www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.

org

ON NANO SEMI-GENERALISED AND NANO GENERALISED - SEMI CLOSED SETS IN
NANO TOPOLOGICAL SPACES
K. BHUVANESWARI
1
& A. EZHILARASI
2

1
Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Mother Teresa Womens University, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to define and study a new class of sets called Nano semi generalized and Nano
generalized semi closed sets in nano topological spaces. Basic properties of nano semi-generalized closed sets and nano
generalized -semi closed sets are analyzed. We also used them to introduce the new notions like nano semi - generalized
closure and nano generalized -semi closure and their relation with already existing well known sets are also investigated.
KEYWORDS: Nano Semi-Generalized Closed Sets, Nano Generalized-Semi Closed Sets, Nano Semi-Closure, Nano
Semi-Interior, Nano Generalized Closed Sets
1. INTRODUCTION
In 1970, Levine[10] introduced the concept of generalized closed sets as a generalization of closed sets in
topological spaces. While in 1987, P. Bhattacharyya et.al. [2] Have introduced the notion of semi-generalized closed sets in
topological spaces. In 1990, S.P.Arya et.al. [1] Have introduced the concept of generalized semiclosed sets to characterize
the s-normality axiom. The detailed study of semi-generalized mappings and generalized-semi mappings were studied by
Devi et.al.,[6] in 1993. The notion of nano topology was introduced by Lellis Thivagar [7] which was defined in terms of
approximations and boundary region of a subset of an universe using an equivalence relation on it and also defined nano
closed sets, nano-interior and nano-closure. In this paper, we have introduced a new class of sets on nano topological
spaces called nano semi-generalized closed sets and nano generalized-semi closed sets and the relation of these new sets
with the existing sets.
2. PRELIMINARIES
Definition: 2.1 [9] A subset A of a topological space (X,) is called a semi open set if A cl [Int(A)].
The complement of a semiopen set of a space X is called semiclosed set in X.
Definition: 2.2 [2] A semi-closure of a subset A of X is the intersection of all semiclosed sets that contains A and
it is denoted by scl(A).
Definition: 2.3 [5] The union of all semiopen subsets of X contained in A is called semi-interior of A and it is
denoted by sInt(A).
Definition: 2.4 [10] A subset A of (X,) is called a generalized closed set (briefly g-closed) if cl(A) U
whenever A U and U is open in X.
International Journal of Mathematics and
Computer Applications Research (IJMCAR)
ISSN(P): 2249-6955; ISSN(E): 2249-8060
Vol. 4, Issue 3, Jun 2014, 117-124
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.
118 K. Bhuvaneswari & A. Ezhilarasi

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
Definition: 2.5 [6] A subset A of (X,) is called a semi generalized closed set (briefly sg closed) if scl(A) U
whenever A U and U is semi-open in X.
Definition: 2.6 [6] A subset A of (X,) is called a generalized semi closed set (briefly gs closed) if scl(A) U
whenever A U and U is open in X.
Definition: 2.7 [6] The semi-generalized closure of a subset A of a space X is the intersection of all
semi-generalized closed sets containing A and is denoted by sgcl(A). The semi-generalized interior of a subset A of a space
X is the union of all semi generalized open sets contained in A and is denoted by sgInt(A).
Definition: 2.8 [6] The generalized semi-closure of a subset A of a space X is the intersection of all generalized-
semi closed sets containing A and is denoted by gscl(A).
The generalized semi-interior of a subset A of a space X is the union of all generalized-semi open sets contained
in A and is denoted by gsInt(A).
Definition:2.9 [8] Let U be a non-empty finite set of objects called the universe and R be an equivalence relation
on U named as in discernibility relation. Then U is divided into disjoint equivalence classes. Elements belonging to the
same equivalence class are said to be indiscernible with one another. The pair (U, R) is said to be the approximation space.
Let X U. Then,
The lower approximation of X with respect to R is the set of all objects which can be for certain classified as X
with respect to R and is denoted by L
R
(X). L
R
(X) =U{R(x): R(x) X, xU} where R(x) denotes the equivalence
class determined by xU.
The upper approximation of X with respect to R is the set of all objects which can be possibly classified as X with
respect to R and is denoted by U
R
(X).
U
R
(X) = U{R(x): R(x) X, xU}.
The boundary region of X with respect to R is the set of all objects which can be classified neither as X nor as not
X with respect to R and it is denoted by B
R
(X).
B
R
(X) = U
R
(X) - L
R
(X)
Property: 2.10 [8] If (U, R) is an approximation space and X, YU, then
L
R
(X) X U
R
(X)
L
R
() = U
R
() =
L
R
(U) = U
R
(U) = U
U
R
(XY) = U
R
(X) U
R
(Y)
U
R
(XY) U
R
(X) U
R
(Y)
L
R
(XY) L
R
(X) L
R
(Y)
L
R
(XY) = L
R
(X) L
R
(Y)
On Nano Semi-Generalised and Nano Generalised - Semi Closed Sets in Nano Topological Spaces 119


