GRAMMAR

A HIGH-INTERMEDIATE Course for Reference and Practice

SECOND EDITION
Marjorie Fuchs
Margaret Bonner
FOCUS ON
ANSWER KEY
Focus on Grammar: A High-Intermediate Course for Reference and Practice, Second Edition
Answer Key
2000 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
A Pearson Education Company.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the written permission of the publisher.
Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606
Editorial director: Allen Ascher
Executive editor: Louisa Hellegers
Development editor: Franoise Leffler
Director of design and production: Rhea Banker
Production manager: Alana Zdinak
Managing editor: Linda Moser
Senior production editor: Virginia Bernard
Senior manufacturing manager: Patrice Fraccio
Manufacturing supervisor: Dave Dickey
Text design: Charles Yuen
Text composition: Omegatype Typography, Inc.
ISBN: 0-201-67046-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10VG04 03 02 01 00 99
1
PRESENT AND PAST: REVIEW AND EXPANSION
I
P A R T
UNI T SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Underlined Verbs: youre writing, youre
searching, is . . . working
Circled Verbs: need, is, lists, tells, feels,
includes, gives
1. b. does . . . come
c. means
d. do . . . do
e. sell
f. m working
g. owns
h. re joking
i. guess
j. influence
2. a. m trying
b. Do . . . know
c. mean
d. calls
e. always wins OR s always winning
3. a. hear
b. re expecting
c. re thinking of
d. do . . . think about
e. sounds
f. do . . . spell
4. a. smells
b. dont drink
c. is boiling
d. does . . . boil
e. boils
Hi, everybody. I write this note to introduce
myself to you, my classmates in ESL 047. Our
teacher is wanting a profile from each of us. At
first I was confused by this assignment because
my ESL dictionary is defining profile as a side
view of someones head. I thought, Why does
she wants that? She sees my head every day!
Then I saw the next definition: a short
description of a persons life and character.
OK, then. Here is my profile:
My name is Peter Holzer. Some of my
friends are calling me Pay-Ha because that is
how my initials sounding in German. I am
study English here in Miami because I want to
attend graduate school in Colorado or
Montreal. Maybe are you asking yourself,
Why he wants to leave Miami to go to these
places? The answer is, Snow! I am coming
from Austria, so I love to ski. In fact, my family
nickname is Blitz (lightning) because always I
am trying to improve my speed.
a. Sunshine d. Alex
b. Karl e. Bozo
c. Red f. Vicki, Bertha

Answers will vary.

UNI T SIMPLE PAST TENSE
AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T
1. b. were smiling
c. was watching
d. did . . . meet
2
1
2
6 5
4
3
2
1
1
NOTE: In this answer key, where the contracted form is given, the full form is also correct,
and where the full form is given, the contracted form is also correct.
m writing
wants
want
call
sound
studying
you are
does he want
come
I am always
defines
2
e. wasnt going to invite
f. changed
g. asked
2. a. saw
b. were going
c. was leaving
d. Did . . . get
e. finished
f. gave
3. a. did . . . become
b. was . . . reading
c. was going to study
d. had to
e. died
f. noticed
g. sold
4. a. were . . . crying
b. came
c. was watching
d. interrupted
e. rang
f. pressed
5. a. were . . . doing
b. broke
c. was ice-skating
d. were pretending
e. dropped
f. was trying
6. a. called
b. werent
c. was going to stay
d. decided
e. was reading
f. got
1. She met Paul when she moved to Australia.
OR When she moved to Australia, she met
Paul.
2. She got married while she was studying
medicine. OR While she was studying
medicine, she got married. OR She was
studying medicine when she got married.
OR When she got married, she was studying
medicine.
3. She was living in Australia when she got
married. OR When she got married, she was
living in Australia. OR She got married
while she was living in Australia. OR While
she was living in Australia, she got married.
4. When she received her medical degree, she
got her first job. OR She got her first job
when she received her medical degree.
5. She was practicing medicine at Lenox
Hospital when she had a son. OR When she
had a son, she was practicing medicine at
Lenox Hospital. OR She had a son while she
was practicing medicine at Lenox Hospital.
OR While she was practicing medicine at
Lenox Hospital, she had a son.
6. She published a book while she was
working at Lenox Hospital. OR While she
was working at Lenox Hospital, she
published a book. OR She was working at
Lenox Hospital when she published a book.
OR When she published a book, she was
working at Lenox Hospital.
7. She left her job at Lenox Hospital when she
published her book. OR When she published
her book, she left her job at Lenox Hospital.
8. She did a TV interview when she published
her book. OR When she published her book,
she did a TV interview.
I was writing chapter two of my new book
when I was thinking of you. The last time I saw
you, you walked down the aisle to marry Dave.
That was more than two years ago. How are
you? How is married life?
A lot has happened in my life since that
time. While I worked at Lenox Hospital, I
began writing. In 2000, I was publishing a
book on womens health issues. It was quite
successful here in Australia. I even got
interviewed on TV. When I was getting a
contract to write a second book, I decided to
quit my hospital job to write full time. Thats
what Im doing now. Paul, too, has had a
career change. While I was writing, he was
attending law school. He was getting his degree
last summer.
Oh, the reason I thought of you while I
wrote was because the chapter was about
rashes. Remember the time you were getting
that terrible rash? We rode our bikes when
you were falling into a patch of poison ivy.
And thats how you met Dave! When you
4
3
thought
were walking
was working
published
got
got
was writing
got
were riding
fell
3
were falling off the bike, he offered to give us
a ride home. Lifes funny, isnt it?
Well, please write soon, and send my love to
Dave. I miss you!
Correct Series of Pictures: c

Answers will vary.

UNI T
PRESENT PERFECT,
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE,
AND SIMPLE PAST TENSE
2. T 4. F 6. F 8. T 10. F
3. T 5. T 7. F 9. F
b. got f. has become
c. appeared g. have visited
d. sold out h. has paid
e. have been having i. Have you found
1. b. bought
c. was
d. took
e. changed
f. has been shooting OR has shot
g. has competed
h. won
2. a. began
b. got
c. hasnt stopped
d. has become
e. joined
f. have been performing OR have performed
g. have given
3. a. found
b. has been working OR has worked
c. saved
d. got
e. began
f. has bought OR has been buying
g. (has) traded OR (has been) trading
h. has found
I am collecting coins for several years now. I
have started three years ago when I made my
first trip abroad. I was in Ecuador, and I have
noticed that the coins there were very
interesting. On the day that we have left, I was
going to try to spend them all. I changed my
mind, though, and took them home instead.
When I have gotten home, I put them in a glass
bowl in the living room. Since that time my
collection grew. I have asked everyone I know
to bring me back coins from their travels. My
roommate, for example, just got back from
China last night. He has been bringing me
more coins for my collection. So far I have
been collecting forty coins from fifteen
countries. My goal is to get coins from every
country in the world. Its been fun, but I think I
may want to get more serious about collecting.
I have read a book about coin collecting. When
I am finished with it, I may join a club.
Items Checked: pick up plane tickets, read
skydiving guide, stop mail for two weeks

Answers will vary.

