MANISH

KUMAR
R E O U N D A T I O N B Y P - F
SOCIAL SCIENCE


1
WATER RESOURCES
IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Biosphere: Part of the earth which is conversed by living organisms both plants and animals.
2. Dam: A barrier across the flowing water.
3. Flora : Plants of particular region or period are referred to as flora.
4. Fauna: Species of animal are known as fauna.
5. Forest: Extensive area covered with trees.
6. Ground water: Water which is obtained from a depth of more than 15m.
7. Hydroelectricity : It is the power which is generated with the help of running water.
8. Multipurpose project: A river valley project which serves a number of purposes.
9. Perennial Canals: Canals developed by a diverting water from rivers that flow throughout the year.
10. Soil: The upper layer of the ground containing weathered rocks and humus.
11. Water scarcity: shortage f water as compared to its demand.
12. Rain water harvesting : It is a technique of increasing the recharge of ground water by capturing and storing rainwater
by constructing structures such as percolating pits, check dams etc.
13. Drip Irrigation : A type of irrigation where water gets dropped in the form of drops near the roots of the plant mainly
to conserve the moisture.
14. Inundation canal: Canal meant for diverting flood waters mainly during the rainy season.
15. Irrigation: Artificial means of supplying water to farm lands in the form of canals, wells, tube wells and tanks.
16. Surface water: Water flowing on the earths surface in the form of rivers, lakes etc.
17. Tank: Natural or man made reservoir to store rain water.
INTRODUCTION
All living beings require water for their existence and survival. Infect without water there would be no life on the earth.
The utility of water is immense:
(A) It is required for domestic purposes like cooking, drinking and washing etc.
(B) It is used for agriculture, pastoral industry and manufacturing industries.
(C) Water is also used to harness hydro-electric power.
About three-fourth of the earths surface is covered with water, that means there is no shortage of water. Inspire of all
this most of the countries of the world are facing water crisis. This is because only a small or portion of water account
for fresh water that can be put to use.
The fresh water is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water. The four main stages of water cycle are
1. Evaporation
2. Transpiration
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
WATER: SOME FACTS AND FIGURES
(According to the Un World water Development Report, 2003)
(A) 96.5% of the total volume of worlds water is estimated to exist as oceans and only 2.5% as fresh water. Nearly
70% of this fresh water occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and the mountainous region of
the world while a little less than 30% is stored as stored as ground water is the worlds aquifers.
(B) India receives nearly 40% of the global precipitation and ranks 133 in the would in terms of water availability per
person per annum.
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KUMAR
R E O U N D A T I O N B Y P - F
SOCIAL SCIENCE


