch thebus if you hurry.
(future) (present tense)
or: If you hurry, youwill catch the bus.
'present simple) (future)
If it rains,
My teacher will bepleased if
If I study hard,
I'll bedisappointed if
If you're not busy this evening,
Theboyswill play football
I do my homework tonight
will youcometo the party?
I won't go for a walk
if they have time
I don't pass my exams
my English will improve
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e3t
l
n0i
I V
SH3AVSMV
E
35
Verbs: conditional If
if I were you ...
Conditional II is used for imaginary situations, or situations which arenot likely to happen.
Examples:
If I met a richyoungman, I would marry him.
(past simple) (would + verb)
If I married him, I would buy a lot of clothes,
(or: I would, buy alot of clothes if I married him.
Exe r c i s e A
Completethefollowing sentences.
1 If he - harder, he
(work) [pas.;)
2 She
to America if she
(go)
_ the exam.
enough money.
3 If England
(have)
better weather more tourists
to visit.
(have)
(come)
Conditional I I is also used for giving advice.
Example:
C
lf I were you, I'd
sell that car!
I / we / you
If he / she / it / they were. . .
NB: In spoken English,
somepeople say
I was, he was or
she was.
Exe r c i s e B
Giveadviceto these people.
(eat less)
SMOWHG
IS
BAD
FOR
you
(stop smoking)
(go to the dentist)
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doisp.i'noAajaivvij] z ssaj^Bapj noA a.tOM j j i a
318IA cxj
auioo ppoM ssuno}a.ioxu'jaqiBSM aa^eqpsqpu[3ugJI g
AauoiuqSnouapsqaqsJI BDuauiy <n3ppio.w aqsZ
uiBxaaqi ssedppiOM aq'aapjsqpa^io/w aqjy i y
SH3AVSNV
54
Verbs: post simple with irregular verbs _ ^
I came, he went.
STATEMENT
I
You
We
They
He
She
I t
got up.
wokeup.
had...
went.
drank.
ate.
left.
came.
read.
wrote.
NEGATIVE
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
didn't
get up.
wake up.
have...
go.
drink.
eat.
leave.
come.
read.
write.
QUESTI ON
Did
Didn't
we
he
she
it
get up?
wake up?
have?
go?
drink?
eat?
leave?
come?
read?
write?
SHORT ANSWER
I
you
we
Yes, ; they
w : T fr
didn't'j
she
it
did.
Mr and Mrs Smith got up.
Thechildren got up.
Mr Smith had his breakfast and
then droveto work.
Thechildren ran to school.
They didn't go by car.
Mrs Smith went to work.
Mr Smith drank acupof coffee.
Thechildren didn't drink anyt hing.
Mr Smith atehis sandwiches at
theoffice.
T'UU
L-iiii
T'UU
mi
uu
O-iin
'UU
1 I -I . 111
I U'UU
1 I - 1. I I
I U'UU
11 -lili
I I "UU
Mrs Smith came home.
Thechildren left school.
TheSmith family had dinner.
Thechildren went to bed.
Mr Smith read the newspaper.
Mrs Smith wrote a letter.
Mr and Mrs Smith went to bed.
What didtheSmith family do today? Fill in the blanks.
Mr Smith: I at 7o'clock and my breakfast at 8.30 and then
work. At 10.30 I acupof coffee. At 12o'clock
eveningI my newspaper and to bed at 11.
My wife at 7o'clock and at 9o'clock
at 4o'clock and at 6o'clock we
dinner.
and to bed at the sametimeasme. T he children
to school at 8.45. didn't by car. They _
us at 6o'clock. Then at 9o'clock
to bed.
my sandwiches. I n the
to work. She.
to
aletter at 10o'clock
at 8o'clock. They
school at 4 and dinner with
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J0M
<n V H*>R 6 J P"
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1 4
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jpop.o o acmai W ayS jamnppvy a ^oPiu9 ;bpu OE'8 iesfMea..q P"V P
UB
L *
o
I -W^S m
SH31AVSNV
55
Verbs: post simple with regular verbs
I listened, he talked.
2h
STATEMENT
I
You
We
They
He
listened,
didn't listen.
She
I t
SHORT ANSWER
Yes,
No,
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
did.
didn't
Thepast simple tense isused for regular actions in thepast, or single actions.
What did the Smith family do yesterday*'
At 8.15thechildren washed
their hands and faces.