UNI T PAST PERFECT AND
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
2. T 4. ? 6. F 8. T 10. F 12. F
3. F 5. T 7. ? 9. T 11. ?
2. hadnt yet gotten 6. had already been
3. had already gotten 7. hadnt yet built
4. hadnt yet been 8. had already starred
5. hadnt yet gotten
2
1
4
8 6
5
4
3
2
1
3
8 6
5
have been
got
has grown
brought
collected
been reading
fell
4
2. Had he reviewed 6. Had he met
No, he hadnt. No, he hadnt.
3. Had he reviewed 7. Had he talked to
Yes, he had. Yes, he had.
4. Had he talked to 8. Had he taped
No, he hadnt. Yes, he had.
5. Had he discussed 9. Had he worked out
Yes, he had. Yes, he had.
2. had been planning
3. had been joking and laughing
4. had been practicing
5. had been running
6. had been looking forward
7. had been waiting
2. Had she been competing long (before her
first win)?
3. How long had she been running (when she
tripped)?
4. Had they been following her (before they
took pictures of her fall)?
5. How long had they been dating (when she
married her trainer)?
6. Where had they been living (before they
moved to Rome)?
7. What kind of work had she been doing
(before she quit her job to train full-time)?
8. Had she been crying (before the post-
marathon party)?
2. had brought 6. had been becoming
3. had been losing 7. had hurt
4. had left 8. had arrested
5. had been having 9. had recommended
2. my father had beaten me for the third time,
I was afraid to stay there.
3. I left home, I had been making plans with a
friend there for a long time.
4. I had been saving money for months . . . I
bought my ticket.
5. I got to Miami, I had already spent all my
money.
6. I had been trying not to eat on the trip . . . I
had very little money.
Over the years, Cristina Saralegui has won
a huge and faithful TV audience. By 1999,
El Show de Cristina has been on the air
for ten years and had been winning 100
million faithful viewers. Today they call
Cristina Oprah with salsa. However, the
two superstars of talk had very different
childhoods. Saralegui is from Cuba. Before the
revolution, her family had owns several
popular magazines there and had control
Cubas paper industry. Before she came to the
United States, Saralegui had never watching
television or imagined herself as a media star.
Like her publisher grandfather, she had ink in
her veins. In the United States, Cristina
majored in journalism. She has been working
for her B.A. for almost four years when her
father had spent her last semesters tuition for
her brothers private school. She overcame this
setback, however, and became a well-known
magazine editor and writer. By the time
Univision offered her El Show, she had being
writing and editing for almost twenty years.
Like Oprah, Cristina had had a warm
personality that gets people to talk. As a girl,
she no had planned on becoming the host of
the worlds most popular talk show, but who
could complain about such a fate?
Correct Order:
2 Richard and Molly moved to Chicago.
1 Richard started reporting crime news
for a small-town newspaper.
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
had
won
owned
controlled
watched
had
been
has
had not
5
5 They found an apartment in Chicago.
4 They talked about returning to
Farmville.
3 Molly got a part-time teaching job in
Chicago.
6 Richard published his first article about
runaways.

Answers will vary.

14 10
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING
I
P A R T
2. dont know 11. read
3. thought 12. pretend
4. judged 13. came
5. speak 14. was reading
6. said 15. had . . . seen
7. seemed 16. had been
8. appeared 17. was pretending
9. wanted 18. got
10. was 19. laughed
20. made
21. stopped OR was going to stop
22. have carried OR have been carrying
23. (have) expressed OR have been expressing
24. have been preparing
25. am applying
26. feel
2. One day 3. Since that day 4. Now
2
1
(possible answers)
3
Paragraph Section Information Verb Tense(s)
Topic Sentence
What the writer a serious student simple present tense
is like now
Body of the Paragraph
habits and feelings thought about clothes and makeup; simple past tense and
during the phase used to speak in stereotyped phrases; habitual past (used to)
didnt want people to know she was
interested in school; used to read the
newspaper secretly
the event that ended brother laughed at her simple past tense
the phase
behavior since has stopped trying to hide her real present perfect (progressive)
the phase ended interests; has carried news magazines
proudly; has expressed opinions in class;
has prepared openly for tests
Conclusion
the results of is applying for college, feels proud of being present progressive and
the change a good student simple present tense

Answers will vary.

7 4
6
FUTURE: REVIEW AND EXPANSION
II
P A R T
UNI T
FUTURE AND FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
Circled Verbs: Are you presenting, starts, Ill
go, Will you be talking, Im focusing, Im going
to visit, leave, were going to be holding, Ill see
2. its going to rain
3. Ill see
4. Ill call
5. Im going
6. Im mailing
7. Im giving
8. will you be, lands, Ill see
1. At 8:05 Robo wont be paying bills. (OR
Robo isnt going to be paying bills.) Hell be
making breakfast. (OR Hes going to be
making breakfast.)
2. At 9:05 hell be paying bills. (OR hes going
to be paying bills.)
3. At 10:05 hell be vacuuming. (OR hes going
to be vacuuming.)
4. At 11:05 he wont be doing laundry.
(OR he isnt going to be doing laundry.)
Hell be dusting. (OR Hes going to be
dusting.)
5. At 12:05 he wont be making lunch. (OR he
isnt going to be making lunch.) Hell be
doing laundry. (OR Hes going to be doing
laundry.)
6. At 12:35 hell be making lunch. (OR hes
going to be making lunch.)
7. At 1:05 hell be shopping for food. (OR hes
going to be shopping for food.)
8. At 2:05 hell be recycling the garbage. (OR
hes going to be recycling the garbage.)
9. At 3:05 hell be giving Prof. Granite a
massage. (OR hes going to be giving Prof.
Granite a massage.)
10. At 5:05 hell be making dinner. (OR hes
going to be making dinner.)
11. At 6:05 he wont be playing cards with Tony.
(OR he isnt going to be playing cards with
Tony.) Hell be playing chess. (OR Hes going
to be playing chess.)
1. ll be going
2. Will . . . be joining; Yes, I will.
3. are . . . going to be leaving
4. will be starting; re going to be hearing
5. are . . . going to be making; No, were not.
6. will . . . be getting
7. m going to be visiting; will not (OR wont)
be buying
2. is 6. ll be reading
3. ll be defying 7. rocks
4. ll be floating 8. ll be getting ready
5. offers 9. wont be thinking
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. This
will be your captain speaking. We are going
to be leave the Earths gravity field in about
five minutes. When you will hear the
announcement, youll be able to unbuckle your
seat belts and float around the cabin. Host
robots take orders for dinner soon. Theyll
serving from 6:30 to 7:30. The shuttle arrives
on Mars tomorrow morning at 9:00. Tonights
temperature on the planet is a mild minus 20
degrees Celsius. When you arrive tomorrow
morning, the temperature is 18 degrees, but it
will be feeling more like 20 degrees. Enjoy your
flight.
6
5
4
3
2
1
5
is
leaving
will be taking
be serving
will be
feel
7
Name Time Not Free
Brian second and third weeks of July
Lorna first and second weeks of July
Tranh second, third, and fourth weeks
of July, and second, third and
fourth weeks of August
The time that theyre all available:
first week in August
Answers will vary.
8 7
9