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(C) The total renewable water resources of India are estimated at 1,897 km2 per annum.
(D) By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or regions having absolute water scarcity.
WATER SCARCITY
Water scarcity: Shortage of water as compared to its demand is known as water scarcity.
Factors responsible for water scarcity.
1. Growing population: It is one of the basic factors which is responsible for water scarcity. Most of our cites are facing
this problem due to over population - A large population means water not only for domestic use but also to produce
more food.
2. Commercialization of Agriculture: The commercial crops need more water and other inputs. Assured means of
irrigation like tube wells and wells are responsible for falling ground water level.
3. Variation in seasonal and annual precipitation: Precipitation is the main source of water in India but arrival and
departure of monsoon in India is uncertain.
Even the distribution of rain fall is uneven.
4. Industrialization and Urbanization: The ever increasing number of industries has made matters worse by exerting
pressure on existing fresh water resources. Industries apart from being heavy user of water also require power to run
them. Most of our cities are over populated. Over population over utilize the water resources and also pollutes the
existing resources.
5. Over Utilization: Dot to over utilization. The water table has lowered.
6. Pollution: Domestic waste and industrial waste are the main factors responsible for pollution of water.
Need of the hour to conserve and manage the water resource.
1. To safe guard ourselves from health hazards.
2. To ensure food security.
3. Continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities.
4. Prevent degradation of our natural ecosystem.
MULTI-PURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS AND INTEGRATED WATER-RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Multi purpose project: A multipurpose project is that which fulfils a variety of purposes at the same time. Example:
irrigation generation of electricity etc.
Main objective or Advantages of Multipurpose Project:
1. Generation of power: They produce neat, pollution free and cheapest energy which is the back bone of industry and
agriculture. According to the economic survey 2005-6 these produce more than 30,000 M.W. Power.
2. Flood control: These projects control the flood because water can be stored in them. These project have converted
many rivers of sorrow into river of boom example river kosi.
3. Soil conservation: These conserve the soil because they slow down the speed of water.
4. Irrigation: They irrigate the fields during the dry seasons. M;any canals have been dug and they irrigate dry areas.
5. A forestation: Trees are systematically planted in and around reservoirs. This helps in preserving Wild life and
natural ecosystem.
6. Water Navigation: They provide for Inland water navigation through main river or canal. It is the cheapest means of
transport for heavy goods.
7. Fisheries: These provide ideal condition for the breeding of fish. Choosen varieties of fish are allowed to grow.
8. Tourist Centers: These projects are well cared and are scientifically developed. So these become the centre of tourist
attraction.
DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT
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KUMAR
R E O U N D A T I O N B Y P - F
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1. High Cost: The initial cost of building the dams is very high. It requires a lot of capital and engineering skills and
modem machinery which is not available in India.
2. Adverse Impact on Environment: A vast variety of flora and fauna aas well as human n settlements get submerged in the
water of reservoir formed by the dam.
3. Adverse effect on the fertility of the soil: Due to construction of dams there are no annual floods in the river. And
because of this the soil of the down stream region does not get nutrient rich slit. This decrease the fertility of the soil.
4. Adverse Impact on aquatic life: Dot to construction of dam on the river, the fish in the down stream area to not get
sufficient nutrient material.
5. Non-availability of water throughout the year: most of the rivers in India flow only few months. So water is not
sufficient to build a dam.
6. Disputes between different states: States have dispute over sharing of water. Height of the dam and so on.
7. Displacement of local communities: the local people often had to give up their land and livelihood and their meager
access and control over resources for the greater food of the Nation.
8. Change in cropping pattern: They provide assured means of irrigation to farmers. Due to this most of the farmers have
changed the cropping pattern shifting to water intensive and commercial crops. This has led to Stalinization of soil
leading to ecological imbalance.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rainwater Harvesting: It is a technique of increasing the recharge of ground water by capturing and storing rain water
by constructing structures such as percolating pits, check dams etc.
Different Techniques to conserve water:
1. People of mountainous regions had built diversion channels like guls and kuls for agriculture.
2. Rooftop rain water have sting was commonly practiced to store drinking water. E.g. Rajasthan.
3. In the flood plain of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
4. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural field were converted into rain fed storage structure that allowed the water to
stand and moisten the soil like the Khadins in J aisalmer and J ohads in other parts of Rajasthan.
Rain water Harvesting through Tanks:
1. In the semi arid and arid region of Rajasthan particularly in phalodi, Bikaner and most of the houses, had underground
tanks for storing water.
2. These tanks were part of well developed roof top rain water harvesting system.
3. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in tankers.
4. The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes.
5. The rain water from the subsequent showers was then collected.
Importance of Rain water Harvesting:
1. It is a reliable source of water when all other source of water dry up.
2. It is considered the pure form of natural water.
3. It is also given to sick people.
4. It can be used to beat the summer heat if underground rooms adjoining the tanks are built.
5. To meet the increasing demand.
6. To avoid flooding of roads.
7. To raise the ground water level.
Conservation of water Resources
1. Construction of multi-purpose project and canals.
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KUMAR
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2. Solving river water disputes quickly.
3. Inter basin transfer of water.
4. Measures to raise underground water.
5. Rainwater harvesting and water shed development.
6. Avoiding pollution of water bodies.
7. Preventing the wastage of water.
EXERCISE # 1

