THE ENNEAGRAM

INTRODUCTION

The Enneagram is one of the newest personality systems in use, and emphasizes psychological
motivations. Its earliest origins are not completely clear - the circular symbol may have originated in
ancient Sufi traditions, and was used by the esoteric teacher George Gurdjieff (1866-1949). However, it is
most likely that neither the Sufis nor Gurdjieff taught a system of personality types. The modern version of
the Enneagram personalies emerged in the 20th century, from Oscar Ichazo who was a student of Gurdjieff,
but whose personality system stands apart from Gurdjieff's teachings. Ichazo taught his system to many
pupils in Arica, Chile, of whom Claudio Naranjo is the most prominent. In the last few decades, the
system has undergone further change, incorporating modern psychological ideas in the writings of Naranjo,
Helen Palmer, Kathy Hurley/Theodorre Donsson, and Don Riso/Russ Hudson.

The Enneagram is mainly a diagnostic tool of one's emotional outlook on life. It will not cure one's
problems, but may help point out their underlying fixations. It is also useful as a guide to how other people
see the world differently. The Enneagram has become particularly popular within the self-help and
personal growth movements, but other professions use it as well, including therapists, teachers,
psychologists, managers, and businesspeople.
The nine points on the circumference are also connected with each other by the inner lines of the
Enneagram. These points Three, Six, and Nine form an equilateral triangle. The remaining six points are
connected in the following order: One connects with Four, Four with Two, Two with Eight, Eight with
Five, Five with Seven, and Seven with One. These six points form an irregular hexagram
 1. The reformer - The aggressive ideal-seeker
The underlying motivation of the 1 is to be RIGHT, and to avoid being WRONG. Reformers are
the most compulsively rational of the types, and the perfectionist is another name for this type. Average 1s
are driven by their "inner critic", an inner set of standards that tends to be quite rigorous, and independent
of what other people tell them. Hence, the average 1s are self-critical, and also critical of others when they
expect the same high standards of others that they have imposed on themselves. 1s get much of their
energy from anger, and at best, this energy is channeled into discipline, organization, a strong work ethic
and a love of fairness, justice, and truth. At worst, they become rigid in their thinking, psychologically
trapped by their own rules and principles and becoming self-righteous in a way that, although logically
correct, is not helpful to themselves or others.
1s like to confront problems head-on, but this proactive energy may not always be immediately
apparent to others. Introverted 1s may be extremely prim and proper, even rigid, because they turn their
energies inward against their own impulses and spontaneity. However, other 1s can project considerable
energy, even becoming abrasive, if their passions turn toward ideals, such as social justice, that involve the
world as a whole.
Famous ones: Hillary Clinton, Ralph Nader, Judith Martin (Ms Manners), Martha Stewart, Confucious,
Aristotle, Queen Elizabeth II.
2. The helper. The embracing power-seeker
Helpers focus their lives on giving and receiving love. This personality is one of the most
emotionally expressive, and one of the most focused on human relationships. At their best, healthy 2s
bring a special interpersonal touch to almost everything they do, empowering others with their unrivaled
desire to make others feel special, important, and loved for simply being themselves. It is uncommon
(though not impossible) to find a 2 in high-profile leadership positions, or in a job that emphasizes analysis
at the expense of human interaction.
Highly nurturing at their best, less healthy 2s show a darker side of their personality. When unhealthy 2s
help others, it is merely to make themselves feel more important. They may offer "help" that seems
intrusive and manipulative to others, or may do a "favor", only to subsequently ask repayment. Average
twos are often attracted toward two seemingly opposite kinds of people: toward people with power, whose
agenda they can support, and towards the needy and the outcast, who most urgently need the 2's caring
spirit.
Famous personalities are: Fred Rogers ("Mr. Rogers"), Princess Diana, Mother Teresa, Bill Cosby
Famous 2w3s: Kathie Lee Gifford
3. The motivators. The aggressive approval-seeker
Being admired is very important to 3s - they are competitive, and place great value on winning and looking
good while doing it. Publicly, 3s project high self-esteem, driving relentlessly toward their career and life
goals. But the average 3's craving for external approval may degenerate into superficial and image-
conscious behavior, as they work hard to look impressive while neglecting genuine achievement. Despite
the high self-esteem they project to others, 3s may privately feel insecure about their self-worth, being as it
is so dependent on what others say about them. 3s have an unusually strong inner contradiction; they
project qualities of leaders: drive, energy, and success, and yet their definition of success is unusually
dependent on the values of the society they belong to. Hence, they are simultaneously leaders and
followers.
Healthy 3s often have a "cool" attitude to go along with their accomplishments - they know what is "hot"
and what is not, and for better or worse, this contributes to the 3's reputation for being excellent salesmen
who can win over the most reluctant audience. Because they place high value on affirmation from others,
they may be very adept at reading subtle cues in others, using this information to quickly tailor their
message to their audience. However, unhealthy 3s are notorious for being phony and self-promoting.
Extroverted 3s can be charming smooth talkers, using their networking skills to augment their image and
their career, which may be closely linked. More introverted threes may instead strut their stuff through
competence and skillful performance rather than showmanship.
Famous personalities are: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Brooke Shields, Britney Spears, Katie Couric
Famous 3w4s: Jimmy Carter, O.J. Simpson, Regis Philbin, Tom Cruise, Joe Montana, Christopher Reeves,
Tony Blair
4. The romantic. The withdrawn ideal-seeker
4s seek to understand themselves. They may probe their own emotions to an unusual depth, seeking
authenticity of feeling and self-expression. They don't settle for the ordinary or shallow, and are disturbed
that most everyone around them does. The importance they attach to their inner feelings makes them
highly individualistic and original. 4s are unusually self-aware, sensitive, and intuitive, sometimes
painfully so, and often with an intense interest in emotional and spiritual growth. Because of this
emotional awareness, 4s can show kindness at a very deep level (especially to those in crisis), but also
know how to rile people up.
The 4's inward focus gives them an intense need for authentic personal self-expression. This may include
conventional art-forms such as writing, and music, or unconventional forms such as tattoos and body
piercing. The 4 has a romantic streak, and their relationships often occur at unusually high intensity. At
best, this can be deeply transformative to both persons. At worst, this intensity may cause a trail of broken
relationships, as the 4 continually seeks the intensity of new romances.
The 4's search for authenticity makes many 4s refreshingly candid, sometimes with a sense of drama and a
sharp wit. However, they also have a self-indulgent streak. This self-indulgence typically turns inward,
and away from practical reality, which may gets them into trouble with money, health, or other real-world
issues. At worst, this may induce despair and brooding, accentuating the original problems and leading
into a downward spiral that can be extremely dramatic.
Famous personalities are: Calista Flockhart, Wynona Ryder, Dennis Rodman, Peter Tchaikovsky, Michael
Jackson
5. The thinker The withdrawn power-seeker

