Engineering Mathematics 3

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Linear Differential Equations

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Bernoullian Differential Equation

QA 1.4.15
Step 1 Given a fode
4
y' + 2⋅ x⋅ y + x⋅ y = 0 ;rearrange into linear form

4
y' + 2⋅ x⋅ y = − x⋅ y ;Function y = y(x)

n ;obtain the standard bernoullian de

y' + p⋅ y = q⋅ y

Let

p = 2⋅ x

q = −x

n=4

Convert to linear form

dB
+ ( 1 − n) ⋅ p ⋅ B = ( 1 − n) ⋅ q
dx
Let

1− n 1− 4 1
B=y =y =
3
y
Step 2 Bernoullian solution formula

⌠

B⋅ J = ( 1 − n) ⋅ q⋅ J dx

⌡
where
 ⌠ 
J = exp ( 1 − n) ⋅ p dx
 
⌡ 
 ⌠


J = exp ( 1 − 4 ) ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ x) dx
 
⌡ 
 ⌠


J = exp −6 ⋅ x dx
  
 ⌡ 
 x 2
J = exp−6 ⋅ 
 2
(
J = exp − 3 ⋅ x
2)
20094em3 QA 14_3.mcd Copyright 2009 1/4
 Engineering Mathematics 3

Step 4 Conclusion

Solution formula becomes

⌠
(
B⋅ exp − 3 ⋅ x ) = 
2 (
( 1 − 4) ⋅ exp − 3⋅ x ⋅ ( − x) dx
2 )
⌡
⌠
(
B⋅ exp − 3 ⋅ x ) = 3⋅ 
2 (
x⋅ exp − 3 ⋅ x ) dx
2
;use substitution method
⌡ for integration

( ) = 3 exp( −3⋅ x )  + K ( )

2
2 2
B⋅ exp − 3 ⋅ x ;divides exp −3 ⋅ x
 −6 
1 K
B=− +
2 exp − 3 ⋅ x2 ( )
B=−
1
+ K⋅ exp 3 ⋅ x
2 ( ) ;K is a constant
2 ;solution

QA 1.4.16
Step 1 Given a bernoullian de
2
y' + y = y ⋅ ( cos( x) − sin( x) )

Its standard form of bde

n
y' + p⋅ y = q⋅ y

where

p=1

q = cos( x) − sin( x)

n=2

Convert to linear form

dB
+ ( 1 − n) ⋅ p ⋅ B = ( 1 − n) ⋅ q
dx
Let

1− n 1− 2 1
B=y =y =
y

Step 2 Solution form

⌠

B⋅ J =  ( 1 − n) ⋅ q⋅ J dx
⌡
where
 ⌠
 
J = exp  ( 1 − n) ⋅ p dx
⌡ 
 
 ⌠
 
J = exp  ( 1 − 2 ) ⋅ 1 dx = exp( −x)
⌡ 
 

20094em3 QA 14_3.mcd Copyright 2009 2/4

 Engineering Mathematics 3

Solution formula becomes

⌠

B⋅ J =  ( 1 − n) ⋅ q⋅ J dx
⌡
⌠

B⋅ exp( − x) =  ( 1 − 2 ) ⋅ ( cos( x) − sin( x) ) ⋅ exp( − x) dx
⌡
⌠

B⋅ exp( − x) =  exp( − x) ⋅ ( sin( x) − cos( x) ) dx ;use #113, #114
⌡
⌠

B⋅ exp( − x) =  exp( − x) ⋅ sin( x) − exp( − x) ⋅ cos( x) dx
⌡
 exp( − x) ⋅ ( −sin( x) − cos( x)  −  exp( −x) ⋅ ( − cos( x) + sin( x)
B⋅ exp( − x) = 

  +K
 2   2 
1 K
B= ( − sin( x) − cos( x) + cos( x) − sin( x) ) +
2 exp( − x)

1
B= ( − 2 ⋅ sin( x) ) + K⋅ exp( x)
2

B = − sin( x) + K⋅ exp( x)

Step 3 Conclusion
Solution is
1
= − sin( x) + K⋅ exp( x) ;K is a constant
y

QA 1.4.17
Step 1 Given a bernoullian de

y' + x⋅ y = 6 ⋅ x⋅ y

y( 0 ) = 0 ;Initial Condition

Its standard form of bde

n
y' + p⋅ y = q⋅ y

where

p=x

q = 6⋅ x
1
n=
2
Convert to linear form

dB
+ ( 1 − n) ⋅ p ⋅ B = ( 1 − n) ⋅ q
dx

20094em3 QA 14_3.mcd Copyright 2009 3/4

 Engineering Mathematics 3

Let
1 1
1−
2 2
B=y =y = y

Step 2 Solution form

⌠

B⋅ J = ( 1 − n) ⋅ q⋅ J dx

⌡
where
 ⌠
 
J = exp ( 1 − n) ⋅ p dx
 
⌡ 
⌠   x2 
   1  = exp 
J = exp 1 −  ⋅ x dx
  2  4
 ⌡ 
Solution formula becomes
⌠
 x2  
1 − 1  ⋅ ( 6 ⋅ x) ⋅ exp x  dx
2
B⋅ exp  =  
4   2 4
⌡
⌠
 x2    x2 
B⋅ exp  = 3 ⋅  x⋅ exp  dx ;use substitution
4  4 for evaluate rhs
⌡

 x2   x2   x2 
B⋅ exp  = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ exp +K ;divide exp 
4 4 4
 x2 
B = 6 + K⋅ exp 
4
 x2 
y = 6 + K⋅ exp  ;K is a constant
4 ;solution

Step 3 To find K apply IC y(0) = 0

Solution becomes

0 = 6 + K⋅ 1

K = −6 ;This is only K
;Must indicate solution
Step 4 Conclusion

 x2 
y = 6 − 6 ⋅ exp  ;SOLUTION
4

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