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. How is fresh water obtained?
2. What are the sources of fresh water?
3. Mention any two regions which are expected to face water shortage.
4. How people conserve water in hills?
5. What is a multipurpose project?
6. What is a dam?
7. Why is the need for water increasing day by day?
8. Mention any two measures for conservation of water resources?
9. State the factors responsible for bad quality of water?
10. Why are multipurpose projects called Temples of modem India?
11. What is water scarcity?
12. Mention some common methods to increase water Resources?
13. Which is the primary source of water on the earth?
14. Explain the water as a renewable resource.
15. Why is irrigation necessary in India?

SORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
1. What is water scarcity? Mention any four factor of water scarcity ?
2. Need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources. mention any four reasons.
3. How do dams create conflicts between the people?
4. How has irrigation change the cropping pattern? What is its impact on the social land scope ?
5. Why is the scarcity of water increasing day by day in our country? Give any four reasons.
6. What is the need for conservation of water resources ?
7. Distinguish between surface water and ground water ?
8. Discus the main objectives of rain water harvesting ?
9. How can we recharge ground water ?
10. How can floods be controlled ?

MANISH
KUMAR
R E O U N D A T I O N B Y P - F
SOCIAL SCIENCE


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LONG ANSWER QUESTION
1. Write a brief note regarding irrigation in India, mentioning their types and problems.
2. Multipurpose projects are called the Temple of modem India. Discuss.
3. What are the drawbacks of multipurpose river projects?
4. Discuss the methods of conservation of water.
5. Water is a very important and critical resource in India. Support this statements by explaining any five points of each.

EXERCISE # 2

OBJECTIVE QUESTIOS
1. Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as suffering from water from scarcity from water
scarcity or not suffering from water scarcity.
(A) Region with high annual rainfall
(B) Region having high annual rainfall and large population
(C) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly pollute
(D) Region having low rainfall and low population
2. Which of these statements is not an argument in favor of multi-purpose river projects?
(A) multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity
(B) multi-purpose projects by regulation water flow helps to control floods
(C) multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacement and loss of livelihood
(D) multi-purpose projects generate electricity for industries and our homes
3. Here are some false statements. Identity the mistakes and rewrite them correctly
(A) Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilization of
water resources
(B) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the rivers natural flow and its sediment flow
(C) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban
areas, particularly during droughts
(D) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting has gained popularity deposited high water
availability due to Rajasthan canal
4. Chose two states which have only 40% of net sown area under irrigation
(A)Punjab (B)Himachal Pradesh (C)Rajasthan (D)Haryana
5. Mention two areas where canal irrigation
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(A)Great plans of North (B) North Eastern States
(C)The Deccan plateau (D) Delats of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and kaveri rivers
6. Which two purposes are served by the Multipurpose projects?
(A)To irrigate the land (B)To generate electricity
(C)To uproot the people (D)To make the land better
7. hat have the canal roots?
(A)They are small islands make by the remains of the canals over a long period
(B)They are island made by earthquakes in the sea-bed
(C)They are islands made by the Tsunami Storms
8. Name any two sources of surface water
(A)ponds (B)Glaciers (C)Sea waves (D)Tanks
9. What is the mean annual inflow of Indian rivers ?
(A)About 1569 million cubic meters (B) About 1669 million cubic meters
(C)About 1769 million cubic meters (D)About 1869 million cubic meters
10. How much surface water is covered by the Indus the Ganga and the Brahmaputra
(A)About 20% (B)About 30% (C)About 40% (D)About 50%
11. Which one of the following is not a multi-purpose River-valley project of north India ?
(A) Tungabhadra project (B) Bhakra nangal project
(C) Demoded valley project (D) Chambal valley project
12. Choose two main sources of irrigation in India
(A) Canals (B)Ocean currents (C) J et Streams (D)Tube wells
13. Which India leaders has said, River dams are the temples of modern India ?
(A)Lala Lajpat Rai (B) Pt. J awaharlal lal Nehru
(C)Pundit Madan Mohan malviya (D) Subhash Chandra Bose
14. Choose the two region which suffer from water scarcity ?
(A)Rajasthan (B) Himachal Pradesh
(C)Uttarakhand (D) kutch
15. Choose any two techniques of rooftop rain-water harvesting
(A)To capture water from roof tops
(B)Two capture run-off water from catchments areas
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KUMAR
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(C)Two bring water from far-off regions
(D)Two use groundwater
16. Which are the two sources of fresh water in India?
(A)Sea- water (B)Rainfall
(C)Groundwater (D)Cyclones