5s identify more strongly with their thoughts than any other personality. To others, 5s are known for their
sharp intellect, strong need for independence and privacy, and intensity of their cerebral interests. 5s are
intensely interested in explaining the world and predicting what it will do next. This derives partly from
scientific curiosity, and partly because they sense much of the world to be hostile and unreliable, requiring
that they use their minds to defend against its threats. The 5 is the prototypical scientist "type", although
not all 5s are scientists, and not all scientists are 5s. Whatever their profession, 5s bring a strong desire to
investigate, observe, and understand an issue deeply and provocatively. Fives are unusually independent
and self-motivated, with a strong need for privacy, and others sometimes have no idea what the five is
working on until it is finished and unveiled. Some of the greatest minds in history were fives whose ideas
challenged the conventional wisdom, forcing those around them to think differently.
Unfortunately, the average 5's independence often leads to social isolation, and the 5's need for intellectual
control can also be off-putting to others. Many 5s develop a cynical worldview, which sharpens their
perceptions but also intensifies their isolation. Their independence makes their thinking very idiosyncratic,
leading to either brilliance or weirdness, or both. As with all the types, healthy 5s can transcend this pitfall
of their personality, and 5s that do make this effort can become as brilliant in their social understanding as
in anything else.
Famous 5s are: William Rhenquist, Stephen Hawking, Francis Crick, Helen Keller, Wittgenstein, Arthur C.
Clarke

