International Levee Manual

Suggested contents list (Rev5)

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
i) Define that the ILM is a collation of best practice on levee design/management and not a
prescriptive manual and explain how the manual should be used with other national codes.
ii) State that the guide represents the current state of the art internationally.
iii) Set out liely target audience and include a flow chart showing which sections are relevant
to which audiences.
iv) Define the manual!s structure including the scope" i.e. what is in it and what is not addressed
#such as management of existing as well as new structures).
v) $rovide the definition of a levee" i.e. narrow the topic to levees for flood protection% and the
significant element of the structure should be the earth embanment.
1.2 Identifying the need
i) &stablish the need for a Levee Manual and why an international manual is better than a
national one.
ii) &xplain how the ILM builds on and differs from existing manuals.
iii) 'ighlight importance of flood defences during extreme events.
iv) Indicate potential conse(uences of failure and give examples of extreme worldwide floods
#e.g. )*/+L" ,-./" *atrina).
v) Set the scene of the need for flood protection systems before getting into the detail of levees.
vi) $resent national approaches of flood protection.
vii) Include limitations of levees" i.e. levels of protection" and the need to increase public
awareness of this.
viii) Include the need for a balance between engineering" environmental and social factors.
ix) 0ouch on the effects of climate change.
x) $resent an outline of failure modes even if it1s in a simple table format with details later in
the ILM.
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Note
0he numbering system below is used to reference points in order to facilitate and record
comments on specific points.
Ot!er notes " general #rinci#les on t!e ILM
i) $rovide a glossary of terms and abbreviations.
ii) Include an executive summary aimed at policy managers and strategists #or a stand alone
document).
iii) 8ase histories will not be presented in a separate chapter" but in text boxes in a relevant form
within the body of the document #as for the 9oc Manual). 0he histories should cover things
that have gone well and things that have gone badly from large to small scale #including
examples of bad construction and maintenance practice and usage).
iv) )sable information at the operational end" i.e. ey points" should be summarised for ease of
use.
v) 0he pro:ect may well identify some gaps in nowledge" which need to be filled by further
research. 0his could be the sub:ect of a separate short report" but should not be included
within the main manual.
$. CONC%&TU'L ('ND(OR) M'N')%M%NT *R'M%+OR,(S)
2.1 Levees and the flood risk management system generic framework
i) 0he generic framewor should connect the overlaps and bridge the differences between
countries.
ii) Include a Source7$athway79eceptor ;ramewor for flood ris management #;igure ,).
iii) Define ris. <9is = $robability #strength% loads) x &ffect #damage% causalities% habitat)>.
iv) Include a description of different levels and phases of ris management" i.e. ha?ard
identification" ris analysis" ris reduction #residual ris)" etc.
v) Include a levees failure framewor covering both levee body and foundation #c.f. ey table
from ;D26,, and reproduced as 0able ,)" understanding a levee as a system.
vi) Include a levee safety philosophy including safety levels/standards" reliability assessment
methodologies #including concept of fragility curves)" lins to )S and &) codes" etc.
vii) @s well as diagrams" include a series of statements of principle" e.g. levees have various
functions" failure may be by excessive overtopping #due to exceeding design criteria)"
internal erosion or breach" ris is a function ofA
2.2 Life cycle management of a levee
i) @ suggestion for adapting ;igure 2 would be to include three scaled cyclesB Largest =
+ational cycle framewor% Middle = 8atchment cycle framewor% and Small = Levee or
local cycle framewor.
ii) 0his could be used as a route map to guide the user through the Manual.
iii) Include how this relates to higher policy.
iv) Include the lin between !levee safety philosophy!" !functional ob:ectives! and !performance
ob:ectives!.
v) 0he definition of !functional ob:ectives! can include change in design re(uirement" or change
in policy or safety philosophy" etc.
vi) +ote that it is possible to enter the asset management cycle from a number of different
positions dependent on functional ob:ectives.