AGRICULTURE
IMPORTANT TERMS
Production in certain cereals; specially wheat due to the use of new seeds, manures and chemical fertilizer and use of
machinery.
Agriculture: The art and science of a cultivating soil, raising crops and
rearing livestock including fishing and forest
Commercial agriculture: farming in which farmer grow the crop with the aim of selling it. In the market,:
Dry farming: Dry farming is adopted. To such types of crops are grown which require less irrigation facilities.
Extensive agriculture: agriculture in which the farmer greatest out put by tries to get thegreatest out put by bringing
more and more new land areas under cultivation.
Green revolution: A term coined in late 1960 s. recent development in agriculture in our country which have led to
considerable increase in agriculture.
Horticulture: intensive cultivation of vegetables, fruits and flowers.
Intensive Agriculture: increase in the agriculture product5ion by using scientific methods and better agricultural
inputs.
Kharif season: It is an agricultural cropping season from early J une to October.
e.g.: Rice, millets act.
Plantation Agriculture: A large scale farming of one crop resembling factor production based on capital investment
and application of modem science and technology in cultivating, processing and marketing and final products.
Rabi season: It is an agricultural cropping season from November to May e.g. wheat, gram oilseeds etc.
Minimum support Price: It is the minimum reasonable price fixed by the government at which the farmer can sell his
product either in the open market or to the government agencies.
Shifting Agriculture: It is that type of agriculture in which farmers clear forest land and use it for cropping when the
fertility of the soil decreases the farmer shifts to new land.
Subsistence Agriculture: Farming in which the main production is consumed by he farmers house hold.
Blue Revolution: A package programmed introduced to increase the production of fish and fish product.
Sericulture: Rearing of silk worms to produce raw silk.
Zaid: It is short season summer crop where fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber are grown

MANISH
KUMAR
R E O U N D A T I O N B Y P - F
SOCIAL SCIENCE


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AGRICULTURE
The term agriculture is derived from two Latin words, anger meaning land and culture meaning cultivation modern days
agriculture also includes animal husbandry, Forestry and Pisiculture.
Definition:
The art and science of cultivating soil, raising crops and rearing livestock including fishing and forest.
Important of Agriculture:
1. Two thirds of the population is dependent on agriculture.
2. It generates large scale employment.
3. It provides raw material to many agro based industries.
4. Export of agricultural products earns valuable foreign exchange. It contributes 26% of GDP.