6. The loyalist The embracing approval-seeker

Average 6s place safety and trust above all else, making them among the most loyal of the Enneagram
personalities. Of course, each type's greatest strength is also their greatest weakness, and the 6s capacity
for loyalty can be devastating if they put their faith into something malicious or unreliable. A 6 that has
been "burned" by someone they trusted can become permanently wary of others, or of their own judgment.
They may react strongly to this betrayal, either retreating into fear or lashing out. 6s often seek safety in
groups of like-minded, trustworthy people, and among them they can be fun-loving, playful, and very good
company. But outside of such a protective environment, 6s feel less secure and more exposed, and more
beholden to their fears.
The average 6 is a somewhat difficult type for many other types to understand. The 6's thoughts can range
widely, often in strongly self-contradictory ways, which can lead to problems with indecision and doubt.
They simultaneously like people and fear the power others have over them. They value trust, but are afraid
of putting their trust into someone that will hurt them. They would like a strong authority to make them
feel safe, but often question the competence of these same authorities. 6s often develop good "bull-shit
detectors" because of their lifelong habit of reading between the lines of what people say. Because 6s are
both analytical and people-oriented, they may have very good insights into the motivations of others.
Despite their mental acuity, 6 are fearful about taking action on their own, and work better in teams where
a common goal and safety in numbers makes the 6 feel protected. Although 6s do not usually consider
themselves natural leaders, they can in fact be brilliant leaders when faced with an external threat or enemy
(even if the "enemy" is just a looming deadline).
6s are extremely loyal to those they trust, and may fight for them more strongly than they would for
themselves. Like the 2, who also orients their lives toward others, 6s can be unusually self-sacrificing,
perhaps even more so because they are unlikely to have the 2's confusion between helpfulness and self-
aggrandizement.

Famous 6s are: Al Gore, Mel Gibson, Harry Truman, Woody Allen, Andy Rooney, George H.W. Bush
(Senior)

7. The Enthusiast The embracing ideal-seeker

To an unusual degree, 7s live a life of action that is based on seeking experience, pursuing plans, dreams,
and visions. At best, this makes them extremely exuberant, multi-talented, diverse, curious, and
experienced, with a strong appreciation for beauty, style, and aesthetic flair. At best, 7s exude a youthful
spirit, viewing the world as a giant playground, but at worst, they may become childish with their need for
instant gratification.
In the extreme, 7s can go crazy with activity, juggling many different activities and plans in their heads at
the same time. They may seem unusually lucky, although in reality their "luck" happens because they are
unusually perceptive of opportunities and quick to grab them. 7s are unusually good problem solvers in a
pinch, improvising clever solutions out of whatever is at hand. Even though their work style seems rather
chaotic they are often extremely prolific and productive. Their improvisational ability makes some 7s quite
entertaining and comedic, but with a tendency to disappear when slower, boring tasks need to be done. 7s
are also called "generalists", because they can quickly master several areas of expertise, and cross-fertilize
between them. But they may also become dilettante, slow to finish or follow through. Healthy sevens also
have an egalitarian streak - spreading their own joy and stimulation to everyone around them. Less healthy
sevens often seem to be in a desperate battle against boredom, leading to breakdowns if boredom should
temporarily win out.
Famous 7s are: Richard Feynmann, Conan O'Brien, Warren Buffet
8. The confronter The aggressive power-seeker
8s come across as the toughest of the Enneagram personalities. At work, average eights can be assertive to
a fault - they like to speak their minds bluntly, make quick but forceful decisions, and respect others who
do the same. They demand and need a high degree of autonomy, and when they feel controlled by
authority, they often show an unmistakable defiant streak. They are often shrewd in using circumstances to
their material advantage. They do not like threats to their dominance, or people who hide information from
them, and may force confrontations with others to get the truth, however uncomfortable it may be. 8s like
to have the final say on things, but they may also give tremendous autonomy, within certain absolute limits,
to subordinates they trust, which others find very empowering. Eights may show a softer side at home,
where their strength is used not to dominate, but to protect. 8s are the prototypical "father figures", (even if
they are women). When eights are secure in their dominance, they may expand their caring side by
becoming magnanimous and generous. However, insecure 8s are the most tyrannical, destructive, and self-
serving types. Many historically great world leaders are 8s, but so are many ordinary people who project a
strong sense of being their own person, refusing to be used or led by others.
eights are energized by conflict. This ability helps them overcome obstacles that would crush a weaker
person. For better or worse, during periods of historical crisis, it is often an eight (or someone with a
strong eight wing), who comes to the forefront as a political or military leader.
Famous 8s: Joseph Stalin, Henry Kissinger, Mick Jagger, King Henry VIII, Muhammad Ali, Julius Caesar,
Vladimir Putin, Zhu Rongji
9. The mediator The withdrawn approval-seeker
9s come across as patient people who are good listeners, adaptable and accommodating to others. 9s have
an unusual ability to "go with the flow" of their surroundings, and a desire to be connected with their
surroundings. This ability is both their biggest strength and weakness; at best, 9s are very accepting and
supportive of others as they really are, but at worst 9s forget who they themselves are, passively agreeing
with others and afraid to assert their own desires. 9s learning the Enneagram may take a long time to
figure out their type because they identify more with others than with their own true selves.
The passivity of average 9s can make it hard for them to assert their needs or make decisions. 9s can have
a particularly hard time making painful decisions, like firing someone, because they also see the other
person's predicament, and hate to force confrontations. Average 9s may distract themselves from tough
problems with soothing but trivial tasks (e.g. web-surfing, aimless chatter). Inertia is in fact a chronic
problem for 9s, who often find it hard to get started on things. However, this inertia can also work to their
advantage, because once started 9s can make slow-but-steady progress, becoming surprisingly relentless in
their pursuits.
Famous 9s are : Bill Clinton, Carl Jung, Nelson Mandela, Warren Harding, Tiger Woods, Prince Charles,
Scottie Pippen, Kevin Nealon, Bob Costas,