www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
L
R
(X) L
R
(Y) and U
R
(X) U
R
(Y) whenever X Y
U
R
(X
c
) = [L
R
(X)]
c
and L
R
(X
c
) = [U
R
(X)]
c

U
R
[U
R
(X)] = L
R
[U
R
(X)]

= U
R
(X)
L
R
[L
R
(X)] = U
R
[L
R
(X)]

= L
R
(X)
Definition: 2.11 [8] Let U be the universe, R be an equivalence relation on U and

R
(X) = {U, , L
R
(X), U
R
(X), B
R
(X)} where X U. Then by property 2.10,
R
(X) satisfies the following axioms:
U and
R
(X).
The union of the elements of any sub-collection of
R
(X) is in
R
(X).
The intersection of the elements of any finite subcollection of
R
(X) is in
R
(X).
Then
R
(X) is a topology on U called the nano topology on U with respect to X. (U,
R
(X)) is called the
nano topological space. Elements of the nano topology are known as nano open sets in U. Elements of [
R
(X)]
c
are called
nano closed sets with [
R
(X)]
c
being called dual nano topology of
R
(X).
Remark: 2.12 [8] If
R
(X) is the nano topology on U with respect to X, then the set
B = {U, L
R
(X), B
R
(X)} is the basis for
R
(X).
Definition: 2.13 [8] If (U,
R
(X)) is a nano topological space with respect to X where X U and if A U, then
The nano interior of the set A is defined as the union of all nano open subsets contained in A and is
denoted by NInt(A). NInt(A) is the largest nano open subset of A.
The nano closure of the set A is defined as the intersection of all nano closed sets containing A and is
denoted by NCl(A). NCl(A) is the smallest nano closed set containing A.
Definition: 2.14 [8] Let (U,
R
(X)) be a nano topological space and A U. Then A is said to be
Nano semi open if ANCl[NInt(A)]
Nano semi closed if NInt [NCl (A)] A
Nano pre open if A NInt [NCl (A)]
Nano open if ANInt[NCl(NInt(A))].
Nano closed if Ncl[NInt(Ncl(A))]A.
NSO(U,X), NSF(U,X), NPO(U,X) and
R

(X) respectively denote the families of all nano semiopen, nano semi
closed,nano pre-open and nano open subsets of U.
Definition: 2.15 [3] A subset A of (U,
R
(X)) is called nano generalized closed set (briefly Ng closed) if
Ncl(A) V whenever A V and V is nano open in (U,
R
(X)).
Result: 2.16 [3] Every nano closed set is nano generalized closed set.
120 K. Bhuvaneswari & A. Ezhilarasi

