Solution of Machine Design

Problem #M
1c
: A 1-12 UNF steel bolt of SAE grade 5 is under direct shear
loading. he coefficient of friction bet!een "ating surfaces is #.$.
he bolt is tightened to its full %roof strength. ensile area is #.&&' in
2
(roof strength is )5 *%si+ and ,ield strength is -2 *%si
a. /hat shear force !ould the friction carr,0
b. /hat shear load can the bolt !ithstand !1o ,ielding if the friction
bet!een cla"%ed "e"bers is co"%letel, lost0 2ase the calculation
on the thread root area.
Data for this bolt3
At4#.&&' in
2
S%4)5### %si S,4-2### %si
he initial load in the bolt is3
Fi4AtS%4.&&'5)5###.45&'55 lbs
he friction force
Ff4Fi 4 #.$55&'55.4225$2 lbs
he direct shear stress force !1o ,ielding is3
Fs 4 2At5S,s.42At5#.5)S,.425#.&&'.5#.5).5-2###.46#6$# lbs
7f the bolt is sub8ect to shear in the shan* area+ then use the larger shan* area.
Problem #M3
Assu"ing a rigid brac*et+ the to% bolts elongate or strain ' ti"es "ore than the lo!er
bolts. a*ing "o"ents about the %i9ot %oint !e get3
he load %er bolt is half of this a"ount or )1## lbs. 7ncor%orating a factor of safet, of $+
the design load %er bolt is $5)1##.4'2$## lbs. he re:uired tensile area for each bolt is3
he a%%ro%riate bolt is a ;rade ) < = >1# UN?
Problem #M4
lbs F
F
F
d F D F L F
T
B
T
B T
1&2##
. $ 5
'
. 12 5 . $# 5 5$##
. 5 . 5 @
=
+ =
+ =
2
26 . #
12####
'2$##
in
S
F
A
p
t
= = =
he bolts are A-1'UN?. he distance bet!een bolts is 1.25. he load is
26## lbs and B4). Find the shear stress on each bolt.
he torsional shear force 5balancing the force cou%le. is3
he direct shear stress
he total force is3
he shear stress in each bolt using the shan* dia"eter is3
B
lbs
d
PL
F )&$#
. 25 . 1 5 2
. ) 5 26###
2
1
= = =
lbs
F
F -##
'
2
= =
lbs F F F )&)&
2
2
2
1
= + =
psi
A
F
$$2'6
. 5 5.
$
)&)&
2
= = =

Exercise # M1 : A pair of spur gears with a pitch of 6 are in

mesh. The pinion has 18 teeth and rotates at 1800 rpm
transmitting 0.5 Hp. Both gears have 20-degree
pressure anges. The num!er of teeth on the gear is "6.
#etermine the radia and tangentia forces on the pinion.
lbs F and V
nd
V and
V
hp
F
t
t
6 . 11
6 . 1$1'
. 5 5. ''###
6 . 1$1'
12
' . 1)## 5
12
. 5 ''###
= = = =
= =

The radia force is$

lbs F F
t r
25 . $ . 2# tan5 @ 6 . 11 . 2# tan5 = = =
Exercise # M2: A pair of heica gears transmit 15 %& power
and the pinion is rotating at 1000 rpm. The hei' ange
is 0.50 radians and the norma pressure ange is 0."5
radians. The pitch diameter of the pinion is (0 mm and
the pitch diameter of the gear is 210 mm. #etermine
the tangentia) radia) and a'ia forces !etween the gear
teeth. *Answers$ +0,2) 1(02) 22"6 -ewtons.
he tangential load is deter"ined fro" the %o!er relationshi%. he relationshi% in S7
units uses the dri9ing tor:ue3
m N
n
W
T = = = 2' . 1$'
1###
. 15 5 -5$- -5$-

!here the %o!er is in C!. he tangential load creating this tor:ue is3
N
d
T
F
t
$#-2
#'5 . #
2' . 1$'
2
= = =
he radial and aDial forces are3
N F F
N F F
t a
t r
22'5 . 5 tan5. $#-2 . tan5
16#2 . '-$ . # tan5 $#-2 . tan5
= = =
= = =

Note that3
rad
n
'-$ . # $1& .
. 5 . # cos5
. '5 . # tan5
. cos5
. tan5
. tan5 = = = =

Exercise #M33 A %air of straight-tooth be9el gears 5as sho!n in the figure abo9e. are in
"esh trans"itting '5 h% at 1### r%" 5%inion s%eed.. he gear rotates at $## r%". he
gear s,ste" has a %itch of & and a 2#-degree %ressure angle. he face !idth is 2 inches
and the %inion has '& teeth. Deter"ine the tangential+ radial+ and aDial forces acting on
the %inion. Ans!ers 5)'- lbs+ 2)' lbs+ 11' lbs..
Fro" the gear geo"etric infor"ation3
in d and in
P
N
d
g
p
p
15 &
&
'&
= = = =
he %itch cone angle can be obtained fro" the ratio of %itch dia"eters.
. deg ) . 21 $ . # .
15
&
5 tan tan
1 1
= = = =

p
g
p
p
d
d

Fro" geo"etr,+ the a9erage dia"eter of the %inion is3
in b d d
p p avg p
2& . 5 . ) . 21 sin5 2 & . sin5
+
= = =
he %inionEs a9erage %itch-line 9elocit, is3
"in 1 1'66
12
. 1### .5 2& . 5 5
12
ft
dn
V
avg
= = =