The Centers
The Enneagram is a 3 x 3 arrangement of nine personality types in three Centers. There are three types in
the Instinctive Center, three in the Feeling Center, and three in the Thinking Center, as shown below. Each
Center consists of three personality types that have in common the assets and liabilities of that Center. For
example, personality type Four has unique strengths and liabilities involving its feelings, which is why it is
in the Feeling Center. Likewise, the Eight's assets and liabilities involve its relationship to its instinctual
drives, which is why it is in the Instinctive Center, and so forth for all nine personality types.
The inclusion of each type in its Center is not arbitrary. Each type results from a particular relationship
with a cluster of issues that characterize that Center. Most simply, these issues revolve around a powerful,
largely unconscious emotional response to the loss of contact with the core of the self. In the Instinctive
Center, the emotion is Anger or Rage. In the Feeling Center, the emotion is Shame, and in the Thinking
Center, it is Anxiety or Dread. Of course, all nine types contain all three of these emotions, but in each
Center, the personalities of the types are particularly affected by that Center's emotional theme.

The Dominant Emotion of each Center

Thus, each type has a particular way of coping with the dominant emotion of its Center. We can briefly see
what this means by examining each type, Center by Center. In the Instinctive Center, Eights act out their
anger and instinctual energies. In other words, when Eights feel anger building in them, they immediately
respond to it in some physical way, raising their voices, moving more forcefully. Others can clearly see that
Eights are angry because they give themselves permission to express their anger physically.
Nines deny their anger and instinctual energies as if to say, "What anger? I am not a person who gets
angry." Nines are the type most out of touch with their anger and instinctual energies, often feeling
threatened by them. Of course, Nines get angry like everyone else, but try to stay out of their darker
feelings by focusing on idealizations of their relationships and their world.
Ones attempt to control or repress their anger and instinctual energy. They feel that they must stay in
control of themselves, especially of their instinctual impulses and angry feelings at all times. They would
like to direct these energies according to the dictates of their highly developed inner critic (superego), the
source of their strictures on themselves and others.
In the Feeling Center, Twos attempt to control their shame by getting other people to like them and to think
of them as good people. They also want to convince themselves that they are good, loving people by
focusing on their positive feelings for others while repressing their negative feelings (such as anger and
resentment at not being appreciated enough). As long as Twos can get positive emotional responses from
others, they feel wanted and are able to control feelings of shame.
Threes try to deny their shame, and are potentially the most out of touch with underlying feelings of
inadequacy. Threes learn to cope with shame by trying to become what they believe a valuable, successful
person is like. Thus, Threes learn to perform well, to be acceptable, even outstanding and are often driven
relentlessly in their pursuit of success as a way of staving off feelings of shame and fears of failure.
Fours attempt to control their shame by focusing on how unique and special their particular talents,
feelings, and personal characteristics are. Fours highlight their individuality and creativity as a way of
dealing with their shameful feelings, although Fours are the type most likely to succumb to feelings of
inadequacy. Fours also manage their shame by cultivating a rich, romantic fantasy life in which they do not
have to deal with whatever in their life seems drab or uninteresting to them.
In the Thinking Center, Fives have anxiety about the outer world and about their capacity to cope with it.
Thus, they cope with their fear by withdrawing from the world. Fives become secretive, isolated loners
who use their minds to penetrate into the nature of the world. Fives hope that eventually, as they
understand reality on their own terms, they will be able to rejoin the world and participate in it, but they
never feel they know enough to participate with total confidence. Instead, they involve themselves with
increasingly complex inner worlds.
Sixes are the most anxious type, and the most out of touch with their own sense of inner knowing and
confidence. Unlike Fives, Sixes have trouble trusting their own minds, so they are constantly looking
outside themselves for something to make them feel sure of themselves. They might turn to philosophies,
beliefs, relationships, jobs, savings, authorities, or any combination of the above. But no matter how many
security structures they create, Sixes still feel doubtful and anxious. They may even begin to doubt the very
people and beliefs that they have turned to for reassurance. Sixes may also respond to their anxiety by
impulsively confronting it— defying their fear in the effort to be free of it.
Sevens have anxiety about their inner world. There are feelings of pain, loss, deprivation, and general
anxiety that Sevens would like to stay clear of as much as possible. To cope with these feelings, Sevens