Answers will vary.

11 10
February 2015
S u n d a y Mo n d a y Tu e s d a y We d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y F r i d a y S a t u r d a y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
fly to Tokyo meet with attend
Prof. Kato World Future
Conference
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
take Bullet sightseeing fly to Denver visit Mom
Train to and Dad
Osaka
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
fly home give speech meet with attend shop with
at Harvard Prof. Russ energy Tony and
University seminar Robo
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
relax! work at take shuttle
home to Mars
8
UNI T FUTURE PERFECT AND
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
2. b 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. a
2. By 2010 Tom wont have graduated from
college.
3. By 2010 hell have gotten married.
4. By 2010 hell have become a parent.
5. By 2010 hell have bought a car.
6. By 2010 he wont have bought a house.
7. By 2010 he wont have moved to Phoenix.
8. By 2010 he wont have started his own
business.
2. By the time Tom graduates from college,
hell have already become a parent.
3. By the time Tom buys a car, he wont have
graduated from college yet.
4. By the time Tom moves to Phoenix, he
wont have graduated from college yet.
5. By the time Tom buys a house, hell have
already gotten married.
6. By the time Tom moves to Phoenix, he
wont have started his own business yet.
7. By the time Tom starts his own business,
hell have already graduated from college.
2. By February 18, how much will she have
saved?
Answer: By February 18, shell have saved
$35.00.
3. By June 16, how many books will Tom have
read?
Answer: By June 16, hell have read fifteen
books.
4. How long will Don have been running by
December 29?
Answer: By December 29, hell have been
running for 5 weeks.
5. How many miles will Tania have run by
December 29?
Answer: By December 29, shell have run
seventy miles.
6. Will Rick have saved $100 by July 1?
Answer: No, he wont (have).
7. How many apartments will Tim have
painted by October 25?
Answer: By October 25, hell have painted
six apartments.
8. Will Tim have finished by November 15?
Answer: Yes, he will (have).
By August, Ill be a word processor for ten
years. And Ill earn almost the same salary for
three years! Thats why Ive just made a New
Years resolution to go back to school this year.
First Im going to write for school catalogs and
start saving for tuition. By March, Ill have
figure out how much tuition will cost. Then Ill
start applying. By summer, I had received
acceptance letters. In August, when I will have
my annual review with my boss, Ill have
already been decided on a school. I will talk to
her about working part-time and going to
school part-time. By that time, Ill also have
saving enough to pay for a semesters tuition.
My cousin will had graduated by that time, so
she might move in with me and share the rent.
By next New Years Day, Ill have been study for
one whole semester!
food $ 500
clothing $ 550
transportation $1,000
entertainment $ 444
Total: $2,494
Where they can go: 1, 2, and 3

Answers will vary.

9 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
6
have been
have been earning
figured
ll have
saved
have
studying
9
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING
II
P A R T
As of today, Im a working man! By the time
you get this letter. Ill have been taking tickets
at Cin Moderne for more than a week. Its
going to be hard to work and go to school
full time, but youll understand why Im doing
it. When you hear my plans.
As soon as school ends. My brother Alex and
I are going to take a trip to Greece and Turkey.
I plan to buy a used car, and well camp most
of the way. By the end of January, Ill have
been saving for more than a year for this trip
and Ill have enough to buy a car.
Why dont you come with us? I dont finish
my finals until June 10. Youll already have
finished your exams. While Im still taking mine.
Maybe you can come early and do some
sightseeing until Im ready to leave. Alex has
some business to complete. Before he goes on
vacation. He wont have finished until July 15,
but he can join us then.
Im leaving Paris on June 17. Ill drive
through Italy and take the ferry from Brindisi
to Greece. Ill stay in Greece. Until Alex joins
me. Just thinkwhile your friends are in
summer school, you could be swimming in the
Aegean! Well be leaving Greece. As soon as
Alex arrives so well have a month in Turkey.
Well start back around August 20. Your classes
wont have started by then, will they?
I hope you will be able to join us for this
trip. Alex is looking forward to seeing you
again, too.
(Answers may vary.)
December 10 Philippe starts his new job.
January 30 Philippe will have saved enough
for a car.
May 31 Jamie finishes his exams.
June 10 Philippe finishes school.
June 17 Philippe leaves Paris.
July 15 Alex finishes his business.
August 20 Alex and Philippe start back.

Answers will vary.