-. *ORM 'ND *UNCTION O* L%.%%S
3.1 Main types and functions
i) Include a description and diagrams of the main different types and subtypes of levees
#including composite structures) and how they function.
a) Include coastal structures" #shingle" sand and silt structures" but not rocfill)" together
with their wea points for access and outlets.
b) It would not include breawaters" groynes and seawalls #without an earth component).
c) @s well as the body C foundation of a levee" include the foreshore. Include the issues
#not prediction) of sediment transport #deposition C erosion) and impact on the system.
d) Include canals with bans.
e) It would not include dams or other structures covered by other legislation such as the
9eservoirs @ct.
f) It would not include Dunintentional1 embanments such as dredging tailings" which
have not been designed as a water retaining structure" but these should be mentioned.
ii) Include the historical context of levees! layers and sections over the years.
iii) Differentiate between levees that are permanently wet or dry and those with varying loads.
iv) Discuss fluvial versus coastal levees #i.e. their similarities and differences).
3.2 Structures associated with levees
i) Discuss the combination of earth structures with other water7retaining structures #e.g. sheet
pilings" walls" gateways" innovative constructions" etc).
ii) Discuss the influence of non7water retaining ob:ects #e.g. buildings" trees" pipelines"
manholes" etc) on levees.
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3.3 ther functions
i) Discuss the combination of flood management with other functions.
ii) Discuss the use of other infrastructure embanments that have a flood defence function" e.g.
road and rail.
iii) Discuss the function of allowing land to be used as flood storage and importance of not
using this subse(uently for development.
iv) Include environmental/ecological functions E recreation" access etc.
/. 0OUND'R1 CONDITIONS
!.1 "esign criteria
i) Foundary conditions are the nown factors" which the design needs to tae account of.
ii) Detail the failure modes before going into the design aspects to focus the mind of the reader
on what we are aiming to achieve and why.
iii) Discuss the establishment of design/analysis loading criteria.
iv) Distinguish between standards of protection #and freeboard) depending on ris and
conse(uence of failure and si?e of levee.
;lood protection level = no water passes the levee.
;ailure protection level = Levee breaches.
Intermediate protection levels = Limited damage from overtopping" spilling" seepage.
v) Discuss the selection of the target level of protection" but do not prescribe" i.e. there will not
be an !international standard!.
vi) Include physical constraints within the design criterion. 0hese can be grouped asB
a) &xternal #forces and physical site constraints)
b) Internal #piping" fissuring etc)
c) Sub surface #below GHL). Issues relating to ground conditions. )nder seepage" localised
wea ground etc.
vii) Include environmental and social boundary conditions" e.g. good ecological status.
!.2 Loads on coastal versus river levees
i) Discuss the evaluation of loadings on levees and how to combine the loads" e.g. for coastal
defences" discuss the combination of sea level" waves and surge.
ii) Hive information for both coastal and fluvial loadings.
iii) Include offshore 7 onshore transition of loadings and how the foreshore affects loadings.
iv) Include dynamic aspects such as hydrographs.
!.3 Specific loads
i) Include consideration of seismic load.
ii) 8onsider human impact on levees such as horse7riding and pedestrians.
iii) Discuss the Dno water! load" i.e. long drying out conditions causing desiccation.
iv) Discuss how vegetation may affect loading" e.g. saltmarsh.
v) Discuss climate change impacts on loading.
5. 'SS%SSM%NT O* )%OT%C2NIC'L 'ND 21DR'ULIC &%R*ORM'NC% (Note
T!is could 3e an '##endi4)
#.1 "esign approaches
i) Demonstrate the differences in the geotechnical and hydraulic disciplines and need to
address both.
ii) Describe SLS #serviceability limit state) and )LS #ultimate limit state) performance criteria.
iii) Discuss other !limit states! re(uired to reflect the real world" i.e. to maintain" repair and
rebuild levees.
iv) Describe both the deterministic design approach #including safety factors per failure mode 7
strength" loadings" modelling) and the probabilistic analysis approach #including ways of
generating fragility curves).
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v) +ote that it is impossible to have a fully probabilistic approach to design.
vi) Describe methods/techni(ues for investigating the reliability of existing levees and
predicting long term performance includingB
7 Hive guidance on how to identify" and assess strength/resilience of" wea points.
7 'ow to tae account of the uncertainty/variability of some of the characteristics.
7 'ow to give an existing levee a return period for protection.
#.2 $ncertainties
i) Discuss the issues of degradation and deterioration of levee grade / performance.
ii) Discuss the distinction between new and existing levee with regard to dealing with
uncertainties.
iii) 8onsider the effects and uncertainties of climate change on embanments soil state C
vegetation state.