keep their minds occupied with exciting possibilities and options— as long as they have something
stimulating to anticipate, Sevens feel that they can distract themselves from their fears. Sevens, in most
cases, do not stop merely at thinking about these options, however. As much as possible they attempt to
actually do as many of their options as they can. Thus, Sevens can be found staying on the go, pursuing one
experience after another, and keeping themselves entertained and engaged with their many ideas and
activities.
The Wing
No one is a pure personality type: everyone is a unique mixture of his or her basic type and usually one of
the two types adjacent to it on the circumference of the Enneagram. One of the two types adjacent to your
basic type is called your wing.
Your basic type dominates your overall personality, while the wing complements it and adds important,
sometimes contradictory, elements to your total personality. Your wing is the "second side" of your
personality, and it must be taken into consideration to better understand yourself or someone else. For
example, if you are a personality type Nine, you will have likely have either a One-wing or an Eight-wing,
and your personality as a whole can best be understood by considering the traits of the Nine as they
uniquely blend with the traits of either the One or the Eight.
There is disagreement among the various traditions of the Enneagram about whether individuals have one
or two wings. Strictly speaking, everyone has two wings—in the restricted sense that both of the types
adjacent to your basic type are operative in your personality since each person possesses the potentials of
all nine types. However, this is not what is usually meant by "having two wings," and proponents of the so-
called two-wing theory believe that both wings operate more or less equally in everyone's personality. (For
example, they believe that a Nine would have roughly equal amounts of his or her Eight and One wings.)
Observation of people leads us to conclude that while the two-wing theory applies to some individuals,
most people have a dominant wing. In the vast majority of people, while the so-called second wing always
remains operative to some degree, the dominant wing is far more important. (For example, Twos with
Three-wings are noticeably different from Twos with One-wings, and while Twos with Three-wings have a
One-wing, it is not nearly as important as the Three-wing.) It is therefore clearer to refer simply to a type's
"wing" as opposed to its "dominant wing," since the two terms represent the same concept.
The Levels of Development
The Levels of Development provide a framework for seeing how all of the different traits that comprise
each type fit into a large whole; they are a way of conceptualizing the underlying "skeletal" structure of
each type. Without the Levels, the types can seem to be an arbitrary collection of unrelated traits, with
contradictory behaviors and attitudes often part of the picture. But by understanding the Levels for each
type, one can see how all of the traits are interrelated—and how healthy traits can deteriorate into average
traits and possibly into unhealthy ones. As pioneering consciousness philosopher Ken Wilber has noted,
without the Levels, the Enneagram is reduced to a "horizontal" set of nine discrete categories. By including
the Levels, however, a "vertical" dimension is added that not only reflects the complexity of human nature,
but goes far in explaining many different, important elements within personality.
Further, with the Levels, a dynamic element is introduced that reflects the changing nature of the
personality patterns themselves. You have probably noticed that people change constantly—sometimes
they are clearer, more free, grounded, and emotionally available, while at other times they are more
anxious, resistant, reactive, emotionally volatile and less free. Understanding the Levels makes it clear that
when people change states within their personality, they are shifting within the spectrum of motivations,
traits, and defenses that make up their personality type.
To understand an individual accurately, it is necessary to perceive where the person lies along the
continuum of Levels of his or her type at a given time. In other words, one must assess whether a person is
in their healthy, average, or unhealthy range of functioning. This is important because, for example, two
people of the same personality type and wing will differ significantly if one is healthy and the other
unhealthy. (In relationships and in the business world, understanding this distinction is crucial.)
The continuum is comprised of nine internal Levels of Development—briefly, there are three Levels in the
healthy section, three Levels in the average section, and three Levels in the unhealthy section. It may help
you to think of the continuum of Levels as a photographer's gray scale which has gradations from pure
white to pure black with many shades of gray in between. On the continuum, the healthiest traits appear
first, at the top, so to speak. As we move down the continuum in a spiral pattern, we progressively pass
through each Level of Development marking a distinct shift in the personality's deterioration to the pure
black of psychological breakdown at the bottom. The continuum for each of the personality types can be
seen in the following diagram.
Level 1 The Level of Liberation
Healthy Level 2 The Level of Psychological Capacity
Level 3 The Level of Social Value