6 3
2
1
By the time
you get this letter,
when you hear my plans.
As soon as school ends, my
while Im still taking mine.
before he goes on
until Alex joins
as soon as
Alex arrives so well have a month in Turkey
me.
vacation.
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS AND TAG QUESTIONS,
ADDITIONS AND RESPONSES
III
P A R T
UNI T NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS
AND TAG QUESTIONS
Underlined Questions: Isnt he staying with
you? Cant he rent some? Isnt it less expensive
to buy?
Circled Tags: do you? dont you? is it? does he?
2. Havent you seen; No, I havent.
3. Didnt you put; Yes, I did.
4. Doesnt it have; No, it doesnt.
5. Arent you going to paint; Yes, I am.
6. Isnt it; Yes, it is.
7. Dont you like; Yes, I do.
8. Cant you find; Yes, I can.
2
1
7
10
2. e 4. f 6. g 8. c 10. l 12. d
3. h 5. b 7. k 9. j 11. a
2. did you 4. havent they 6. dont you
3. doesnt it 5. arent you 7. isnt it
BEN: Its been a long time, Joe, havent it?
JOE: That depends on what you mean by a
long time, doesnt that?
BEN: Are not you afraid to show your face
around here?
JOE: I can take care of myself. Im still alive,
amnt I?
BEN: Until someone recognizes you. Youre still
wanted by the police, are you?
JOE: Ill be gone by morning. Look, I need a
place to stay. Just for one night.
BEN: I have to think about my wife and kid.
Dont you have any place else to go?
JOE: Yes, I do. Theres no one to turn to but
you. You have to help me.
BEN: Ive already helped you plenty. I went to
jail for you, havent I? And didnt I kept
my mouth shut the whole time?
JOE: Yeah, OK, Ben. Dont you remember what
happened in Vegas, do you?
BEN: Dont ever think Ill forget that! OK, OK. I
can make a call.
* Other possible answers:
You remember what happened in Vegas, dont you?
You dont remember what happened in Vegas, do you?
2. You grew up in Burbank, didnt you? OR
Didnt you grow up in Burbank?
3. Youve always loved horror films, havent
you? OR Havent you always loved horror
films?
4. Your work was too unusual for them,
wasnt it? OR Wasnt your work too unusual
for them?
5. You werent satisfied with Batman, were
you? OR Werent you satisfied with Batman?
6. You liked Batman Returns better, didnt
you? OR Didnt you like Batman Returns
better?
7. You dont like publicity, do you? OR Dont
you like publicity?
8. You just opened your own company, didnt
you? OR Youve just opened your own
company, havent you? OR Didnt you just
open your own company? OR Havent you
just opened your own company?
Expect an answer: 2, 3, 7, 10
Dont expect an answer: 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9
Answers will vary.
Los Angeles
2. is, isnt it, OR isnt, is it
3. Pacific OR Atlantic, isnt it
4. are, arent there OR arent, are there
5. has, doesnt it OR doesnt have, does it
6. are, arent there OR arent, are there
New York
2. is, isnt it OR isnt, is it
3. five OR two, doesnt it
4. has, doesnt it OR doesnt have, does it
5. big OR small, didnt it
6. Many OR Not many, dont they
Answers will vary.
UNI T
ADDITIONS AND RESPONSES
WITH SO, TOO, NEITHER,
NOT EITHER, AND BUT
2. F 4. F 6. T 8. T 10. F
3. T 5. T 7. F 9. T
1
8
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
hasnt
it
didnt keep
? *
Arent you
arent
arent
No, I dont.
11
2. too 5. hadnt 8. So
3. neither 6. didnt 9. but
4. did 7. either
2. did I 4. do too 6. do I 8. do I
3. can I 5. do I 7. do I
2. but Bob Phillips isnt.
3. and so does Bob Phillips OR and Bob
Phillips does too.
4. and so does Bob Phillips OR and Bob
Phillips does too.
5. and neither does Bob Phillips OR and Bob
Phillips doesnt either.
6. and so does Bob Phillips OR and Bob
Phillips does too.
7. and so does Bob Phillips OR and Bob
Phillips does too.
8. but Bob Phillips didnt.
9. and so has Bob Phillips OR and Bob Phillips
has too.
10. but Bob Phillips does.
11. but Bob Phillips didnt.
12. and neither does Bob Phillips OR and Bob
Phillips doesnt either.
My brother is just a year older than I am. (Im
18). We have a lot of things in common. We
look alike. I am 510, and so he is. I have
straight black hair and dark brown eyes, and
so does he. We share some of the same
interests, too. I love to play soccer, and he too.
Both of us swim every day, but I cant dive, and
either can he.
Although there are a lot of similarities
between us, there are also many differences.
For example, he likes eating all kinds of food,
but I dont. Give me hamburgers and fries
every day! My brother doesnt want to go to
college, but I dont. I believe its important to
get as much education as possible, but he
wants to get real-life experience. Our
personalities are quite different. I am quiet and
easygoing, but he not. He has lots of energy
and talks a lot. When I think about it, we really
are more different than similar.
Ryan Ryans Brother
2. is 510 tall

3. has black hair

4. has dark brown

eyes
5. loves soccer

6. swims

7. dives
8. prefers hamburgers

and fries
9. wants to go to

college
10. prefers real-life

experience
11. is quiet

12. is easygoing

Man Woman
2. cooks

3. eats out a lot

4. enjoys old movies

5. reads biographies

6. enjoys fiction
7. plays sports

8. watches sports on TV
9. watches news programs

10. wants to see the

documentary

Answers will vary.

13 8
7
6
5
4
3
2
is he
neither
do
isnt OR is not
does
^
12
(possible answers)
2
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING
III
P A R T
Braslia and Washington, D.C.
Citizens of Braslia and citizens of
Washington, D.C., live on different continents,
but their cities still have a lot in common.
Braslia is its nations capital, and so is
Washington. Braslia did not exist before it was
planned and built as the national capital.
Neither did Washington. Both cities were
designed by a single person, and both have a
definite shape. However, twentieth century
Braslias shape is modernthat of an
airplanebut eighteenth century Washingtons
isnt. Its streets form a wheel.
The cities reflect their differences in location
and age. Braslia is located in a dry area in the
highlands, while Washington was built on a
swamp. As a result, Braslia has moderate
temperatures all year. But Washington doesnt.
It is famous for its cold winters and hot, humid
summers. Braslia was built 600 miles from the
Atlantic coast in order to attract people to an
unpopulated area. Washington, near the
Atlantic coast, includes old towns that had
already existed. Braslia is home to the
national theater and famous museums, and so
is Washington. However, as a new city, Braslia
has not yet become its nations real cultural
center. Washington hasnt either. Washington is
its countrys capital, but it is not its countrys
most popular city. Neither is Braslia. Many
residents still prefer the excitement of Rio and
New York to their nations capitals.
1
Braslia Washington, D.C.
national capital
didnt exist before
it was planned
as a city
designed by one person
definite shape
national theater
famous museums
not the favorite city
of its countrys
residents
in South America
twentieth century
shape of an airplane
located in a high,
dry area
moderate temperatures
all year
600 miles from
the coast
built in an
unpopulated area
in North America
eighteenth century
shape of a wheel
located in a swamp
hot summers,
cold winters
near the coast
includes older towns

Answers will vary.

