Types of Presses:-

1. Gap Frame or C Frame:-

a. Low cost
b. Open and easy to handle
c. Fittign of dies very easy
d. Height Lower
e. Disadvantage:- unavoidable angular Mis alignment requiring very robust construction and
increasing cost. Typically preferred for smaller tonnage of 60 80 pto max of 250
f.
2. Straight Side:-
a. Name derived from vertical columns or uprights on either side of the machine
b. The columns form a housing for crank shaft and slide and other mechanical components
along with the bed and crown
c. Can be held p using Tie Rods or Solid Frame. Solid frame cheaper than Tie Rod but Tie Rods
easier to ship dis assembled and can handle higher loads.
d. Advantages:-
i. Freedom from Misalignment under load and true vertical motion
ii. Ensures better tool wear and accurate part tolerances
iii. High volume close tolerance stampings use this kind of press. Upto 1800 SPM
e. Construction
i.
ii. Bed :- Base of Machine
iii. Column support the crown
iv. Gibs or Gibbing attached to the slide guide it
v. Cracnkshaft end bearing may be in crown or in the columns
vi. Crown:- Function varies with design
1. Typically Clutch Brake Motor and Flywheel mount on the crown
2. Gears may be open in older design newer designs have closed gears with a
bath of lubricant. This ensures that high viscosity lubricant appropriate for gears
can be used as there is no mixing with other equipment like bearings(supplied
from recirculating lubricant system). Also lessens noise and increases gear life
3. Press Terminology:-
a. Bolster Size:- Maximum Size die shoe that can be accommodated on the machine.
b. Min and max amount of vertical open space:- To know if die can be loaded
c. Load capcaity:- In US illegal to overload a stamping press
d. Shut Height:-
i. The Space available between press bed and bolster and the slide or ram. Always
measured with press shut or at the bottom dead center
ii.
iii. Measurement might be from top to bolster(B) or to bed(A)
iv. To put die into a press dist form top fo bolster to the bottom of ram used to
determine taking into accound screw adjustment min and max values.
v. When die is bigger than shut height some shops remove bolster and fasten die to
press bed. Poor practice as bolster stiffen the bed and spread load evenly.
e. Bed and Bolster:
i. Adds stiffness
ii. Tapped holes or prefered T slots to fasten die to Press
iii. T Slots permit die change quickly and fasten more securely
f. Gears:-
i. Gears used extensively to increase flywheel speed and Greater torque
ii. Expensive
iii. Proper lubrication must
iv. If two gears ensure load shared evenly.
g. Pitman:-
i. Link between crank and slide
ii. If eccentric drive is used then it is call eccentric strap
iii. Flexible attachment is called connection
iv. Shut height adjustment thru screw mechanism is part of this
h. Press Slide Connections:-
i. Connection of Slide to pitman or eccentric strap
ii. Ball and scoket type bearings in smaller machines
iii. In some cases Bronze lined saddle type and wrist pin to transfer force
i. Connection Strength:-
i. Transmit large compressive force.
ii. If subjected to overload crack or deformation of connection and may extrude the
bronze bearing material or wrist pin bent or broken
j. Slide Adjustment:-
i. Connection may include this adjustment
ii. Larger machines have an electrically or pneumatically powered adjustment screw
drive
iii. In press with multiple connections a single motor is used to drive all the adjustment in
unison
k. Mechanical Overload Limiting Devices:-
i. Shear collars, Bellvile washersm shear pins,
ii. Simple and low in cost.
iii. But not very effective
iv. Also If failure then the machine has to be stopped and the part replaced.
l. Tie rod limit machine overloading:-
i. Most Straight side pressses use tie rod
ii. Should press become stuck on the bottom they can be heated to relive the pre sterss.
iii. They also limit press overload
iv. Under overload the tie rod pre loads and the crown lifts off the press column reducing
the stiffness and preventing overloading

4. Type of Mechanical Drives:-
a. Direct Drive:-
i. Much higher 100-1800 spm
ii. Flywheel is directly motor driven by means of a belt drive.
iii. Used in Blanking high speed production and shallow forming
iv. Advantages:-
1. Simple
2. Minimum wear
3. Frictional losses lower
4. Very popular for precision progressive die and high speed perforating
operations
v.
vi. Above is direct drive with double throw crankshaft driven through a friction clutch
vii. Disadvantages:-
1. Full rated force of machine available only very close to the bottom of the stroke
(0.060 inch)
2. Ability to deliver rated force reduced if press operated at less than full speed
b. Single Gear Reduction:-
i. Flywheel mounted on the backshaft and power is transmitted through pinion to main
gear.
ii. Some have main gear on both ends of crankshaft
iii. 16 to 200 spm
iv. Advantages:-
1. Due to gear higher torque is possible
2. Suitable for Drawing and heavy forming operations
3.
c. Disadvantage of single end Drive Systems:
i. Angular twist
ii.
iii. Bend due to uneven load
iv. Result in side of ram nearest to driven side will reach bottom before other
v. Error made worse if largest load is on side opposite to driven end
vi. IF Two point single end drive with very large and rigid crankshaft might overvcome
this problem
vii. Eccentric shafts are ones in which shaft diameter larger than stroke length
1. Used in high speed press
d. Twin end Drive Presses
i. More accurate left to righ ram alignment
ii. Important to ensure timing as both need to be at same speed and time
iii.
e. Double Gear Reduction Presses
i. Speed of 8 to 30 SPM
ii. Used in Difficult applications like heavy deep drawing, cold forging, large parts such ar
trcuck frame rails
iii. Large Transfer presses also employ double gear reduction
iv.
f. Single Connection Press:
i. Built to provide very high force with small bed size
ii. Not very relevant to us did not go in detail.

g. Other Types:
i. Eccentric Drive for two or Four Point Press
5. Mechanical Press Electrical System
a.
6. Mechanical Press Tonnage Curve:-
a.
7. Speed and Torque Capacity:-
a. The motor speeds up flywheel, it needs supply only enough energy to make up for frictional
loss
b. Flywheel energy proportional to square of the speed of the flywheel.
c. Speed low might cause issues in deep drawing
d. Enough time mst be there betweeen strokes to ensure the flywheel speed is obtained.
e.
f. To develop full tonnage atleast 70% of the press bed should be occupied