TYPES OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
Primitive subsistence Farming or Shifting Agriculture
(a) this agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, and digging stick and
family/community labour.
(b) Farming depends upon monsoons , natural fertilely of the soil and suitability of the environmental conditions.
(c) It is a slash and bum agriculture ,Farmed shifts and clear a fresh patch of land cultivation.
(d) When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land cultivation.
(e) Nature replenishes the fertility of the soil through natural process.
(f) Farmers do not use manure, fertilizer or other modern inputs.
(g) It is known by different names in different parts of the country.
(1) J humming Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland.
(ii) Pamlou- Manipur
(iii) Dipa- Bastar (Chattisgarh) and Andaman and nicobar Island.
Intensive Substance Farming
(a) Fields are very small.
(b) There is intensive use of land due to high pressure of population on the agriculture land
(c) Cropping pattern is dominated by food crops.
(d) More than one crops is grown in the same field.
(e) Farmers apply modem inputs to obtain high yield.
(f) It is a labour intensive farming.
Commercial Farming
(a) use of higher dose of modem inputs e.g. .HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
(b) The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from to. e.g. Rice is commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab but
in Orrisa , it is subsistence
Plantation Farming
1. It is also a type of commercial farming.
2. A single crop is grown on a large area.
3. It has an interface of agriculture and industry.
4. It is done over large tracts of land using capital intensive inputs.
5. All the products is used as raw material in respective industries.
6. The production is mainly for market.
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7. A well developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industry and
market is important.
8. Example of plantation crops are tea ,coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana etc.

AGRICULTURE SEASONS
Rabi crops
(a) Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December.
(b) Harvesting in summer from April to J une.
(c) Example of Rabi crops are wheat, barley , peas gram and mustard etc.
(d) Region: Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J ammu Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Uttranchal.
Factor responsible for growth of rabbi crops.
1. Availability of precipitation due to western disturbances.
2. Fertile alluvial trits deposited due to western disturbances.
3. Success of green revolution.
Kharif crops
(a) The crops which are sown with the onset of monsoon and harvesting in September- October.
(b) Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, moong, cotton ,jute groundnut are some of the important kharif crops.
(c) Important rice growing regions are Assam, west Bengal, Costal region of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala
and Maharastra.
(d) In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orrisa three crops of paddy grown in the year. These are Aus. Aman and Boro.
Zaid
1. The crops which are grown in between rabbi and the kharif crops are known as Zaid crops.
2. Watermelon, cucumber, vegetables and the kharif crops are known as Zaid crops.



Food crops Cash Crops Plantation crops
(Rice, wheat millets) (Cotton, J ute etc.) (Coffee, tea etc.)
FOOD CROPS OF INDIA
Rice
Feature
1. It is the staple food crop of the people living in eastern and sourthern par of India.
2. In the north it is a kharif crop and in the south it grows with the Help of irrigation throughout the year.
3. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after Chin.
Geographical Requirements
Temperature: Above 25
0
1. Annual rainfall above 100 cm.
C (Sowing, growing and harvesting)
Rainfall
2. The field must be flooded with water at the time of transplantation and during early stage of growth.
3. Frequent showers before ripening ensure larger grain size.
Soil : it can grow in variety of soil including stills, loam and But it grow best in alluvial soil.
Area of production: West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,Punjab,Orissa,Karnataka.
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Wheat
Features
1. Second most important cereal crop.
2. Main food in north and north-western part of the country.
3. India is the fourth largest producer of wheat in the world.
4. It is a Rabi crop. (winter crop).
5. It grows well in a coal and moist climate, fertile soil moderate rain fall.
Geographical Requirements
Temperature: 24
0
1. 10
C monthly.
0
C to 15
0
2. 25
C during growing season.
0
C to 28
0
Rainfall
C at the time of ripening.
1. 50 cm to 75cm
2. The western disturbances cause light rainfall is highly beneficial to the wheat crop.
Soil
1. Well drained fertile soil, heavy textured soil with some amount of lime.
2. Clayey, loamy soil of the Ganga plain.
3. Black soil of Deccan Plateau.
Area of Production : Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana are major producer of wheat. Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat and Maharashtra etc.
Millets
Features
1. J owar, bajara and ragi are important millets grown in India.
2. It is the common name for several species of the grass family.
3. It is known as coarse grain.
4. They have very high nutritional value.
Jowar
(a) It is third important food crop of India.
(b) It is a rain fed crop which can be grown in the arid areas.
(c) It needs less irrigation.
(d) Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh are the leading producer of J owar.
Bajara
(a) It is a dry crop.
(b) It grows well in sandy and shallow black soil.
(c) Rajasthan is the largest producer of Bajara.
(d) Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana are, other state.
Ragi
(a) It is a crop of dry regions.
(b) It grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soil.
(c) It is very rich in iron, calcium and roughage.
(d) Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim,
J harhand and Arunachal Pradesh.
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Maize:
1. It is a coarse grain.
2. It is used both as food and fodder crop. It is a Kharif crop.
3. Temperature: 21
0
C to 27
0
4. Soil : old alluvial soil. Major producing state: Karnataka, U.P., Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, M.P.
C.
5. In Bihar it is grown in rabbi-season.
Pulses
Features
1. India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world
2. Major source of protein in it vegetarian diet.
3. Being leguminous crops, all these crops except Arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air.
4. Tuar, Urad and Moong are grown as Kharif crops.
5. Masur, peas and gram are grown as Rabi crops.
Geographical Requirements
Temperature: 20
0
C to 30
0
(i) Grown in all types of soil.
C
Soil :
(ii) Dry soil is most suitable.
Rainfall
1. Low to moderate rainfall
2. 25 cm to 50 cm
3. Too much rain fall after sowing and during flowering is damaging.
4. Area of Production: Punjab, Haryana, U.P., M.P., Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Bihar.