At 9o'clock Mr Smith arrived
at theoffice.
At 10o'clock the children
playedwith their friends.
At 12.30Mr Smith walked to
thepub for lunch. He didn't
stay in theoffice.
3U
n-iin
I'UU
8:313
i n-nri
I U'UU
At 3.30thechildren finished
school.
At 7o'clock Mr Smith cleaned
the car.
At 8.30thechildren cleaned
their teeth. They didn't brush
their hair.
At 10o'clock Mr Smith talked to
hiswife.
Exe r c i s e A
Mrs Smith worked at thehospital all day. When she arrived homesheasked thefamily some questions.
Fill in theblanks in theconversations below.
1 Mrs Smith:' you your hands and f aces thi s morni ng?'
Family: 'Y es, '
2 Mrs Smith: ' What
Family: 'We
3 Mrs Smith:'
Family: 'No, I .
4 Mrs Smith: ' Who.
Family : '
5 Mrs Smith: '
Family: ' T hey.
you do at school ?'
. wi th our f ri ends.'
you.
I _
i n the offi cef or l unch?'
t c the pub.'
the car?'
. the chi l dren. thei r teeth and
thei r teeth but
t hei r hai r?'
, thei r hai r.'
Exe r c i s e B
Do Exercise 19on the cassette.
Jisqiiaqi qstuql.up'>p
aqi ;nqq^aa; .iiaqipaueap/Caqj,-q-
l
Pqi qsruqpua
aiaq uBap uaj pnqa aqi P!Q S 'PP I
jeD
pa'l
SBM
MA\ *
"Ar
qndaipo% pa^RM j
upi p i 'Ojsj qouni uoj aogjo aqq ui /CBIS no< piQ g 'spuauj
ano qM pa/qd poqDS }bop no pip leqM, Z PIP
3M sa^O3uiujoui siqi saaBj puB spuBqanoX qsBM noX pfa i y
saaAvsNV
... .4- .!./> <<w ... y sr. >-'
64
Verbs: present simple
! sleep/ he sleeps
STATEMENT
I
You
We
Thy
He
She
It
sleep.
sleeps.
NEGATIVE
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
don't.
doesn't
sleep.
QUESTI ON
Do
Does
1
you
we
they
he
she
it
sleep?
Thepresent simple tense isused to describe things wedo regularly, every day.
SHORTANSWER
Yes,
No,
Yes,
No,
I
you
we
they
he
she
it
do.
don't.
does.
doesn't.
What do the Smi th family do every day?
Mr Smith goesto bed at 11o'clock.
Mr Smith reads the newspaper.
Thechildren go to bedat 9o'clock.
Thechildren finish school.
Mr Smith doesn't finish work.
Thechildren go homefor lunch.
Mr Smith stays at work. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
At 7o'clock Mr Smith gets up.
At 8o'clock thechildren get up.
At 8.30Mr Smith goesto work.
At 9o'clock thechildren go to school.
At 10.30amMr Smith drinkscoffee.
Thechildren don't drink coffee; they play.
Usethediagramaboveto answer these questions.
1 What doesMr Smith do at 7o'clock?
2 Do thechildren get upat 7o'clock?
3 What does Mr Smith do at 8.30am?
4 Do thechildren drink coffeeat 10.30am?
5 What do thechildren do at 10.30am?
6 Do thechildren go homefor lunch?
7 DoesMr Smith finish work at 3.30pm?
8 What doesMr Smith do inthe evening?
9 When do the children go to bed?
10 DoesMr Smith go to bed at 11o'clock?
saopaq'saA 01 -j pop.
0
6 i ^l
oi ;
'
;,
HJ . 6 MadBdSMau aqi speaj >h 8 .usap aq'of t i op XaqVsaA 9
AB I d/Caqi c; i.uop Aaq}'ON f ' O} sao3OH E 'l.uop Xaq-j z '
dn s
l
ag S
H I
S M 3 A V S N V
H'^.lU...... DU- I ..- !- i Holl Ir,!;! (UtaT t<tlaoo All riohtc --Poveri
5 What's hedone?
thewindows, (clean)
6 What havethey done?
the window! (break)
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pauBap s.aH fi W
1
aqi furupSi%\ auop %] s,1Eq,V.
aa^ai B U W s.aqs auop aqs saq }BqM 8 "saqfcip
am paqsBM s aw auop >H
SB
M 1
B
HA\ Z
e ua3S
I
S H S L A V S N V
I have seen.