#.3 %nalysis of failure modes
i) $rovide ey analysis methods #all relevant models and e(uations) for use in design and
appraisal. 0hese methods would cover all relevant performance re(uirements and failure
modes" #the latter following the conceptual framewor 0able ,) includingB
settlement/deformation" overflow" overtopping" fissuring/cracing" infiltration" internal
erosion/piping" instability #macro" micro" revetments" and berms)" serviceability"
permeability" resilience" etc.
ii) Define what a failure is. Gvertopping is considered a design exceedance not a failure.
iii) &xplain how flood defences perform during extreme events.
iv) &nsure lin to ;LGGDsite failure modes wor and chec gaps in nowledge from 06" 04
and 0I.
v) List failure mechanisms and remedies to each and the degree of resistance to each includingB
7 0hat overtopping can initiate erosion due to localised factors such as paths" bushes" fence
posts and :unctions of hard structures and rutting of the crest and poaching by animals.
7 Internal erosion can be caused by flow paths ad:acent to appurtenant wors" e.g. culverts.
7 ;ailure can occur due to inappropriate foundation materials.
7 Slope stability of the front face and impingement of river erosion on set7bac levees.
7 Information on burrowing animals.
7 0he threat from wind" blowing over a tree and pulling out a root ball in the ban.
7 +ote that culverts through levees can be in poor condition" leaing and collapsed.
7 )napproved utilities installed through a levee.
#.! &erformance of coastal versus river levees
i) 'ighlight the ey differences between coastal and river structures regarding overtopping and
overflowing.
ii) Hive information" e(uations etc for both fluvial and coastal structures identifying" for
example" differences in approaches for steady water levels versus waves for both
geotechnical and hydraulic analysis.
iii) +ote the need to understand performance under a range of loadings and to design for a range
of loads" e.g. water levels" and to understand/select extreme values such as climate extremes
#e.g. free?ing conditions" hot conditions" etc).
#.# 'eotechnical
i) +ote that the determination of geotechnical parameters is an inexact science.
ii) $rovide guidance on fill material parameters for permeability" strength" erodibility"
compressibility and resistance to internal erosion and note that foundation soil permeability
is critical.
iii) $rovide information on wea soils #including uplift mechanism and settlement /
subsidence).
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#.( Modelling
i) Include description of the system and system ris models.
ii) Suggest appropriate software/tools/models for different aspects of levee analysis
#benchmar software). )p until recently slope stability analysis was undertaen using a
simple circular method and/or noncircular method. More modern versions of programs
#i.e.Slope/w) include a slip surface optimisation routine which reports a lower factor of
safety then the simple methods. &xperience shows that this is often about ,5J lower and
leads to the possible conclusion that the ;oS of embanments constructed comparatively
recently may be less than envisaged by the designer. Issues such as these should be included
within the discussions of software.
iii) +ote that models have limitations.
iv) 8onsider including an appendix to detail models and e(uations" leaving other points for
main text.
5. D%SI)N O* +OR,S
(.1 Introduction
i) &mphasi?e the complexity of structures #location and role) and need for early specialist
input #e.g. Heotechnical @dviser as per &8I).
ii) List useful disciplines to have on a pro:ect" e.g. geotechnics" hydraulics" geomorphology"
historians" biologists" forestry" sociologists and economics.
iii) Include the need for a balance between engineering" environmental and social factors.
iv) Include that interventions vary from maintenance to renewals to new levees to removal"
re(uired as a result of deterioration or the need for adaptation.
(.2 ptions appraisal
i) $rovide assistance for decision maing on whether to demolish" replace" investigate and/or
refurbish. +ote that completely new wors are re(uired in some cases.
ii) 8onsider the global picture" i.e. whether to insure" protect or abandon property.
iii) 8onsider whole life costs 7 economics% social / amenity / recreation% environmental etc.
iv) Discuss the option of managed retreat and who should pay.
v) Discuss the methods for prioritisation of remedial/upgrading wors" e.g. riss based
approach to prioritising investment% and describe the lin between condition assessment and
investment.
vi) 8onsider ground conditions when selecting possible alignments. @t this stage it could
comprise a review of geological maps" existing geotechnical data #FHS boreholes)" aerial
photographs and Lidar data. Khen considering raising and existing embanment the
maintenance history of the defence will highlight any problem sections were poor ground
condition may be present.
vii) Describe a screening type analysis% integrating data" parameters and performance descriptors
to assess ris.
