ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

THEORY 1
These lecture slides have
been compiled by
Mohammed
SalahUdDin
LECTURE Ayubi.
9
Transformers

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 1

 Outline
• Ideal Transformers
• Transformer Equations
– Voltage Transform
– Current Transform
– Resistance Transform
• Transformer Ratings
• Real Transformers
• Transformers and the Power Grid

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 2

 Physical Configuration


i1(t) i2(t)
+ +
V1(t) V2(t)
- -

n1 turns n2 turns

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 3

 Transformer Symbol
i1(t) i2(t)

+ +
V1(t) V2(t)
- -
n1:n2

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 4

 Outline
• Ideal Transformers
• Transformer Equations
– Voltage Transform
– Current Transform
– Resistance Transform
• Transformer Ratings
• Real Transformers
• Transformers and the Power Grid

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 5

 Transformer Equations
di1 (t )
v1 (t )  L1
dt

di1 (t ) di2 (t )
v1 (t )  L1 M
dt dt
di1 (t ) di2 (t )
v2 (t )  M  L2
dt dt

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 6

 Transformer Equations

v2 n2

v1 n1
i2 n1

i1 n2

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 7

 Transformer Equations

i1(t) i2(t)
v2 n2

+ + v1 n1
V1(t) V2(t)
- - i2 n1
Req 
i1 n2
n1:n2
2
 n1 
Reqeq = ?  R
R
 n2 

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 8

 Example 1
• Find turns ratio for maximum power (i.e.,
match the impedances)

n1
5
n2
24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 9
 Example 2
• Find V2
i1(t) i2(t)

+ +
V1(t) V2(t)
- -

2:1

V2 = 0 V

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 10

 Example 3
• Find V2
i1(t) i2(t)

+ +
V1(t) V2(t)
- -

2:1

V2 = 5 sin2t V

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 11

 Example 4
• Find the magnitude of the secondary voltage, the primary
current, and the secondary current
• Find power delivered by the source

600 Vrms

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 12

 Example 4
• Magnitude of secondary voltage:
vˆ1  600 600 Vrms
v1  60
v2 n2

v1 n1
n2 1
v2  v1  60  20Vrms
n1 3

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 13

 Example 4
• Magnitude of primary current:
v1 600 Vrms
i1 
Zˆeq

2 2
 n1   3
Z eq    Z 2    2.2 2  12  21.75
 n2  1
60V
i1   2.76A rms
21.75

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 14

 Example 4
• Magnitude of secondary current:
600 Vrms

n1 3
i2   i1   2.76  8.28A rms
n2 1

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 15

 Example 4
• Power delivered by source:
600 Vrms

Ps  PR  I 2 R  (8.28 A)(2.2)  151W

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 16

 Outline
• Ideal Transformers
• Transformer Equations
– Voltage Transform
– Current Transform
– Resistance Transform
• Transformer Ratings
• Real Transformers
• Transformers and the Power Grid

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 17

 Transformer Ratings

0.125 KVA; 230/115 VAC; 50/60 HZ

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 18

 Outline
• Ideal Transformers
• Transformer Equations
– Voltage Transform
– Current Transform
– Resistance Transform
• Transformer Ratings
• Real Transformers
• Transformers and the Power Grid

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 19

 Real Transformers
• Internal power loss due to:
– core loss
– core reluctance
– uncontained flux lines
– winding resistance

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 20

 Outline
• Ideal Transformers
• Transformer Equations
– Voltage Transform
– Current Transform
– Resistance Transform
• Transformer Ratings
• Real Transformers
• Transformers and the Power Grid

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 21

 The Power Grid

Diagram courtesy howstuffworks.com

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 22

 Power Grid 3-phase
industrial
Intertie

Power Plants Step-down

Transformer
Generator Step-up Substation
0.5 – 5kV Transformer
Step-down Step-down 4-15 kV
Transformer Transformer
Generator Step-up
0.5 – 5kV Transformer
100-750 kV 35-70 kV Step-down
Transformer

120/240V
residential
24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 23
 Transmission Tower

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 24

 Incoming Power at Substation

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 25

 Incoming Power Conditioning

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 26

 Step-Down Transformers

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 27

 Transformer

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 28

 Outgoing Switch Banks

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 29

 Outgoing 3-Phase Power

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 30

 Utility Pole Carrying Three Phase

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 31

 Three Phase Transformers

24 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 32