3 What shedone?
a letter, (write)
Verbs: present perfect simple
1 What havethey done?
2 What hedone?
4 What's
afilm, (see)
(wash)
done?
themilk, (drink)
He'scleaned the car.
STATEMENT
QUESTI ON
SHORT ANSWER
I have
You 've
We havenot
They haven't
He has
She 's
I t has not
hasn't
seen...
(past
participle)
Have
seen...'
(past
participle)
The present perfect tense looksin thepresent at actionscompleted in the
She's finished her homework.
They've eaten aChinese meal.
Thereis (There's)
<, i ' Will
1
w.v\ n
an elephant some grass
WeuseThere are with plural nouns
Thereare two trees
two trees someflowers a few people alot of birds
Two astronauts havelanded on astrange planet. They arereporting to Earth about what they can see.
Fill intheblanks with There is or There are.
Hello, Earth. This planet is very interesting. I can seelots of things -
1
adogwith two heads.
2 somestrange trees.
3 And two moons inthe sky.
4 snow onthe mountains.
5 alot of holes in the ground.
6 afew houses inthe distance.
7 And somesmokecomingfromthem
8 some vehicles outsidethe houses.
9 And alot of noise.
10 I think aparty goingon!
sia-iaq? 01
si a.iaqi 6 .9JB aaaqj, !si auaqi i faaeaj;-^g aaeauaqx 9 '-
B
< ^Hl P -d-'e a.iaq'4 g iajB aaaqj, z
;s
! aaaqj, i
SH3AVSNV
m msm verbs: there is arid there ore
O / -
m There are many things.
WeuseThere is . . . with singular or uncountable nouns. UNCOUNTABLE
fj m Quantifiers: a little/a few
mm I I' ve got a little money.
COUNTABLE
o few bottles
Exe r c i s e A
Complete
There
others?
There is
Can I have
Weate _
Therewas
coming.
Heonly smoked
I gavethecat
Therewere
early.
I only have
holiday.
or a little.
students mtheclass. Whereare the
_ bread inthecupboard, but most of it has gone.
sugar in my coffee? I don't likeit without.
. sandwiches and gavetherest to the birds.
snow onthegro and this morning. Winter is
. cigarettes today. He's slowly giving up.
milk. I t looked thirsty.
.peopleonthe baaoh, although it was very
money in the bank, so I'mnot having a
10 She's got
Exe r c i s e B
Do Exercise 11onthe cassette.
.friends, so sheisnot usually lonely.
a little money
a little milk
a few people
a little sugar
X V
SH3MSMV
9
Adverbials: concession and contrast
t: -
Although it was raining, we went for a walk,
x U ' ^ r ' ^ ^ nvxx- v
\ \ \ X - >
v
... V , v y
V ^x ^. i v.
A
The followingwords and phrases are used to contrast two ideas:
but / yet / however / although / even though / despite / in spite of
Look at the following examples.
I t was raining, but wewent for a walk.
I t was raining, yet wewent for a walk.
I t was raining. However, wewent for a walk.
Although it was raining, wewent for a walk.
Even though it was raining, wewent for awalk .
Despite the rain, wewent for a walk.
In spite of the rain, wewent for a walk.
Despite the fact that it was raining, wewent for a walk.
In spite of the fact that it was raining, wewent for a walk.
(in the middle of a sentence)
(in the middle of a sentence)
(at the start of a new sentence)
(followedby a subject and verb)
(followedby a subject and verb)
(followedby a noun)
(followedby a noun)
(followedby a subject and verb)
(followedby a subject and verb)
Use oneof the abovewords or phrases in thefol lowing sentences.
1 they are always arguing, J ack and J ill still say they loveeach other.
2 Paris is an expensive city, it's still agreat placefor a holiday.
3 Therate of inflationhas comedown to 3% this year. , the unemployment figures are still
rising.
4 They're still going ahead with thewedding her father's death.
5 They won thefootball match they only had ten players.
6 the bad weather, they're having a gocd time.
7 He's had several bad accidents, he still loves skiing.
8 Shemade her granddaughter a lovely dress, thefact that shehad arthritis in her hands.
9 she had lost her passport and ticket, Suewent to the airport and tried to get on the plane.