(.3 &lanning new levees
i) $lanning of new levees includingB
ii) 8onsideration of whether a levee or composite structure is the better solution.
iii) &xpedition planning to deal with long7term change and maing best use of foundation
strength gain over time through consolidation.
iv) Identification of a no7development corridor on levee alignment to facilitate credible future
raising and maintenance" etc.
v) 9esilience and adaptation to climate change #impact on hydraulics and functions" drought
impact" short7term flexibility versus long7term sustainability" no7regret measures" turning
points in policy etc).
vi) 8onsideration of non7structural alternatives.
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vii) Include a decision model for choosing the !best! solutions" e.g. a decision assessment table
for different types of measures. Measures ," 2 and / versus criterion #safety" cost" etc).
viii) Include the need to insert life safety into the cost benefit ratio when evaluating protection
levels during pro:ect planning.
ix) 'ighlight that engineering #specifically geotechnical) input is re(uired at the planning stage
to avoid inappropriate schemes.
x) Include how to avoid planning pitfalls and how to handle the planning process.
xi) Discuss the re(uirement for multi7function structures.
(.! "esign of new levees
i) Include design procedures and the need toB
7 @gree and clearly define future maintenance commitments C procedures with the
owner/operator.
7 Integrate with local/regional development plans.
7 8onsider constraints 7 environmental" property etc.
ii) $rovide accessibility for maintenance
iii) Discuss how to deal with the variety of levee owners and the potential for wea spots with
small private owners.
iv) Include the two stage design" i.e. crest level at the system scale" then geotechnical/structural
design at the levee scale.
v) Discuss the need to use locally sourced material for cost C environmental reasons and
therefore" how to design levees with this constraint.
vi) Include structure specific issues with separate sections" as re(uired" for fluvial and coastal
structures.
(.# )emedial works design
i) Include design of remedial wors including levees close to failing
ii) Include geotechnical remedies such as clay core inclusion" fissuring repair" etc.
iii) +ovel practices for extending life of structures.
iv) Hive an example of sheet piling through the centre of an embanment.
(.( Improvements works design
i) Include design of improvement wors including generic approaches and methods to
increasing level of protection such as levee raising and the use of innovative" lightweight
materials" which are re(uired for increasing the height of existing levees incorporating rigid
structures.
ii) 0iered approach to consideration of environmental and social issues.
iii) Multi7function approach E consider recreation.
iv) 8ommunity staeholder engagement.
v) )se of temporary demountables and sand bags to increase height of levees.
(.* +nvironmental , social issues
i) Long term management including opportunities for habitat creation C recreation.
ii) Discuss how to deal with protected land.
iii) Include details on Dgreen1 levees for protected species and fish" e.g. roc protection on inner
face" which promotes diversity.
iv) Include a section on sociological aspects in the design of levees includingB
v) Social behaviour" understanding and awareness.
vi) 'ow to overcome public perception that they are safe from flooding if they live behind a
levee.
vii) 'ow to educate the public as to the need for defence and how to compel communities to buy
flood insurance.
viii) Discuss the design of alignment" ensuring the river is free to meander naturally.
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ix) $rovide guidance on design for secondary users such as for recreation and environment.
(.- ther standards.codes
i) 9efer to other well used guidance or codes e.g. the 9oc Manual" so as not to repeat these"
but consider what to do about guides that are not free in the public domain.
ii) Include how the ILM complies with the different national 8o$s and legislation and
distinguish between common areas and those uni(ue to particular countries.
iii) Include how to design levees to &8I" i.e. using partial factors and appropriate design
approaches #," 2 or /) in different countries.
(./ Specific design details
i) Discuss the need for adaptable designs for changing conditions.
ii) Discuss designing levees in mountainous rivers with fast flow and changes in bed.
iii) Describe how to appraise" design or detailB
a) Specific levee types.
b) 0oe and crest structures and details.
c) Gutfalls and utilities in structures.
d) Steps and ramps.
e) 0ransition details #including problems related to interfaces between soils and hard
structures and how to resist piping).
f) $rovide typical sections #bad as well as effective examples of cross7sections C details
would help).
g) Include the do and don!ts of composite structures" e.g. I7walls" crest walls" etc.
h) Describe the design of safety spillways #plus fuse7plugs) including consideration of
whether damage should be allowed and the constraints" e.g. design to accommodate
overtopping to buy time or channel into less sensitive areas.