FOOD CROPS OTHER THAN GRAINS
Sugarcane
Features
1. It is a tropical as well as sub tropical crop.
2. It belongs to the grass family.
3. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil,
4. It is the main source of sugar, gur, khandsari and molasses.
Geographical Requirements
Temperature
1. Hot and humid climate
2. 21
0
c to 27
0
c
3. Coal temperature is needed at the time of ripening.
Rainfall
1. 75 cm to 100 cm.
2. 100 heavy rain fall results in low sugar content.
Soil
1. It can grow variety of soils like black alluvial, loamy and reddish loam.
2. The best soil is alluvial soil of the Ganga plain and black soil of Southern India.
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Areas of Production:
1. Uttar Pradesh is largest producer of sugar cane. Bihar, Punjab and Haryana are other state.
2. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are the state of Peninsular India.
Oil seeds
Features
1. India is the largest producer of oil seeds in the world.
2. Different oilseeds are grown crowing approximately 12% of the total cropped area of the country.
3. Main oil seeds are ground nut, mustard,coconut,sesamum(till),soybean, castor seeds, cotton seeds linseeds and
sunflower.
4. Groundnut is a kharif crop and is produced in Andhra Pradesh,TamilNadu,Karnataka,Gujarat and Maharstra.
5. Linseed and Mustand are rabbi crops.
6. Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and rabbi crop in south India.
7. Costar seed is grown birth as Rabi& kharif crop .

ECONOMIMIC IMPORTANCE OF SEEDS
1. Most of these are edible and as cooking medium.
2. Extracted oil is also used as raw material for manufacturing large number of items
3. Oil cake which is the by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from oil seeds is excellent cattle feed.
4. Oil cake is also used as fertilizer.

BEVARAGES-CROPS
Tea
Features
1. it is an important beverage crop introduced in India initially by the British.
2. Tea is a labour intensive industry.
3. It requires abundant, cheap and skills labour.
4. Tea is processed with in the tea garden to restore its freshness.
5. India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the word.
Geographical Requirements
Temperature
1. Tropical and sub tropical climate.
2. Warm and moist frost free climate.
3. 20
0
c to 30
0
c but 25
o
Rainfall
1. Heavy rainfall.
2. 150 cm-250 cm.
3. The rainfall should be distributed thought the year.
Soil
c is ideal temperature
1. Light loamy soil.
2. Rich in humus and iron content.
3. Frequent use of chemical fertilizers and manure is essential.
Area of production
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Assam, hills of Darjeeling and jalpaiguri, west Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal Meghalaya,
Andhra Pradesh and Tripura.
Coffee
Features
1. Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quantity.
2. Arabicaquality of coffee is grown in India.
3. It is one the oldest plantation crop in India.
Geographical Requirements
Temperature
1. monthly temperature from 14
0
c-26
0
1. India is largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.
c.
2. Bright sunlight and warm weather.
3. Frost free climate.
Rainfall
1. 125cm-250cm.
2. It should be well distribute thought the year.
3. Stagnant water is harmful.
Soil
1. It grows be well distributed thought the year.
2. In India coffee is grown on red and literate.
Area of production
Nilgiri in Kamataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu.