10 Tony lost hisjob last month and doesn't kno where he's going to get another one. , he's
still cheerful and hopes to get married soon.
11 the recession, Mr. Leech's company iedoing well.
12 the fact that the company kept losing money, the director increased his salary.
joiids uj /a^i dsaa Zl
!
J lids uj /aai dssQ n iao/vawiji oi iqSnoq* uaAg/qlinoq^jY 6 !jo a}ids ut/arcdsap g ^a/C/^nq
'.jo }ids uj /ai i dsa(i 9 :q8noqi ueAa/q8noq}[e g :JD eid-( ui/a-jidsap y !iaA&M0H E i ^ai /i nq 55 qSnoq: uaAg/qSnoq^y I
SH3M8NV
of time: of, in, on, from .. .to, by
it happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday.
8 o'clock tii the morni ng on Monday.
AT IS ON
at four o'clock
at the weekend
at ni ght
at Chri stmas
at first (in contrast wi th a
change l ater: At first I liked
him but then I changed my
mind.)
at l ast (after a long wai t: At last
the bus is here - we've been
waiting for ages!)
at the begi nni ng/ai the end
(wi th somethi ng whi ch has a
begi nni ng and an end: At the
beginning of the month I get
lots of bills. At the end of the
month 1 get my salary.)
at the ti me (at that moment:
7couldn't phone you as I
hadn't got your number at the
time.)
in April (months;)
in 1994 (years)
in spri ng (seasons)
in ti me (beforei>. is too l ate)
in the morni ng (ti mes of the
day)
in the end af ter di ffi cul ti es or
effort: I vock my driving test 5
times, b it. pas sed in the end.)
in a month (after a period of
ti me: I'U bt going home in a
month.)
on Saturday (days)
on 20th J une (dates)
on hol i day
on ti me (at the appoi nted ti me)
at four o'clock
at the weekend
at ni ght
at Chri stmas
at first (in contrast wi th a
change l ater: At first I liked
him but then I changed my
mind.)
at l ast (after a long wai t: At last
the bus is here - we've been
waiting for ages!)
at the begi nni ng/ai the end
(wi th somethi ng whi ch has a
begi nni ng and an end: At the
beginning of the month I get
lots of bills. At the end of the
month 1 get my salary.)
at the ti me (at that moment:
7couldn't phone you as I
hadn't got your number at the
time.)
in April (months;)
in 1994 (years)
in spri ng (seasons)
in ti me (beforei>. is too l ate)
in the morni ng (ti mes of the
day)
in the end af ter di ffi cul ti es or
effort: I vock my driving test 5
times, b it. pas sed in the end.)
in a month (after a period of
ti me: I'U bt going home in a
month.)
F R OM . . . T O
at four o'clock
at the weekend
at ni ght
at Chri stmas
at first (in contrast wi th a
change l ater: At first I liked
him but then I changed my
mind.)
at l ast (after a long wai t: At last
the bus is here - we've been
waiting for ages!)
at the begi nni ng/ai the end
(wi th somethi ng whi ch has a
begi nni ng and an end: At the
beginning of the month I get
lots of bills. At the end of the
month 1 get my salary.)
at the ti me (at that moment:
7couldn't phone you as I
hadn't got your number at the
time.)
in April (months;)
in 1994 (years)
in spri ng (seasons)
in ti me (beforei>. is too l ate)
in the morni ng (ti mes of the
day)
in the end af ter di ffi cul ti es or
effort: I vock my driving test 5
times, b it. pas sed in the end.)
in a month (after a period of
ti me: I'U bt going home in a
month.)
from May to J ul y (a peri od of
ti me)
at four o'clock
at the weekend
at ni ght
at Chri stmas
at first (in contrast wi th a
change l ater: At first I liked
him but then I changed my
mind.)
at l ast (after a long wai t: At last
the bus is here - we've been
waiting for ages!)
at the begi nni ng/ai the end
(wi th somethi ng whi ch has a
begi nni ng and an end: At the
beginning of the month I get
lots of bills. At the end of the
month 1 get my salary.)
at the ti me (at that moment:
7couldn't phone you as I
hadn't got your number at the
time.)
in April (months;)
in 1994 (years)
in spri ng (seasons)
in ti me (beforei>. is too l ate)
in the morni ng (ti mes of the
day)
in the end af ter di ffi cul ti es or
effort: I vock my driving test 5
times, b it. pas sed in the end.)
in a month (after a period of
ti me: I'U bt going home in a
month.)