(.10 'eotechnical design details
i) Describe how to use poor (uality material dictated by site" i.e. how to treat" extract"
compact" etc the material. #Froadlands has an example of an embanment which was
constructed using a site mixed combination of peat and gravel. 0his has preformed well and
withstood an over topping eventLL
ii) Discuss smart specification of the soil to reduce erodibility.
iii) Discuss the provision of additional sacrificial fill.
iv) Describe how to design for seepage" piping" sand7boils etc.
v) Include a section on foundation design.
(.11 1egetation design
i) Include a section on vegetation and provide best practice for what to plant on coastal levees
#dunes) and fluvial levees.
ii) Include how to design a levee to provide resistance to external erosion and how to assess
resistance of existing levees such as grass7cover strength and maintenance plus impact of
trafficing" animals and overtopping #reference 8I9I@ ,,4).
iii) 8onflicts of interest regarding vegetation" e.g. aesthetics versus levee performance.
(.12 Sustaina2le construction
i) Include construction procedures and practical re(uirements related to wor teams" contract
si?e" client" etc.
ii) Include the use of alternative sustainable construction materials" e.g. used tyres" $;@ and
crushed concrete.
iii) Include the advantages and disadvantages of different options e.g. include the total costs of
options including environmental impacts such as haulage through towns.
iv) Discuss where design stops and the interaction with construction.
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v) 'ighlight the need for early contractor involvement to prevent constructability issues.
(.13 +3amples
i) Include (uestions" constraints and methods for solving problems" lessons learnt and case
histories.
ii) Include a design procedure for the design of a simple clay embanment. 0hree cases% over
hard ground" over soft ground and where under seepage could occur.
6. CONSTRUCTION (IM&L%M%NT'TION)
*.1 'eneral
i) Describe the changes in construction practices and standards over time" i.e. what to expect
on older structures.
ii) Include best practice construction procedures for maintenance" remedial and improvement
wors.
iii) $rovide examples of innovative construction practices.
*.2 4onstruction pro2lems.risks
i) 'ighlight construction issues in both rivers" estuaries and on the coast.
ii) ;lag up the need for diligence during construction such that if site operatives note that
locally the construction feel different of is behaving differently then this should be raised
with the &ngineer. It could be an indication of locally poorer ground conditions not
identified by the HI or non7invasive techni(ues.
iii) Include typical problems and solutions" e.g. suggest approaches and details for dealing with
difficult ground such as large thicnesses of soft soil and permeable layers.
iv) 'ighlight the need for good nowledge of foundations and site investigation.
v) Describe how variability can be addressed" e.g. in soil type on site.
vi) Include options for preventing pedestrian erosion such as mesh reinforced grass.
vii) Discuss issues with archaeological sites" SSSIs" nesting birds" etc and &I@ re(uirements.
viii) $rovide construction riss and 'CS issues.
ix) Include health and safety guidance including $$&" access/retreat" etc.
x) Specific issues regarding building coastal levees.
*.3 5ill material
i) Include typical specifications or specification re(uirements including maing best use of
locally available fill material.
ii) $rovide information on remediation and improvement techni(ues for contractors.
*.! Monitoring and record keeping
i) Describe monitoring and control procedures during construction.
ii) Discuss the importance of local nowledge and experience of monitoring assets.
iii) 'ighlight the need to ensure all as built drawings are ept in the future plus geotechnical
information and a construction report.
7. INS&%CTION8 'SS%SSM%NT8 D%T'IL%D IN.%STI)'TION 'ND MONITORIN)
-.1 Inspection and assessment
i) Include best practice procedures for visual inspection and surveillance of levee structures.
ii) Discuss how to ensure consistent and appropriate levels of inspectionM
iii) Include procedures for emergency/event inspections including health and safety issues.
iv) +ote it can be easier to see defects during a flood event.
v) Include best practice procedures for condition assessment and visual diagnosis of levees
including asset mapping and assigning condition grades and tools to determine these.
vi) $rovide simple guidance for non7technical inspection staff" e.g. explain why you see what
you see.
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-.2 "etailed investigation
i) Describe the tiered" ris7based approach to investigation of levee condition #des study"
visual" non7intrusive" then intrusive). 0his lins to codes such as &urocode" including
review of best practice approaches to ground investigation.
ii) Discuss use of geophysics to complement LiD@9 and aerial photos to identify the locations
of infilled crees #with weaer material) and localised near surface deposits of permeable
material.
iii) Discuss when it is necessary to undertae intrusive investigation.
iv) Discuss the importance of site investigation.