6 3
13
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
IV
P A R T
UNI T GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES:
REVIEW AND EXPANSION
Gerunds: eating, selecting, going, seeing
Infinitives: to eat, to eat, to include
(Note: Calorie amounts may vary a little.)
2. Having; 200 (exact number: 170)
3. to lose; eating; 550 (exact number: 555)
4. to gain; 650 (exact number: 670)
5. consuming; 350 (exact number: 340)
6. choosing; 200 (exact number: 210)
7. to stay away; 660 (exact number: 650)
2. recommended ordering
3. volunteered to throw out
4. stopped eating OR has stopped eating
5. deserved to receive OR deserves to receive
6. is trying to decide
7. admitted stopping
8. remember playing
2. Andres wanting to go
3. stopped using OR had stopped using
4. finding
5. delighted to see
6. switching
7. to go
8. support their offering
9. appreciate my friends persuading
10. to express
11. having
12. expected us to find
13. did not count on seeing OR didnt count on
seeing
14. to bring
15. need to have
16. attempt to stay OR am attempting to stay
17. urge the administration to set up
18. keep on buying
Re: love those tacos
I love eat tacos for my lunch. I think they are
delicious, convenient, nutritious, and
inexpensive. I dont even mind to have the
same thing every day! What do you think?
Re: vegetarian travel
Im a vegetarian. I stopped to eat meat two
years ago. I feel a little nervous about traveling
to other countries. Im going to Ghana in
September. Is it easy finding meatless dishes
there?
Re: takoyaki
Hi! I am Paulo and I come from Brazil. I enjoy
trying different foods. I really want try takoyaki
(fish balls made with octopus) when I go to
Japan. Is there a takoyaki shop you can
recommend my going to? I look forward to
hear from you.
Re: recipe exchange
My name is Natasha. Im interested in
exchange recipes with people from other
countries. If you want to know about Russian
food, Id be glad sending you some
information.
Re: Calamari
Hi! I was in Italy last month. I dont usually
like eating seafood, so I was not eager trying
calamari (squid). I was surprised finding that I
liked it! I expected it being tough, but its
actually quite tender if prepared well.
5
4
3
2
1
9
eating OR to eat
having
eating
to find
to try
hearing
exchanging
to send
to try
to find
to be
14
Re: Cheap and delicious in Taiwan
Are you going to Taiwan? If so, I suggest to try
the little restaurants around the National
University in Taipei. Eat there is cheap and its
easy finding the neighborhood. The dumpling
shops are greatonce you eat one dumpling
there, you wont want stopping.
Items Checked:
Lily: 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
Viktor: 1, 3, 5, 6

Answers will vary.

1. working with others
2. to make a lot of money
3. talking to people
4. working inside
5. working nights
6. to learn new skills
7. following orders
8. to meet new people
9. to major in business
10. owning my own business
11. rushing
12. to be friendly
(answers to second part will vary)

Answers will vary.

UNI T
MAKE, HAVE, LET, HELP, AND GET
2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. a
2. made, d 5. had, b 7. let, c
3. got, a 6. had, h 8. made, e
4. let, f
2. made her (OR Ana) work
3. didnt let them use
4. had him (OR Fernando) clean
5. let her (OR Yasuko) leave
6. got him (OR Uri) to pronounce
7. had him (OR Hector) ask
8. let them record
9. didnt let her (OR Greta) speak
10. helped them find (OR to find)
11. got her (OR Tamara) to choose
When I was a teenager, my parents were very
strict with me. They never let me to play until I
had finished all my homework. They even made
me helping my brothers and sisters with their
homework before I could have any fun.
On the one hand, I believe their discipline
was good for me. By being so demanding, they
certainly got me to learn a lot more. As a
result, I always got good grades in school. But
I wish they had let me to have a little more
fun. I was much too serious. I think parents
should help their children learn to enjoy life.
There is plenty of time for adult responsibility
later on.
If I become a parent, I hope to find a good
balance between discipline and permissiveness.
I would want to have my child learns
responsibility, but also I would want to let
he or she have fun. I agree with Ben Franklin,
who said that all work and no play makes Jack
to become a dull boy. I want to avoid that
mistake.
2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. T

Answers will vary.

9 6
5
4
3
2
1
10
11 10
9
8 7
6
trying
Eating
to find
to stop
play
help
have
learn
him or her
become
15
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING
IV
P A R T
Its October 1957, and the Soviet Union has
just launched Sputnik. A teenage boy watches
the satellite fly over his poor coal-mining town
in West Virginia and dreams of building and to
launch his own rocket. He teams up with three
friends, and The Rocket Boys start to put
together and firing their homemade missiles.
The boys goal is to win the regional science
fair. First prize will bring college scholarships
and a way out of Coalville. The school science
teacher, Miss Riley, encourages him, but
Homers father is angry about the boys project.
He wants Homer to follow in his footsteps and
working at the mine. Nevertheless, the boys
continue launching rockets, failing in different
ways, and to learn with each failure. People
begin changing their minds and to admire the
Rocket Boys. Some even help them.
However, success does not come easily in
Coalville. When a forest fire starts nearby, a
rocket is blamed, and the boys must give up
their project. Then Homers father is injured,
and Homer quits school to support his family
as a miner. His father is proud of him, but
Homer cant stand giving up his dream and
to work underground. He uses mathematics to
prove a rocket did not start the fire. Then he
tells his father he plans to leave the mine and
returning to school.
The Rocket Boys win first prize at the
science fair, and all of them receive
scholarships. The whole town celebrates,
and Homer wins another valuable prizehis
father attends and launches the rocket. Its
clear that the two men will try to make peace
and respecting each other.
1
(possible answers)
2
SETTING MAIN CHARACTERS
Science teacher
Homer
father
friends
MOVIE TITLE: October Sky
CONFLICT
Where: Coalville
When: 1957
What the hero wants:
launch rocket, win science fair, leave Coalville
Who opposes him and why:
His father wants him to work in the mine.
EVENTS IN
THE STORY
Homer sees
Sputnikwants to
build rocket
1
Homer forms The
Rocket Boys
2
Homers father gets
angry
3
Forest fireboys stop
the project
4
Father is injured.
Homer quits school,
works in mine
5
Homer proves that
rocket didnt start
fire
6
Homer leaves mine,
returns to school
7
Homer wins science
fair, makes peace with
father
8
launching
work
learning
admiring
working
return
respect
(to) fire

Answers will vary.