BY
at four o'clock
at the weekend
at ni ght
at Chri stmas
at first (in contrast wi th a
change l ater: At first I liked
him but then I changed my
mind.)
at l ast (after a long wai t: At last
the bus is here - we've been
waiting for ages!)
at the begi nni ng/ai the end
(wi th somethi ng whi ch has a
begi nni ng and an end: At the
beginning of the month I get
lots of bills. At the end of the
month 1 get my salary.)
at the ti me (at that moment:
7couldn't phone you as I
hadn't got your number at the
time.)
in April (months;)
in 1994 (years)
in spri ng (seasons)
in ti me (beforei>. is too l ate)
in the morni ng (ti mes of the
day)
in the end af ter di ffi cul ti es or
effort: I vock my driving test 5
times, b it. pas sed in the end.)
in a month (after a period of
ti me: I'U bt going home in a
month.)
by 5 o'clock (wi thi n a certai n
ti me l i mi t: I'll finish this by 5
o'clock.)
Put the correct preposi ti ons i nto each space.
1 I 'mwatchi ng TV - I 'll phone you back 9 30 the end of the programme.
2 We're going hol i day three weeks' ti me.
3 So there you are l ast! Can't you ever be ti me?
4 first, I i ntended to stay the whol e ti me, but the end I deci ded to l eave before the end.
5 Shoul dn't you have finished thi s now? - Fv got to l eave _ _ _ _ _ noon at the l atest.
6 Saturday morni ng I 'mgoing to work 9.00 11.30.
7 We usual l y stay at home Chri stmas, hut go out New Y ear's Eve.
8 I 've never been to Greece spri ng befor; - I di dn't real i se i t woul d be as warm as thi s
May.
9 I di dn't understand what he meant t,hi ti me, hut it became cl ear the end.
10 the ti me we got there we werej ust ti me for di nner,
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Andy and Audrey J ackson: I ntermedi ate Grammar Worksheet Photocopy Marten: nlr. .alional Book Distributor Ltd 1994 All ri ^hta reserved
34
Verbs: conditionals I and II
if he applies, he 7/ get the job.
We normal l y use conditional I (Jf + present +future} when the outcome is likely, and condi ti onal I I
(//" +past + would) when the outcome i s unl i kel y.
Look at thi s adverti sement, for a job.
Condi ti onal I
(likely)
BILL
/ a
Age22
Degree in French and Spanish
enjoys travel
sociable
present salary 9,200
TRAVE1 COURI ER
Reqd ty l.o:l Tourist Company
Qualification: Degree in Mod Langs.
Ags: 18-25
Applicant; musi enjoy meeting people
and he willing to travel widely
Sal ary: 9,000pa plus bonuses
Condi ti onal I I
(unl i kel y)
MIKE
Age26
Degree in History
enjoys travel
sociable
present salary 6,000
If Bill applies, he'll probabl y the job.
If Bill applies for i t, he'll ask for more money
//'Bi l l doesn't get more money, he won't
accept the job.
Unless Bill gets more money, he won't
accept the j ob.
NOTE Unless is si mi l ar to If not.
If Mi ke applied, he probabl y wouldn't get the job.
//'Mi ke were younger, he would apply for the j ob.
Mi ke i sn't desperate for thej ob, so he won't
appl y for it.
Mi ke wouldn't apply for the j ob unless he
were (was.) desperate.
Other peopl e saw the adverti sement and were ntc rested in thejob. Compl ete the sentences usi ng
condi ti onal I or I I .
Sally:
1
Ti m:
2
3
Liz:
4
Sam:
5
'I 'd love the job, but I 'm marri ed, so 1 won't appl y.'
I f Sal l y (not be) marri ed, she . (.apply) for the job.
'I have a house in London. I don't want to l eave i t, so f m not very keen.'
I f Ti m (get) the j ob, he (have to) l eave hi s house.
I f he (not have) a house in London, he (fee) qui te i nterested i n the j ob.
'I t looks great - I wonder how long in>hol i days are? I must ask.'
If the hol i days (be) l ong enough, Liz (apply) for the j ob.
'I will only take a j ob wi th a good ponsi or scheme.'
Sam (not be) i nterested unl ess there (e) a pensi on scheme.