-.3 Monitoring
i) Include comparison of different countries1 legislation for monitoring and discuss fre(uencies
related to low/medium/high ris systems.
ii) Describe options for automated monitoring of marginal !at ris! structures.
iii) Include particular recommendations for monitoring common issues such as seepage"
settlement" desiccations" cracing" instability" etc% including available inspection tools"
survey methods #e.g. LiD@9) and instrumentation #e.g. pie?ometers).
iv) Include state of the art" new" cost effective and best practice methods of monitoring
includingB
7 Heophysics techni(ues #what really wors" what to use when and tiered systems).
7 !Killowstic! technology to identify seepage paths.
7 Innovative mapping techni(ues.
7 Gptic fibre" interferometry and infra7red photos.
v) Include how to analyse the data collected and how to move from passive monitoring to
active intervention" i.e. provide a decision tree and tiered approach to intervention.
vi) Include the importance of data records and register eeping for traceability.
9. M'INT%N'NC%
/.1 )outine maintenance
i) Include best practice #safe C easy) methods of maintaining levees.
ii) 8ontrol of vermin.
iii) Discuss the role of maintenance in the face of deterioration" climate change" etc.
iv) Include maintaining coastal levees affected by littoral drift.
/.2 1egetation management
i) Management of existing vegetation on levees includingB
7 Management of trees/shrubs.
7 Negetation gestation and management with details on roots" surface protection and soil
moisture and where on the levee to plant #distance from toe).
7 Include case studies and innovative management examples.
7 Gperational management such as when and how to cut the grass.
7 Impacts from invasive species.
1:. D%COMMISSIONIN)
i) 0his should recommend a forensic dissection of the embanment to assess its
internal structure and level of fissuring. 0his would help with the development of an
understanding of the internal structure of ad:acent sections of embanment which are to
remain in service.
ii) Huidance on the logistics of how the fill can be used in the construction of new
retreated embanments should be included.
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11. %M%R)%NC1 &L'NNIN)8 %.%NT M'N')%M%NT 'ND 0R%'C2 M'N')%M%NT
11.1 +mergency planning 6 2reach modelling , inundation mapping
$rovide guidance on breach modelling including stability analysis" breach prediction #rate"
si?e and location)" reliability analysis and note that each provides specific and different levels
of results
$rovide guidance on how to relate accuracy of modelling results to end use and be clear on
limitations of methods and when to use or not to use these.
Lin with wor in ;LGGDsite" DSIH" )S@8&/)SF9 pro:ects.
11.2 )eadiness , preparedness 6 +mergency action plan
$rovide information on how to prepare an emergency action plan including typical
emergency scenarios with pre7flood" flood and post7flood actions.
Discuss how to communicate and improve public awareness/nowledge.
11.3 +vent , 2reach management
Include definition of emergency wors versus urgent wors" i.e. is their time to plan the
worM
Methodologies to do breach and emergency repairs during a flood and after it has passed" e.g.
typical breach closure/blocage and opening #fuse7plug) techni(ues.
Include signs of failure" processes to failure and how to prevent these includingB
7 'CS issues for wor on levees during flooding.
7 0ools available for breach repairs in different settings #availability and mobility of e(uipment"
limited access" roads bloced" support not available).
7 0he need for bac up systems when levee design is exceeded" i.e. pumps.
11.! +3amples
Include case histories and lessons learnt from events. 9eview data and analyse levees that
have failed.
1$. R%*%R%NC%S
iv) List of all documents cited in the Manual.
v) 0his could be presented as a separate chapter or as a series of shorter reference
lists at the end of each chapter
Revision 5 prepared by Tracey Williamson (United Kingdom) incorporating comments from
Sebastien Duprays comments (!"#$%ntegrated&'ontents&list%$($)#*%v+&#%SD,) received on ##
t-

September .$$(/ notes from t-e 0nvironment 1gency Steering 2roup "eeting on (
t-
September
.$$( and comments from t-e UK 3ac4ing 2roup "eeting on #
st
5ctober .$$(6
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Figure 1: Source-Pathway-Receptor representation of flood risk management

Figure 2: Management cycle for levees
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Functional objectives
Performance
objectives/indicators
Condition assessment
Performance
assessment
Design
Implementation
Monitoring
Assess and prioritise
management action
Yes
No Is intervention
necessary
7,,7
a!le 1: "eotechnical factors affecting the performance of flood em!ankments
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