No! !e can find the tangential force 3
lbs
V
W
F
avg
t
)'-
1'66
. '5 5 ''### ''###
= = =

he aDial and radial forces are3
lbs F F
lbs F F
t a
t r
11' . ) . 21 sin5 . 2# tan5 )'- . sin5 . tan5
2)' . ) . 21 cos5 . 2# tan5 )'- . tan5 . tan5
= = =
= = =


Exercise #M4: A !or" gear reducer is dri9en b, a 12## r%" "otor. he !or" has '
threads and the gear has $5 teeth. he circular %itch of the gear is %4#.5+ the center
distance is $.5 inches+ the nor"al %ressure angle is 2# degrees+ and face-!idth of the gear
is b41 inch. Use a coefficient of sliding friction of #.#2-. Deter"ine3
a. ;ear and !or" dia"eters+ and !or" Bead. 56.1&+ 1.)$+ 1.5 in.
b. he !or" gear efficienc, 5)).&F.
c. 7s the unit self-loc*ing 5No.
he gear %itch dia"eter can be found fro" the nu"ber of teeth and its circular %itch3
d
d
a9g
b

1& . 6
. 5 5. $5
= = =

p N
d
g
g
he %itch dia"eter of the !or" can be obtained fro" the center distance and the %itch
dia"eter of the gear3
in d c d
g w
)$ . 1 1& . 6 . 5 . $ 5 2 2 = = =
he lead is the nu"ber of threads in the !or" ti"es the !or"Es aDial %itch !hich is the
sa"e as the gearEs circular %itch3
in N p L
W a
5 . 1 . ' 5 5 . # = = =
he gear efficienc, can be obtained *no!ing the sliding friction as !ell as the nor"al
%ressure angle and the lead angle of the !or". he lead angle of the !or" is3
deg 5 . 1$ 2& . #
. )$ . 1 5
5 . 1
. tan5 = = = =

w
d
L
he efficienc,3
F & . ))
))& . #
. 5 . 1$ cot5 #2- . # . 2# cos5
. 5 . 1$ tan5 #2- . # . 2# cos5
. cot5 . cos5
. tan5 . cos5
=
=
+

=
+

=
e
f
f
e
n
n


he gear set is o9erhauling 5re9ersible. because the friction coefficient f4#.#2- is less
than that re:uired for loc*ing !hich is3
2$ . # . 5 . 1$ cos5 . 2# cos5 . tan5 . cos5 = =
n
Problem M #73 A 1#-!ide flat belt is used !ith a dri9ing %ulle, of dia"eter 1& and a
dri9en %ulle, of ri" dia"eter '& in an o%en configuration. he center distance bet!een
the t!o %ulle,s is 15 feet. he friction coefficient bet!een the belt and the %ulle, is #.)#.
he belt s%eed is re:uired to be '&## ft1"in. he belts are initiall, tensioned to 5$$ lbs.
Deter"ine the follo!ing. 5ans!ers are in %arentheses.3
2elt engage"ent angle on the s"aller %ulle, 5'.#' radians..
Force in belt in the tight side 8ust before sli%%age. 51### lbs..
MaDi"u" trans"itted G%. 5--.$ h%.
he engage"ent angle is3
rad
C
d D
d
#' . ' .
. 12 .5 15 5 2
1& '&
5 sin 2 .
2
5 sin 2
1 1
=

=


At the 9erge of sli%%age3
2 1
. #' . ' 5 ) . #
2
1
' . 11 F F e e
F
F
d
= = =

Also3
lbs F and lbs F F F F
i
)) 1### . 5$$ 5 2 2
2 1 2 1
= = = = +
he trans"itted G% is3
hp
V F F
HP 5 . --
''###
. '&## .5 )) 1### 5
''###
. 5
2 1
=

=
Problem #M
8
;i9en3 A "ulti-%late dis* clutch
d4#.5
D4&
(
"aD
41## %si
?oefficient of friction4#.1
(o!er trans"itted4 15 h% at 15## r%"
Find3 Nu"ber of friction surfaces
He:uired or:ue ?a%acit, for unifor" !ear
in lb
n
hp
T = = = &'#
15##
. 15 5 &'### &'###
or:ue ca%acit, %er surface
lb in d D
d fp
T
a
= = = 2 . 6# . 5 . # & 5
)
. 5 .5. 1## .5 1 5.
. 5
)
2 2 2 2

he re:uired nu"ber of surfaces is &'#16#.2 !hich is a%%roDi"atel, -
surfaces.
For unifor" %ressure bra*e %ads 5!hen the, are ne!.3
lb in d D
fp
T
a
= = = 5&5 . 5 . & 5
12
. 1## .5 1 5.
. 5
12
' ' ' '