6 3
16
PHRASAL VERBS
V
P A R T
UNI T
PHRASAL VERBS: REVIEW
Have you noticed that some spaces cheer you
up and give you energy, while others bring you
down? This feng shui diagram uses mythical
animals to explain why. Look it over, and then
imagine yourself in the center. A phoenix takes
off in front of you and gives you inspiration.
Behind you, a tortoise guards you from things
you cannot see. On the left and right, a dragon
and a tiger balance each other. The dragon
floats above the floor and helps you take in
the big picture, not just small details. The
tigers energy gives you courage.
These symbols can be important in setting
up a work environment. Dana, for example,
needed ideas and energy in order to get ahead.
Unfortunately, her undecorated, windowless
cubicle took away most of her powers. After
she hung up a scenic poster in the phoenix
area in front of her desk, she began to feel
more inspired. She gave her tiger some power
by picking out plants to put on the file cabinet
to her right, and she hung a cheerful mobile
from the top of her left cubicle wall for her
dragon. Try these ideas out in your own
workplace and see what happens!
2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T
2. down 5. out 8. up 11. out
3. up 6. over 9. over 12. out
4. out 7. out 10. up 13. up
2. put up 9. letting in
3. pick out 10. kept on
4. turned out 11. set up
5. tear down 12. go back
6. figure out 13. draw together
7. put on 14. give up
8. went up
2. took them down 5. light it up
3. cheer him up 6. touch it up
4. try them out
I just finished reading an article about feng
shui. At the end, the author suggests sitting up
in your home and thinking about how your
environment makes you feel. I decided to try
out it.
The thing I like best about my apartment is
that it is bright and sunny. This cheers me out.
At night, its very dark, but Ive figured up what
to do about it. Im going to buy another lamp
to light the apartment at night up. Ill leave it
on when I go out at night, so I can see light as
soon as I come in. I also like the light green
walls in my bedroom, but the chipped paint
has been bringing down me. Im going to touch
it over as soon as possible.
My apartment is too small, but I cant tear
up the walls. I think it will look more spacious
if I just straighten it up. Ill try to put books
back after I take them off the shelves, and hang
away my clothes at night. With just a few small
changes, Ill end up feeling happier in my
home. Its certainly worth trying on.
*put away could be used instead of hang up
5
4
3
2
1
11
down
it out
up
out
me down
up
down
out
up*
up
^
OR
up
^
17
2. up 5. down 9. T 12. F
3. out 6. around 10. T 13. F
4. back 7. back 11. T 14. T
Answers will vary.
(possible answers)
She turned the light off.
She cleaned up the table.
She turned the bed around.
She took off the bedspread.
She took the curtains down.
The weather cleared up.
She hung up a mirror.
She put away the clothes.
She turned on the TV.
She threw away the flowers.
She touched up the paint.
One of the dresser handles fell off.
The cat woke up.
Answers will vary.
UNI T PHRASAL VERBS:
SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE
took him on as a summer employee
and the two got along right away
When they got together again
he talked Jobs into joining
He teamed up with Wozniak
they put the prototype together
they set up their first production line
which they brought out in 1976
Phrasal Verb
1. set up 6. took on
2. teamed up (with) 7. put together
3. brought out 8. got along
4. got together 9. talked into
5. brought about
2. think back on 11. carry on
3. grew up 12. finding out
4. dropped out of 13. broken down
5. set up 14. brought about
6. filled . . . up 15. set up
7. carry out 16. came up with
8. keep . . . away 17. carried out
9. broke out 18. gave up
10. paid . . . back 19. kept on
2. figure it out 6. turned it off
3. fill them out 7. turn them in
4. handed it out 8. left them on
5. do it over
2. following it through
3. Pick one out
4. Think up uses for the object
5. throw any ideas away
6. Write them down
7. talk them over
8. Find out about a problem
9. work a solution out
10. coming up with one
11. stick with it
12. look information up
13. Try different materials out
14. get something out of
15. go after customers
16. put it together
17. get this across
18. pass an opportunity up
19. show your product off
20. to give samples away
21. Stick to your plan
4
3
2
1
12
9
8
7
6
18
May 3, 1999. Today, I came up a good idea
witha jar of paint with an applicator like the
kind used for shoe polish. It can be used to
paint dirty spots or nicks on a wall after a
paint job, when people dont want to do a
whole room.
Market: Homeowners, renters, anyone who
paints a home or apartment.
Idea for product design:
Touch up it.
May 10. I went to five paint stores today and
asked the owners about my idea. I found out
that nothing like this is on the market right
now. They seemed to be excited by this idea. I
asked two of them to sign my notebook. That
way I can prove that the idea was actually mine.
May 12. I found a manufacturer of applicators.
I called up him and ordered several types.
June 10. The applicators finally arrived. I tried
in several and found one that worked well. Im
going to have about two dozen samples made.
August 4. I filled down an application for a
patent and mailed it yesterday. Ill be able to
set a strong and convincing demonstration of
the product up soon.
August 30. I demonstrated the product at a
decorators exhibition yesterday. I wanted to
point out that its very neat and easy to use, so
I put white gloves and evening clothes for the
demonstration. It went over very well.
8 Use tape to hold the tissue paper on.
6 Cut them off.
3 Cover the hole up with foil.
1 Empty it out.
5 Turn the box up.
9 Light something up and look at it.
2 Cut out a small hole.
7 Cover up the opening with tissue paper.
4 Punch a hole through the center of the foil.
(possible answers)
2. get on, get off, break down
3. figure out
4. look up, write down
5. put on, take off
6. turn on, turn off, turn up, turn down
2. get out 7. set off 11. comes off
4. ends up 8. goes off
6. pushes up 9. jumps up

Answers will vary.

11 9
8
7
6
5
with
^
it up
up
^
on
^
him up
out
out
Sorry I havent written sooner, but Ive been
really busy. I just moved into a new apartment.
Heres what a typical day looks like for me. I
arise early, usually at 6:30. After running two
miles, showering, and having breakfast, I
board the bus and go to my 9:00 English class.
In addition to English, Im taking statistics this
semester. Im finding it really hard, but Im
going to persevere with it. Ill need it later for
business school.
1
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING
V
P A R T
stick with OR keep on with
get on
get up
19
After classes I have just enough time for a
quick lunch with some friends before getting to
McDonalds at 1:00 for my four-hour shift. On
the way home, Ive been purchasing some
things for my apartment. Today, for example, I
bought a computer work station, which Im
going to assemble this weekend. (By the way,
thanks for telling me about feng shui! Ive been
using it to decorate my apartment.)
When I get home, I prepare a quick dinner,
and then spend several hours on my
homework. Im also writing a report for my
statistics class. I cant believe how much paper
(and time) this project consumes! Its
interesting, but Ill be glad when its over. Then
at least Ill be able to recline on the couch that
I just bought and watch some TV before going
to bed. These days I go straight to bed as soon
as I finish my homework. By the time I
extinguish the lights, its 11:00 P.M. and Im
absolutely exhausted.
Well, thats enough about me and my life. I
dont think Ive omitted anything important.
How are you? What have you been doing? Id
love to see you. Is there any chance that I
could persuade you to come for a visit during
your semester break? The weekend of the 12th
Ill be going to visit Tania, but Im sure it would
be OK for you to accompany me. Let me know!
Looking forward to hearing from you,
P.S. I think I discarded Victors e-mail address
before copying it into my electronic address
book. Do you have it?
(possible answers)

Answers will vary.