Level 4 The Level of Imbalance/ Social Role

Average Level 5 The Level of Interpersonal Control
Level 6 The Level of Overcompensation

Level 7 The Level of Violation

Unhealthy Level 8 The Level of Obsession and Compulsion
Level 9 The Level of Pathological Destructiveness
The Continuum of the Levels of Development
At each Level, significant psychological shifts occur as is indicated by the title we have given to it. For
example, at Level 5, the Level of Interpersonal Control, the person is trying to manipulate himself and
others to get his or her psychological needs met. This invariably creates interpersonal conflicts. By this
Level, the person has also fully identified with the ego and does not see himself as anything more than that:
the ego must therefore be increasingly defended and inflated for the person to feel safe and to keep their
identity in tact. If this activity does not satisfy the person, and anxiety increases, he or she may deteriorate
to the next state, Level 6, the Level of Overcompensation, where their behavior will become more intrusive
and aggressive as they continue to purse their ego-agenda. Anxiety is increasing, and the person is
increasingly disruptive, and focused on getting his needs met, regardless of the impact on people around
them.
One of the most profound ways of understanding the Levels is as a measure of our capacity to be present.
The more we move down the Levels, the more identified we are with our ego and its increasingly negative
and restrictive patterns. Our personality becomes more defensive, reactive, and automatic— and we
consequently have less and less real freedom and less real consciousness. As we move down the Levels, we
become caught in more compulsive, destructive actions which are ultimately self-defeating.
By contrast, the movement toward health, up the Levels, is simultaneous with being more present and
awake in our minds, hearts, and bodies. As we become more present, we become less fixated in the
defensive structures of our personality and are more attuned and open to ourselves and our environment.
We see our personality objectively in action rather than "falling asleep" to our automatic personality
patterns. There is therefore the possibility of "not doing" our personality and of gaining some real distance
the negative consequences of getting caught in it.
Conclusion:
From one point of view, the Enneagram can be seen as a set of nine distinct personality types, with each
number on the Enneagram denoting one type. It is common to find a little of yourself in all nine of the
types, although one of them stand out as being closest to yourself. This is your basic personality type.
Everyone emerges from childhood with one of the nine types dominating their personality, with inborn
temperament and other pre-natal factors being the main determinants of our type. This is one area where
most all of the major Enneagram authors agree—we are born with a dominant type. Subsequently, this
inborn orientation largely determines the ways in which we learn to adapt to our early childhood
environment. It also seems to lead to certain unconscious orientations toward our parental figures, but why
this is so, is still a doubt. In any case, by the time children are four or five years old, their consciousness
has developed sufficiently to have a separate sense of self. Although their identity is still very fluid, at this
age children begin to establish themselves and find ways of fitting into the world on their own.
The Enneagram with Riso-Hudson Type Names: These one-word descriptors can be expanded into four-
word sets of traits. Keep in mind that these are merely highlights and do not represent the full spectrum of
each type.
Type One is principled, purposeful, self-controlled, and perfectionistic.
Type Two is demonstrative, generous, people-pleasing, and possessive.
Type Three is adaptive, excelling, driven, and image-conscious.
Type Four is expressive, dramatic, self-absorbed, and temperamental.
Type Five is perceptive, innovative, secretive, and isolated.
Type Six is engaging, responsible, anxious, and suspicious.
Type Seven is spontaneous, versatile, distractible, and scattered.
Type Eight is self-confident, decisive, willful, and confrontational.
Type Nine is receptive, reassuring, agreeable, and complacent.