Maggi e: 'My degree's in Chi nese. I don't thi nk they'll be i nterested i n me.'
6 I i 'Maggi e's degree (not be) i n Chi nese, she (send) i n an appl i cati on.
Mark: T he sal ary i sn't as much as I get now so I 'm not prepared to l eave my present j ob.'
7 He (not leave) hi s present j ob unl ess they (.offer) hi m more money.
8 I f the sal ary (be) bette/, the ob (appeal) to many more people.
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Andy orni Audrey Judumn: Jutci-nicdii.taGrammar WorkaheeuPhjiocop MatorsS international Buok DistributorsLtd19B4 All righto reserved
35
- M
Verbs: conditional III
I would have colled if you had told me.
When we use if to tal k about the past (the impossible conditional), we must use had i n the if cl ause, and
would, should, could or might + have in the mai n cl ause.
^ ^ b f i mi Examples: T i e bomb might have exploded if you had trodden on i t.
< _ could have saved a lot of ti me if we had gone by trai n.
The flood would not have happened if they had
strengthened the defences.
We can start the sentence wi th I f . I n thi s case, we shoul d separate
the /"clause fromthe mai n cl ause by a comma.
Example: If the concert had started on ti me, we might have missed
the begi nni ng.
I f I 'd braked, we would have
crashed!
Exerci se A
J oi n each cl ause in A to a sui tabl e cl ause i n B.
A
1 If i t hadn't snowed thi s week,
2 He mi ght have been arrested
3 If the drought had conti nued,
4 If J ohn had won the competi ti on,
5 I woul dn't have voted for thi s party
6 If he had i nvested more wisely,
B
a) most of the cattl e woul d have di ed.
b) if I had real i sed that they would rai se taxes.
c) we coul dn't have gone ski i ng.
d) the company mi ght not have col l apsed.
e) he would have been the local champi on.
f) if the police had been more al ert.
Exerci se B
Compl ete the following sentences wi th the verb given i n a sui tabl e form, as i n the exampl e.
Example: She (not marry) hi m if she had known about hi s past.
She wouldn't have married him ifsne had known about hia past.
1 The team could have won the cup if they (practise) a bi t harder.
2 If he had gone to uni versi ty, he (.apply) for thi s position.
3 The mosque mi ght have been destroyed if the fi re bri gade (not arrive) i n ti me.
4 I f Shakespeare had been born i n France, {he write) Romeo and J ul i et in French?
5 If you (buy) some cheese, I could have made that reci pe for di nner.
Exerci se C
Do Exerci se 11 on the cassette.
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Andy end Audrey J ackson
I ntermedi ate Grammar Wor k, K ef f hotocop, M , . ten C I n t e r n a l Book Di atri buU. L td 19. AU right, reserved.
Verbs: models ot past prooaouiry
You must hove been a beautiful baby.
When we know that something happened in the past, we use a normal past tense. (Hedid it, I saw them,
etc.) If we are not completely sure, we use a modal {must, may, might, could + have). Thechoice of modal
depends on the degreeof certainty, as in the following table.
PROBABI LI TY VERB EXAMPLE
100%
almost certain
quite likely
50%(possible)
possible but unlikely
highly unlikely
0%
past simple
must have
may have I + past
could have > participie
might have
can't/couldn't have *
past simple negative
She knew.
Wemust have arrived.
He may have missed the train.
She could have forgotten.
Wc might have made a mistake.
You can't have lost it.
He didn't know.
Exerci se A
The followingsentences are about an escapee criminal. Rewrite themusing a modal fromthe above
table, as in the example.
Example: I t is almost certain that he left before breakfast.
He must have left before breakfast.
1 I t is highly unlikely that he carried the gold by himself.
2 I t seems quite likely that he had an accomplice.
3 He has almost certainly been spotted by the policeby now.
4 I t is possiblebut unlikely that he headed towards London.
5 I t's quite possible that he gavehimself up.
6 I t is almost certain that he realised how t.eiious it was.
7 I t is highly unlikely that he thought thi ngs through clearly.
8 Possibly heescaped by boat. . ,
9 I f s quite likely that he made contact with his triends.
10 I t is possible but unlikely that he committed suicide.
tt Exerci se B
Do Exercise 16on the cassette.
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Andy andAudrey Jackaon: IntermediateGrammar Worluhcati Photocoyy MastersC International Book Distributor Ltd1994. All rifhU reserved-
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