HORTICULTURE CROPS
2. India is the producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits
3. Mangoes are found in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and V.P.
4. Oranges in nagpur and cherrapunji 9meghalaya).
5. Bananas in kerala, mijoram,Tamil Nadu and Maharatra.
6. Litchi and Guava in V.P. and Bihar.
7. Pineapples in Meghalaya.
8. Grapes in Andhra Pradesh and Maharastra.
9. Apples, pears, Apricots and walnuts in J ammu& Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
10. India produces 13% of the worlds vegetable. It is an important producer of pea, onion, cabbage and cauliflower.

NON-FOOD CROPS
Rubber
Features
1. It is an equatorial crop.
2. It is also grown in tropical or sub tropical areas.
3. It is a kind of natural plastic with many invaluable qualities such as elasticity, non conduction of electricity.
4. It is an important industrial raw material.
5. India ranks fifth among the worlds natural rubber production.
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Geographical Requirements
Temperature: Above 25
0
1. It needs well and heavy distributed rainfall.
c
Rainfall
2. 200 cm-400 cm.
Soil
Area of Production
1. kerala is the largest production of rubber.
2. kerala account for about 91% of total area under rubber plantation.
3. Tamil nadu, Kamataka and Adman and Nikobar Island and Agro Hills of Himalayas are the other producers.
Fiber crops
Features
1. Four major crops of India are
1. Cotton 2.J ute 3. Hemp 4. Natural silk
2. Cotton, jute and Hemp are. Derived from the crops grown in soil.
3. Natural silk is obtained from cocoons of the silk worms, fed on green leaves specially mulberry.
4. Rearing of silk worm for the production of silk is known as sericulture.
Cotton
Features
1. It is the most important fiber crope of India.
2. It is the of the basic raw material-s for the coupon textile industry.
3. India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world after china, U.S.A. and Russia .
4. It is the crop of tropical and sub-tropical areas.
5. It is cultivated as a Kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
Geographical Requirements:
Temperature
1. Needs warm climate.
2. 21
0
c-27
0
3. Abundant sun sine is necessary during the growth of the plant.
c
4. 210 frost free days.
Rainfall
1. It requires light rainfall.
2. 50 cm to 80 cm is adequate.
3. With the help of irrigation crop can be grow.
Soil
1. It grows well in Black cotton soil which is found in drier Plots of the Decant Plateau.
2. It also grow well in alluvial soils of Satluj Ganga Basin.
Area of Production: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Madhya
Pradesh. Jute
Features
1. It is known as the golden fibre.
2. It is a tropical fibre crop.
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3. India earns valuable foreign exchange by exporting jute.
4. J ute is used in making gunny bags, nuts, ropes, yam, carpet and other ornamental artifacts.
5. Due to high cost, it is losing to synthetic fibers, and packing materials, particularly Nylon.
Geographical Requirements:
Temperature: high temperature is required during the time of growth ..
Soil: Well drained fertile soil.
Area of production : West Bengal, Bihar, Assam Orissa and Mahayana are major jute producing state.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOW PRODUCTIVITY IN INDIA
1. Over Crowding in agriculture : There are two many people who depend on
Agriculture. Since 1901 the proportion of people dependent on agriculture has almost remained constant i.e. 70 %.
2. Problems of Inputs : Indian agriculture has suffered because of the inadequacy of finance, seeds, fertilizers, marketing
and transportation etc.
3. Size of land Holding: The average size of holding in India is very low, less than 2 Hectors or 5 acres.
4. Pattern of land Tenure: Under the Zamindari system the cultivator was a tenant. Who could be turned out of the land.
The cultivator has to pay high rents of the land he cultivates and he has no security of tenancy and may be tanned out of
his land lords desire.
5. Poor Technichniquies of Production: The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques
of production. There is also a shortage of various kind of inputs HYV seeds. Fertilizer, pesticides etc.