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
Definition: 2.17 [4] Let (U,
R
(X)) be a nano topological space and A U. Then A is said to be
Nano generalized - closed set if Ncl(A)V, whenever AV, V is nano open in U.
Nano generalized closed set if Ncl(A)V,whenever AV, V is nano open in U.
3. FORMS OF NANO SEMI-GENERALIZED CLOSED SETS AND NANO GENERALIZED- SEMI
CLOSED SETS
Throughout this paper, (U,
R
(X)) is a nano topological space with respect to X where X U,
R is an equivalence relation on U. Then U/R denotes the family of equivalence classes of U by R.
In this section,we define and study the forms of nano semi-generalized closed sets and nano generalized semi
closed sets.
Definition: 3.1 If (U,
R
(X)) is a nano topological space with respect to X where X U and if A U, then
(i)The nano semi-closure of A is defined as the intersection of all nano semi closed sets containing A and it is
denoted by Nscl(A). Nscl(A) is the smallest nano semi closed set containing A.
(ii)The nano semi interior of A is defined as the union of all nano semi open subsets of A contained in A and it is
denoted by NsInt(A). NsInt(A) is the largest nano semi open subset of A.
Theorem: 3.2 Every nano closed set is a nano semi closed set.
Proof: Let A be a nano closed set.Then we have Ncl(A) = A. We have to prove that NInt(Ncl(A)) A which
implies that A is a nano semi closed set. NInt(Ncl(A)) = N Int(A) A. Hence A is a nano semi closed set. Also every nano
open set is nano semi open set.
Example: 3.3
Let U = {a, b, c, d} with U/R = {{a}, {c}, {b, d}} and X = {a, b}.
Then
R
(X) = {U, , {a}, {a, b, d}, {b, d}} which are open sets.
The nano closed sets = {U, , {b, c, d}, {c}, {a, c}}.
The nano semi closed sets = {, U,{b, c, d},{b, d},{c},{a}}.
Let A = {a,c} be a nano closed set.
Ncl (A) =U {a, c} = {a, c}.
NInt (Ncl(A)) = {a} which implies NInt(Ncl(A)) A.
Hence every nano closed set is a nano semi closed set.
Remark: 3.4 The converse of the above theorem is not true. In the example (3.3), {a} and {b, d} are nano semi
closed sets but are not nano closed sets.
Definition: 3.5 A subset A of (U,
R
(X)) is called nano semi- generalized closed set (briefly Nsg-closed) if
Nscl(A) V whenever A V and V is nano semi open in (U,
R
(X)).
On Nano Semi-Generalised and Nano Generalised - Semi Closed Sets in Nano Topological Spaces 121


www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
Definition: 3.6 A subset A of (U,
R
(X)) is called nano generalized-semi closed set (briefly Ngs closed) if
Nscl(A) V whenever A V and V is nano open in (U,
R
(X)).
Example: 3.7
Let U = {a,b,c,d} with U/R = { {a}, {c}, {b, d}} and X = {a, b}.
Then
R
(X) = {U, , {a}, {a, b, d}, {b, d}} which are open sets.
The nano closed sets = {U, , {b, c, d}, {c}, {a, c}}.
The nano semi closed sets = {, U, {b, c, d}, {b, d}, {c}, {a}}.
The nano semi open sets = {U, , {a},{b, c, d}, {a, b, d}, {a, c} }.
The nano semi- generalized open sets are
{U,,{a},{b},{d},{a, b},{a, c},{a, d},{a, b, c},{a, b, d},{a, c, d},{b, c,. d} }
The nano semi- generalized closed sets are
{ , U,{a},{b},{c},{d},{b, c},{b, d},{c, d},{a, b, c},{a, c, d},{b, c,. d} }
The nano generalized- semi open sets are
{U,,{a},{b},{d},{a, b},{a, c},{b, d},{a, d},{a, b, c},{a, b, d},{a, c, d},{b, c,. d}}
The nano generalized- semi closed sets are
{,U,{a},{b},{c},{d},{a, c},{b, c},{b, d},{c, d},{a, b, c},{a, c, d},{b, c,. d}}
Note: 3.8 Every nano semi-generalized closed set is a nano generalized-semi closed set. In the example (3.7), all
nano semi generalized closed sets are nano generalized-semi closed sets. The converse of the above theorem need not be
true.
Note: 3.9 In the example (3.7), let A = {a} V, V= {a, b, c, d}, V is nano open. Ncl(A) = {a, c} V.
Now Nscl(A) = {a} Ncl(A). If Ncl(A) V, then Nscl(A)Ncl(A).
Theorem: 3.10 Every nano generalized closed set is nano generalized- semi closed set.
Proof: Let A be a nano generalized closed set. Then Ncl(A) V whenever A V and V is nano open in U.
But Nscl(A) Ncl(A) whenever AV, V is nano open in U. Now we have Nscl(A)V, AV, V is nano open in U.
Hence A is nano generalized- semi closed set.
Remark: 3.11 The converse of the above theorem is not true in general. In the example (3.7), let A = {a},
V= {a, b, d} whenever A V, V is nano open. Now Nscl(A) = {a} V. Hence A= {a} is nano generalized- semi closed
set. But Ncl(A) = {a,c}V. Hence the subset A= {a} is not nano generalized closed set. Hence every nano
generalized semi closed set need not be a nano generalized closed set.
Theorem: 3.12 Every nano closed set is a nano generalized- semi closed set.
122 K. Bhuvaneswari & A. Ezhilarasi