6 3
2
Time To Do
6:30 A.M. get up
6:45 run two miles
7:30 take shower
7:45 breakfast
8:15 take bus to school
9:00 English class
11:00 statistics class
12:00 noon lunch
1:005:00 P.M. McDonalds
5:30-6:00 pick up things for apartment
6:30 dinner
7:00-10:30 homework
11:00 go to bed
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
VI
P A R T
UNI T ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH
SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Paragraph 1
people who accept us completely (warts and
all) and who know our most secret thoughts
others whose relationships with us may be less
deep but are still important
Acquaintances
people whose paths often cross ours
The neighbor who borrows your chairs for a
big party or the colleague who waters your
plants while youre on vacation
Our next-door neighbor, who car pools with us
1
13
picking up
put together
uses up
lie down
turn off
left out
talk you into coming
come along with
threw out
20
Buddies
a friend who shares a particular activity or
interest
important ones that keep us connected to our
interests and hobbies
My table-tennis partner, whos from Beijing
Old Friends
The vice president who promoted me
Delores was the one who came with me
old friends who knew us back when
parts of ourselves which are easy to lose as we
move through life
experiences that have helped form us
George Herbert, who said that the best mirror
is an old friend
2. T 3. T 4. F
2. h 4. j 6. f 8. d 10. a
3. g 5. i 7. c 9. b
2. An album is a book which (OR that) has
pages for saving photos.
3. A soul mate is a person who (OR that) is
very similar to you in thought and feeling.
4. A colleague is a person who (OR that) has
the same job or profession as you.
5. A confidant is a person who (OR that) listens
to your private feelings and thoughts.
6. Empathy is a feeling which (OR that) lets
you experience another persons feelings.
7. Friendship is a relationship which (OR that)
exists between friends.
8. Kin is a person who (OR that) is a relative.
9. A reunion is an event which (OR that) brings
people together after a long separation.
10. A spouse is the person who (OR that) is
married to you.
2. who (OR that) have
3. which (OR that) are
4. who (OR that) face
5. which (OR that) is
6. who (OR that) have
7. whose . . . are
8. whose . . . include
9. which appeared
10. who (OR that) doesnt read (OR hasnt read)
2. Theyll meet us at the restaurant which is
(OR thats) across the street from the library.
3. The navy blue suit which (OR that) was on
sale looked the best.
4. Bill and Sue arent close friends with the
Swabodas, whose interests are very
different from theirs.
5. The neighbors, who wanted to borrow
some folding chairs, came by while you
were gone.
6. I was just laughing at an old picture which
(OR that) is in his high school yearbook.
7. My boyfriend, who took a group of students
to Venezuela for two weeks, left me a lot of
plants to water.
A writer once said that friends are born,
not made. I think he meant that friendship
is like love at first sightwe become friends
immediately with people who they are
compatible with us. I dont agree with this
writer. Last summer I made friends with some
people whos completely different from me.
In July, I went to Mexico City to study
Spanish for a month. In our group, there were
five adults which were all language teachers
from our school. Two teachers stayed with
friends in Mexico City, and we only saw those
teachers during the day. But we saw the
teachers, who stayed with us in the dormitory,
both day and night. They were the ones who
they helped us when we had problems. Bob
Taylor who is much older than I am became a
really good friend. In my first week, I had a
problem that was getting me down. Mexico
City, that is a very exciting place, was too
distracting. I went out all the time, and I
stopped going to my classes. Bob, who have
studied abroad a lot, helped me get back into
my studies. After the trip I kept writing to Bob,
whos letters are always interesting and
5
4
3
2
who are OR who were
who
which
has
whose
^

21
encouraging. Next summer, hes leading
another trip what sounds interesting. Its a
three-week trip to Spain, a place he knows a
lot about. I hope I can go.
?
Pat
? Bob
Kado Asha
Ann
Pete

Answers will vary.

UNI T
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH
OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
OR WHEN AND WHERE
Looking down, you see a paved courtyard, in
which I spend many hours . . . and a bit of
garden, where I go to smell the few violets that
come up each spring . . . and where my sister
gathers the snails that live . . . .
. . . the Twardowskis, who come to our
apartment regularly. . . . I particularly like the
Twardowskis daughter, Basia, who is several
years older than I and who has the prettiest
long braids, which she sometimes coils around
her head . . . .
. . . about the eccentric characters (who, whom,
that) I know . . . .
. . . about the shapes (that, which) icicles make
. . . dramatic recitations of poems (that, which)
weve memorized . . . .
2. who(m) . . . stayed
3. when . . . was
4. which . . . had
5. which OR that . . . wanted
6. where . . . were
7. who(m) . . . take care of
8. which . . . put
9. which OR that . . . find
2. I lived with my parents, who(m) youve met,
and my siblings.
3. I had two sisters, who(m) I got along well
with (OR with whom I got along well), and
an older brother.
4. My sisters and I shared a room, where we
spent nights talking.
5. My brother, who(m) I hardly ever saw, slept
on the living room couch.
6. It was a large old couch, which my father
had made himself.
7. My best friend, who(m) I saw every day,
lived across the hall.
8. We went to the same school, where we both
studied English.
9. Mr. Robinson, who(m) everyone was a little
afraid of (OR of whom everyone was a little
afraid), was our English teacher.
10. After school I worked in a bakery which (OR
that) my aunt and uncle owned.
11. They sold delicious bread and cake, which
people stood in line for hours to buy.
12. I took piano lessons from a woman whose
sister worked in the bakery.
13. I remember one summer when the whole
family went to the lake.
14. It was a great summer, which Ill never
forget.
15. My brother and sisters, who(m) I miss, live
far away now.
16. When we get together we like to reminisce
about the old days when we were all
together.
3
2
1
14
10 7
6
which OR that
22
Tai Dong, where I grew up, is a small city on
the southeast coast of Taiwan. My family
moved there from Taipei the summer when I
was born. I dont remember our first house
which we rented from a relative, but when I
was two, we moved to the house that I grew up
in. This house where my parents still live is on
a main street in Tai Dong. To me, this was the
best place in the world. My mother had a food
stand in our front courtyard where she sold
omelettes early in the morning. All her
customers whom I always chatted with were
very friendly to me. On the first floor, my
father conducted his tea business in the front
room. After school, I always went straight to
the corner where he sat drinking tea with his
customers. In the back was our huge kitchen
with its stone floor and brick oven. I loved
dinnertime because the kitchen was always full
of relatives and the customers that my father
had invited to dinner. It was a fun and noisy
place to be. Next to the kitchen, there was one
small bedroom. My oldest cousin whose father
wanted him to learn the tea business slept
there. Our living room and bedrooms were
upstairs. My two sisters slept in one bedroom,
and my older brother and I slept in the other.
My youngest sister shared a room with my
grandmother who took care of her a lot of the
time.
Correct Room: B
The description is in formal English.
Ben Fong-Torres was born in Alameda,
California, in 1945. He was the son of first-
generation Chinese parents. His father had
emigrated to the United States in 1929, when
the Exclusion Act, which limited the number of
Chinese entering the country, was still in effect.
To avoid this obstacle, his father went first to
the Philippines, where he obtained a birth
certificate and added Torres to his name. Bens
mother came to the United States ten years
later, when their marriage was arranged by
relatives. Ben, along with his brother and
sister, grew up in Oakland, California, where
there was a large Chinese community. His
family owned a Chinese restaurant, in which
all the children worked when they were not in
school. Bens parents, whose views were quite
traditional, were a little surprised and
concerned by their childrens love for U.S.
culture. Ben was an enthusiastic reader or
cartoons and a fan of popular music, which he
heard on the radio. At the age of twelve, Ben
went with his father to Texas, where they
opened another Chinese restaurant. It was a
difficult time for Ben, among people who had
had no previous contact with Asians. Back in
Oakland, after the failure of the restaurant,
Ben got jobs writing for various magazines and
newspapers. After graduation from college in
1966, he wrote for Rolling Stone magazine,
which covered stories about contemporary U.S.
political and cultural life. His interviews with
hundreds of famous musicians included the
Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Grace Slick, and an
interview with Ray Charles, for which he won
the Deems Taylor award. Fong-Torres was also
a DJ for San Francisco radio station KSAN,
which plays rock music, and in 1976 he won
an award for broadcasting excellence. Today
Fong-Torres lives in San Francisco with Diane
Sweet, who he married in 1976.

