Engineering Mathematics 3

FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Reducible Homogeneous Equations

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QA 1.2.5

Step 1 Given a fode

dy y−x
= f( x , y) = ;de is not separable
dx x ;de could be homogeneous

Step 2 Homogeneous test

If f(kx, ky) = f(x, y), where k is a constant, then de is homogeneous.

ky − kx
f( kx , ky) = = f ( x , y)
kx
De is homogenous.

Step 3 Substitution Method

Let y = t⋅ x

dy dt
= x⋅ +t
dx dx ;Have you try 3 in 1 approach?
t⋅ x − x dt
f ( x , t⋅ x) = = x⋅ +t
x dx ;extract the relevant part and
dt continue
t − 1 = x⋅ +t
dx
dt Checklist
t − 1 − t = x⋅ 1. lhs free of y -- ok
dx
2. lhs finally is x free -- ok
dt
− 1 = x⋅
dx ;convert to sde
dx dt
=−
x dx
⌠ ⌠
 1 
dx = − 1 dt
 x 
⌡
⌡
ln( k⋅ x) = − t ;k is a constant
contemporary
y
ln( k⋅ x) = −
x
y = −x⋅ ln( k⋅ x) ;k is a contant
;solution

20094em3 QA 12_2.mcd Copyright 2009 1/4

 Engineering Mathematics 3

QA 1.2.6
Step 1 Given a fode

dy 2y + x
= = h ( x , y)
dx x

Step 2 Homogeneous Test

If h(kx, ky) = h(x, y), then de is homogeneous.

2 ( ky) + kx k⋅ ( 2y + x)
h( kx , ky) = = = h( x , y)
kx k⋅ x
De is homogeous.

Step 3 Substitution Method

y = t⋅ x
dy dt
= x⋅ +t
dx dx
2 ( tx) + x dt
= x⋅ +t
x dx
x⋅ ( 2t + 1 ) dt
= x⋅ +t
x dx
dt
2t + 1 − t = x⋅
dx
dt
t + 1 = x⋅
dx
dx dt
= ;obtain sde
x t+1 ;integrate
⌠ ⌠
 1 1
dx =  dt
 x  t+1
⌡ ⌡
;simplify solution
ln( k⋅ x) = ln( t + 1 )

kx = t + 1
;backsubstitution
y
kx = +1
x ;k is a constant
solution
2
y = kx − x

QA 1.2.7

Steep Given a fode ;By inspection de is not

dy x −y
2 2 separable and another method of solving is
= g ( x , y) =
dx 2 ⋅ x⋅ y being considered
Step 2 Homogeneous Test
If g(kx, ky) = g(x, y), then de is homogeneous.
2
( kx) − ( ky)
2 2(
k x −y
2 )
2
g ( kx , ky) = = = g( x , y)
2 ⋅ kx⋅ ky
k ( 2xy)
2

Therefore, de is homogeneous.

20094em3 QA 12_2.mcd Copyright 2009 2/4

 Engineering Mathematics 3

Step 3 Substitution Method

;dot is mulplicaon
Let y = t⋅ x
usually it will appear in mathcad;
dy dt but for wrien, we usually avoid it.
= x⋅ +t
dx dx ;notice that lhs is free of
2 2
x − ( tx) dt variable y
= x⋅ +t
2 ⋅ x⋅ ( tx) dx ;simplify lhs
2 (
x 1−t )
2
dt
= x⋅ +t ;Noce lhs is free of x
2 dx
x ( 2t) on simplicaon
2
1−t dt
= x⋅ +t
2t dx
2
1−t dt
− t = x⋅
2t dx
2
1 − t − t⋅ ( 2t) dt New De (t, x) is separable;
= x⋅
2t dx You should convert and then
2 integrate.
1 − 3t dt
= x⋅
2t dx ;Obtained SDE
dx 2t ;integrate to find solution
= ⋅ dt
x 2
1 − 3t
⌠ ⌠
 1  2t
dx =  dt ;no detail is provided on integration
 x 2
⌡  1 − 3t
⌡
ln( kx) =
2
⋅ ln 1 − 3t
2 ( ) But this is a solution for new
de which is in term of t and x.
−6
To obtain the required solution (x,
1
ln( kx) = − ⋅ ln 1 − 3t
2 ( ) y) , just convert.
3

−3 2
( k⋅ x) = 1 − 3⋅ t It is recommended you should use
2 maple to obtain the soluon and
−3
= 1 − 3⋅ 
 y then comment.
( k⋅ x) 
 x
2
−3 3⋅ y
( k⋅ x) =1−
2
x
2
1 y
k0⋅ =1−3
3 2
x x
3 2
k0 = x − 3 ⋅ x⋅ y ; k0 is a constant
Solution

QA 1.2.8

Steep Given a fode ;By inspection de is not

dy x +y
2 2 separable and another method of solving is
= g ( x , y) =
dx 2 ⋅ x⋅ y being considered
Step 2 Homogeneous Test

20094em3 QA 12_2.mcd Copyright 2009 3/4

 Engineering Mathematics 3

If g(kx, ky) = g(x, y), then de is homogeneous.

2
( kx) + ( ky)
2 2( 2
k x +y )
2
g ( kx , ky) = = = g( x , y)
2 ⋅ kx⋅ ky
k ( 2x⋅ y)
2

Therefore, de is homogeneous.

Step 3 Substitution Method

;dot is mulplicaon
Let y = t⋅ x
usually it will appear in mathcad;
dy dt but for wrien, we usually avoid it.
= x⋅ +t
dx dx ;notice that lhs is free of
2 2
x + ( t⋅ x) dt variable y
= x⋅ +t
2 ⋅ x⋅ ( t⋅ x) dx ;simplify lhs
2
x 1+t ( )
2
dt
= x⋅ +t ;Noce lhs is free of x
2 dx
2⋅ x t on simplicaon
2
1+t dt
= x⋅ +t
2t dx
2
1+t dt
− t = x⋅
2t dx
2
1 + t − t⋅ ( 2t) dt New De (t, x) is separable;
= x⋅
2t dx You should convert and then
2 integrate.
1−t dt
= x⋅
2t dx ;Obtained SDE
dx 2t ;integrate to find solution
= ⋅ dt
x 2
1−t
⌠ ⌠
 1 dx =  2t
dt ;no detail is provided on integration
 x  2
⌡  1 − t
⌡
ln( kx) = − ln 1 − t ( 2 ) But this is a solution for new
de which is in term of t and x.
To obtain the required solution (x,
ln( kx) = − ln 1 − t ( 2 ) y) , just convert.

−1 2
( k⋅ x) =1−t It is recommended you should use
2 maple to obtain the soluon and
−1
=1−
 y then comment.
( k⋅ x) 
 x
2
−1 y
( k⋅ x) =1−
2
x
2
1 y
k0⋅ =1−
x 2
x
2 2
k0⋅ x = x − y ; k0 is a constant
; Solution
2 2
y = x − k0 ⋅ x

20094em3 QA 12_2.mcd Copyright 2009 4/4