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
Proof: Let A be a nano closed set of U and A V, V is nano open in U. Since A is nano closed, Ncl(A) = A.
So, A V and Ncl(A) =A imply Ncl(A) V. Also, Nscl(A) Ncl(A) implies Nscl(A) V, AV,V is nano open in U.
Therefore, A is a nano generalized- semi closed set.
Theorem: 3.13 Every nano closed set is a nano semi generalized closed set.
Proof: Let A be a nano closed set of U and AV,V is nano semi open in U. Since A is nano closed, Ncl(A) = A.
So, A V and Ncl(A) =A imply Ncl(A)V. Also, Nscl(A) Ncl(A) implies Nscl(A) V, AV, V is nano semi open in
U.Therefore, A is a nano semi generalized closed set.
Theorem: 3.14 Every nano semi closed set is nano generalized-semi closed set.
Proof: Let U = {a, b, c, d} with U/R = {{a}, {c}, {b, d}} and X = {a, b}.

R
(X) = { U,, {a}, {a, b, d}, {b, d}} which are open sets.
The nano closed sets = {U, , {b, c, d}, {c}, {a, c}}.
The nano semi closed sets = {, U, {b, c, d},{b, d},{c},{a}}.
The nano generalized-semi closed sets are
{,U,{a},{b},{c},{d},{a,c},{b,c},{b,d},{c,d},{a,b,c},{a,c,d},{b,c,.d}}
So, every nano semi closed set is nano generalized-semi closed set.
Remark: 3.15 The converse of the above theorem need not be true. In the example (3.7), let A = {a, b, c} be a
nano generalized- semi closed set. Here Nscl(A) V whenever A V, V is nano open in U. Hence A= {a, b, c} U is a
nano generalized- semi closed set. Now Ncl(A) = U and NInt (Ncl(A)) =U A which implies that the set A = {a, b, c} is
not a nano semi closed set.
Theorem: 3.16 Every nano semi closed set is a nano semi-generalized closed set.
Proof: In the example (3.7), Nano semi closed sets are {, U, {b, c, d}, {b, d}, {c}, {a}}.
Nano semi- generalized closed sets are
{ , U,{a},{b},{c},{d},{b, c},{b, d},{c, d},{a, b, c},{a, c, d},{b, c,. d} }.
Hence every nano semi closed set is a nano semi-generalized closed set.
Remark: 3.17 The converse of the above theorem need not be true. In the example (3.7), let
A = {a, b, c} U. Here Nscl(A) V, AV, V is nano semi open set in U. Hence A is nano semi-generalized
closed set. Now Ncl(A)=U and NInt(Ncl(A))=U A which implies that the set A is not a nano semi closed set.
Theorem: 3.18 Every nano generalized closed set is a nano generalized-semi closed set.
Proof: Let A be a nano generalized closed set and A V; V is nano open in U. We have Ncl(A)V. Also for
AV, V is nano open, we have Nscl(A) Ncl(A). Then Nscl(A) V as Ncl(A)V. Hence Nscl(A) V whenever
AV, V is nano open. So A is nano generalized-semi closed set.
On Nano Semi-Generalised and Nano Generalised - Semi Closed Sets in Nano Topological Spaces 123