Answers will vary.

9 7
6
5
4
^

23
FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING
VI
P A R T
Octavio Paz is considered one of the greatest
writers that the Spanish-speaking world has
produced. He was born in Mexico in 1914.
As a child, he was exposed to writing by his
grandfather and father. His childhood was hard
because of his fathers political activities, which
forced his family into exile and poverty.
Paz began writing early. He published his
first poem at 16. He attended law school in
Mexico City, where he joined a Marxist student
group. Around the same time, he married his
first wife, Elena Garro. Pazs literary career
received a boost in his early twenties, when
he sent a manuscript to the Chilean poet
Pablo Neruda. Neruda was impressed, and he
encouraged Paz to go to Spain to attend a
writing conference. Paz remained there and
joined the forces that were fighting against
General Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Later,
he went on to become a diplomat, representing
his country in France, Japan, the U.S., and India.
Paz wrote both poetry and prose. He is
most famous for The Labyrinth of Solitude, a
collection of essays that deal with the character
of the Mexican people. He also founded Vuelta.
In 1990 he received the Nobel Prize for
Literature. He died eight years later.
b. Around the same time, he married his first
wife, Elena Garro, who was also a writer.
c. Pazs literary career received a boost in his
early twenties, when he sent a manuscript
to the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, who was
already famous in Spain and Latin America.
OR
Neruda, who was already famous in Spain
and Latin America, was impressed and
encouraged Paz to go to Spain to attend a
writing conference.
d. He also founded Vuelta, which was one of
Latin Americas most famous literary
magazines.

Answers will vary.

6 3
2
1
MODALS: REVIEW AND EXPANSION
VII
P A R T
UNI T MODALS AND MODAL-LIKE VERBS:
REVIEW
The average U.S. teenager might watch as
many as 18,000 hours of TV by the time he or
she graduates. You may think that anyone who
watches this much TV has got to understand
how it works. However, most of us (not just
teenagers) cant recognize many of the
messages TV is sending. For this reason, many
experts feel that everyone should become TV
literate. People who are television literate are
able to understand how TV messages influence
an audience. They dont have to believe
everything they see on the tube. Here are some
things you ought to know about television.
TV networks have to make money by selling
time to advertisers. This fact influences all
commercial TV. A drama writer, for
example, may avoid topics that could
embarrass the advertiser sponsoring the
program.
TVs world is not real. This might sound
obvious, but you ought to remind yourself
often of this fact. After all, when you see
something, you feel that it must be the real
1
15
24
thing. Youve got to remember that the
cereal commercial uses white glue, not
milk, so the cereal doesnt get soggy the
way it does in real life.
TV uses specific techniques and you can
learn to identify them. Lighting, camera
angles, and music have got the ability to
make things seem beautiful, frightening, or
funny. They can also make you feel that you
must buy a certain product.
Get literate, and youll be able to enjoy TV,
without being its victim.
Ability:
cant recognize, are able to understand, can
learn, can . . . make, ll be able to enjoy
Advice:
should become, ought to know, ought to
remind
Necessity:
has got to understand, dont have to believe,
have to make, ve got to remember, must buy
Future Possibility:
might watch, may avoid, could embarrass
Assumptions:
may think, might sound, must be
2. must 8. have got to
3. ve got to, can 9. might not
4. be able to, could 10. must, will be able to
5. couldnt 11. can, ve got to
6. cant, d better not 12. dont have to
7. must
Answers may vary.
1. OR m not able to do
2. you dont have to find out
3. should I do OR can I do
4. wed better talk OR ought to talk OR should
talk
5. I could hit OR was able to hit
6. I couldnt OR wasnt able to
7. That cant happen
8. you may stop OR might stop OR could stop
9. you couldnt (OR must not) know
10. I must be
11. youd better stop OR youve got to stop
12. you may not OR might not hit
13. should I do
14. you might try
Last nights Medics was awesome! I cried
when Miles and Wing couldnt to get married
in the emergency room because that really sick
patient came in. Miles abled to save the
patients life, but the priest had to leave, so
they couldnt had the ceremony. Oh, well.
Theres always next season.
I just read in TV Now that the actor who plays
Dr. Miles might leave the show because of a
contract dispute! He have to be the most
talented (and best-looking!) actor around. I
love him! They better renew his contract, or Ill
stop watching!
I think they ought handle more social issues on
the show. They could do some episodes about
AIDS or teen pregnancy. Its good when a show
be able to entertain and educate at the same
time.
Last episode shows Dr. Miles shaking hands
with a sick patient and then eating an apple
without first washing his hands. Come on now!
You must not be a rocket scientist to know
that you can get sick that way! The writers
have better check their facts!
Help! I just started watching Medics and
Im confused. Can anyone tells me what the
relationship is between Tania and Jax? She can
be his mother, shes much too young! I suppose
she might be his sister, but Im not sure that
makes any sense.
4
3
2
get
was able
have
has to
Theyd better
ought to handle
is able to
dont have to
had better
cant
tell