Inl, t!o surfaces are needed for constant %ressure %ads.
Problem #M
9
: A bra*e !ith bra*ing tor:ue ca%acit, of 2'# ft-lb brings a
rotational inertia 71 to rest fro" 1)## r%" in ) seconds. Deter"ine the
rotational inertia. Also+ deter"ine the energ, dissi%ated b, the bra*e.
Solution hints3
?on9ert r%" to rad1sec3
1
4 1)) rad1sec
Note that
2
4#
Find the ratio 57
1
7
2
17
1
J7
2
. using ti"e and tor:ue4K-.6-
Note that 72 is infinitel, large 4K 714-.6- slugs-ft
Find energ, fro" e:uation4K16'### ft-lb
s rad 1 5 . 1)) .
&#
2
5 1)## = =

he ti"e to sto% is3

6& . - .
2'#
1
.5 # 5 . 1)) 5 )
. 5
. 5
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
=
+
=
+

=


T

t

Since 7
2
KK7
1
+ !e conclude3 7
1
4-.6& slugs-ft
2
he energ, is3
BT! "
lb ft


"
& . 1)
16''-6 . # 5 . 1)) 5
2
6& . -
. 5 2
. 5
2
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
=
= =
+

=

Example #M
10
: ?onsider a helical co"%ression s%ring !ith the follo!ing infor"ation
5not all are necessaril, needed.3
Ends3 S:uared and ground
S%ring is not %reset
Material3 Music !ire 5steel. !ith S
ut
42)' *si
d4.#55 inches and D4#.$) inches
B
f
41.'& inches and N
t
41#
Find the follo!ing. Ans!ers are gi9en in %arentheses.
S%ring constant+ C 51$.)6 lb1in.
Bength at "ini"u" !or*ing load of 5 lbs 51.#2.
Bength at "aDi"u" load of 1# lbs 5#.&-.
Solid length 5#.55.
Boad corres%onding to solid length 512.#$ lbs.
?lash allo!ance 5#.1'6.
Shear stress at solid length 566&6& %si.
Surge fre:uenc, of the s%ring 5$15 GL.
he s%ring constant and 9arious lengths3
lbs F
F
L L
d N L
L L
L L
in lb
e
N D
# d
$
s%lid
s%lid
Fs%lid f s%lid
t s%lid
F f W
F f W
#$ . 12
)6 . 1$
'& . 1 55 . #
M 55 . # . #55 . # 5 1#
M &)6 . #
)6 . 1$
1#
'& . 1
M #2 . 1
)6 . 1$
5
'& . 1
1 )6 . 1$
. 2 1# 5 . $) . # 5 )
. & 5 . 11 5 . #55 5.
)
"aD "aD +
"in "in +
'
$
'
$
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
=

= =

?lash allo!ance3
M 1'6 . # 55 . &)6 . #
"aD +
= = =
s%lid w
L L CA
Stresses
#56 . 1
2
1
1
-'$-&
. #55 5.
. $) . # .5 #$ . 12 5 )
#56 . 1
)
' '
= + =
= = =
C
$
psi
d
FD
$
s
s

he surge fre:uenc, is3

H&
ND
d
f
H'
ND
d
f
n
n
$15
. $) . # 5 )
. #55 . # 5 1'-## 1'-##
1'-##
2 2
2
= = =
=
Problem #M12
A%%lication Bife
BD 4 5###5&#.5$)#. 4 1$$# "illion c,cles
7f the reliabilit, !as different than -#F+ !e di9ide the a%%lication life b, the reliabilit,
factor. 2ut this %roble" onl, as*s for -#F reliabilit,.
A%%lication Boad
FD 4 51.$.5&1#.5$.$5. 4 ')## N
Note that one %ound is $.$5 Ne!tons.
Using the Bife-Boad relationshi% !ith a%%lication condition on one side and catalog
conditions on the other !e get3
''' .
1#
''' . #
. 1###### 5 C L F
D D
=
he catalog life rating is based on 1"illion c,cles. herefore the e:ui9alent ca%acit, for
increased life is3
N C $2-## . 1$$# 5 ')##
''' .
1#
= =
Problem # M13
Ma8or dia"eter
in
p
d d
m
125 . 1
2
25 . #
1
2
= + = + =
or:ue re:uired to lift the load
2 2
c c
m
m m
(
d Ff
fL d
fd L Fd
T +

+
=

/ith
lb in T
(
= +

+
= 2#&-
2
. 5 . 1 .5 1 . # 5 125###
. 25 .5. 1 . # 5 . 1 5
. 1 .5 1 . # 5 #25 .
2
. 1 5 125##

Mini"u" friction for self-loc*ing

#) . #
. 1 5
25 . #
= = =

m
d
L
f
he scre! is self-loc*ing. he efficienc,3
2$ . #
. 2#6# 5 2
. 25 . # 5 125##
2
= = =

(
T
FL
e