www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
Theorem: 3.19 The union of two nano semi-generalized closed sets in (U,
R
(X)) is also a nano semi-generalized
closed set in (U,
R
(X)).
Proof: Let A and B be two nano semi-generalized closed sets in
(U,
R
(X)). Let V be a nano semi open set in U such that AV and BV. Then we have AB V. As A and B
are nano semi generalized closed sets in (U,
R
(X)), Nscl(A) V and Nscl(B)V. Now Nscl(AB) = Nscl(A)Nscl(B)
V. Thus we have Nscl(AB) V whenever AB V, V is nano semi open set in (U,
R
(X)) which implies AB is a
nano semi-generalized closed set in (U,
R
(X)).
Theorem: 3.20 The union of two nano generalized- semi closed sets in (U,
R
(X)) is also a nano
generalized- semi closed set in (U,
R
(X)).
Proof: Let A and B be two nano generalized- semi closed sets in
(U,
R
(X)). Let V be a nano open set in U such that AV and BV. Then we have ABV. As A and B are
nano generalized semi closed sets in (U,
R
(X)), Nscl(A) V and Nscl(B)V. Now Nscl(AB) = Nscl(A)Nscl(B) V.
Thus we have Nscl(AB) V whenever ABV, V is nano open set in (U,
R
(X)) which implies AB is a nano
generalized- semi closed set in (U,
R
(X)).
Theorem: 3.21 Let A be a nano generalized semi closed subset of (U,
R
(X)). If ABNscl(A), then B is also a
nano generalized semi closed subset of (U,
R
(X)).
Proof: Let V be a nano open set of a nano generalized semi closed subset of
R
(X) such that B V. As A B,
we have A V. As A is a nano generalized-semi closed set, Nscl(A) V. Given B Nscl(A), we have
Nscl(B) Nscl(A). As Nscl(B) Nscl(A) and Nscl(A) V, we have Nscl(B)V whenever BV and V is nano open.
Hence B is also a nano generalized semi closed subset of
R
(X).
REFERENCES
1. S.P. Arya, and T. Nour, (1990), Characterizations of s Normal Spaces, Indian J. Pure Appl.Math., vol.21,
Pp.717-719.
2. P. Bhattacharyya, and B.K. Lahiri, (1987), Semi Generalized Closed Sets in Topology, Indian J. Pure Appl.Math.,
vol.29, Pp.375-382.
3. K. Bhuvaneswari, and K. Mythili Gnanapriya, Nano Generalized Closed sets in Nano Topological spaces,
(communicated).
4. K. Bhuvaneswari, and R. Thanga Nachiyar, On Nano generalized Closed sets in Nano Topological Spaces
(communicated).
5. N. Biswas, On Characterizations of semi continuous Functions, Atti.Accad.Naz.Lincei.Rend.Cl.Sci.Fis.Mat.Natur.
(8)48, (1970), 399-402.
6. R. Devi, H. Maki, and K. Balachandran,(1993), Semi -Generalized Closed Maps and Generalized Semi Closed
Maps, Mem.Fac.Sci.Kochi Univ., (Maths), vol.14,Pp.41-54.
7. M. Lellis Thivagar, and Carmel Richard, Note on Nanotopological Spaces (communicated).
124 K. Bhuvaneswari & A. Ezhilarasi

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
8. M. Lellis Thivagar, and Carmel Richard, On Nano forms of weakly open sets, International Journal of
Mathematics and Statistics Invention, Volume I Issue 1, August 2013, Pp.31 -37.
9. N. Levine, (1963), Semi open sets and Semi continuity in Topological Spaces, Amer.Math. Monthly, vol.70,
Pp.36-41.
10. N. Levine, (1970), Generalized closed sets in Topological Spaces, Rend.Circ.Mat.Palermo, vol.19, Pp.89-96