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You are here: Home / Bearing Capacity Theories / Prandtl s Theory on Bearing Capacity Analysis | Failure
Mechanism
Prandtls Theory on Bearing
Capacity Analysis | Failure
Mechanism
Prandtl 1920 developed an equation based on his study of penetration of long hard metal puncher into
softer materials for computing the ultimate bearing capacity. He made the following assumptions for
the derivation.
The material is softer,
homogeneous and isotropic.
The material is weightless and
possesses only friction and
cohesion.
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The problem is two dimensional
The base of the puncher is smooth.
The material behaves as a rigid
body.
The volume change will be Zero.
The resulting deformation will be a
plastic deformation.
Failure mechanism The mechanisms of failure of soil under plastic equilibrium
are:
1. Failure occurs along definite slip surfaces and symmetrical with respect to the
centerline of the puncher or footing in the case of soil for symmetrical vertical
loading.
2. Under ultimate load Q
ult
acting on the footing of width B as shown in Fig(a), a
triangular wedge of soil abc is formed below the footing and pushed down as a
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rigid body. The stresses acting on abc will be in active stage.
3. Due to gradual downward push of the wedge abc, the soil mass on its left and right will be pushed
outward and upward. The failure takes place along the slip surfaces bcde and acfg. These
surfaces comprise triangular wedges bde and afg, and sectors bcd and acf.
4. The mass of soil will be in a plastic state above `the failure surface gfcde and in elastic state
below the surface.
5. The failure surfaces can be divided into three Zones I to III as Shown in the Fig.(a). Zone I will be
in active state, Zone II in radial shear and Zone III in plastic state.
6. The lower boundaries of zone II are parts of logarithmic spirals with their poles coinciding with
the corresponding edge of the footing. The straight lines de and fg are tangential to spirals at
points d and f respectively and meet the horizontal surface at angles of (45
0
/2)

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