TECHNICAL & INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
1. Land Reforms: In order to encourage agriculture government has abolished Zamindari system. Consolidation of fields
has also been done. To help the landless workers government has granted them fields.
2. Lunching of irrigation schemes: Many multipurpose projects have been constructed to provide power and irrigation
facilities to the farmer.
3. Subsidies: Government is providing subsidies on the agriculture inputs .At present maximum subsidy is being given on
fertilizers.
4. Free Power: certain states are providing free electricity to the farmers to enhance the agriculture production.
5. public procurements System & Agriculture price commission: In this system government declares the price of
agriculture product in advance to check the exploitation of farmers by middle mem.
6. HYV Seeds & Agriculture Finance: Government is providing HYV seeds to the farmers .Special seminars are of also
being held. Many new Agriculture Universities have been set up.
7. Crops Insurances & Agriculture Finance: Indian agriculture is mainly dependent on nature, crops are also being
insured due to risk. Government has established special bank to provide agriculture loans to farmers.

CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT AND OUTPUT
Agriculture has been the back bone of Indian economy thought its share in the GDP is declining. Yet its share is
providing employment and livelihood continuous to be as high as 63% in 2011.
Steps taken by Indian government to modernize agriculture efforts.
1. Establishment of Indian council of Agriculture. Research(ICAR).
2. Agriculture Universities.
3. Veterinary services and animal breeding centers.
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4. Horticulture development.
5. Research, Weather forecast.
6. Improvement of the rural infrastructure.
Draw back of Indian government
1. Government is reducing investment in agriculture sector mainly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market an
mechanization.
2. Subsidy on fertilizers has decreased.
3. Reduction in import duties on agriculture products have proved harmful to agriculture in the country.
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EXERCISE
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
1. Which is the most important cereal crop of India? Name the two major producing state of this crop.
2. Which are the two major fibre crops of India?
3. Write two main features of dry land farming?
4. Write two main features of wet land farming?
5. What are kharif crops? Give two examples.
6. What are Rabi crops? Give two examples
7. What are horticulture?
8. What is sericulture?
9. Name the leading rubber producing states in India.
10. Which crop is called as Golden Fibre of India?
11. What is Agriculture?
12. Name any four agriculture products exported by India.
13. What is intensive subsistence farming? Mention any four plantation crops produced in India.
14. What is the period of khaif crop?
15. What is the period of Rabi crop?
16. Name the two most important wheat producing state of India?
17. Why should the production of pulses be increased?
18. Name some major oilseeds of India.
19. High humidity is good for the cultivation of tea why?
20. Why is shifting agriculture discouraged?
21. Name two cotton producing states of India?
22. Which region is ideal for the cultivation of cotton?
23. Name some three cash craps?
24. Give two features of the green Revolution?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
1. Describe any steps taken by the government to improve Indian agriculture after independence.
2. Distinguish between dry land farming and wet land farming?
3. Describe favorable climatic condition for growing wheat and maize crops in India?
4. What are millets? Why are mallets very important food crops in India?
5. Describe any four features of Indian agriculture.
6. Agriculture is the main stay of India economy. Discuss.
7. What is slash and burn agriculture ? Give four silent features of this agriculture.
8. Mention any four features of the primitive subsistence farming
9. Name any four factors the have distorted the cropping pattern in India
10. What is importance of rubber for the Indian economy?
11. write two difference between intensive an extensive farming.
12. Where is tea grown in India? Describe the suitable condition for its growth.
13. Differentiate between commercial agriculture and subsistence agriculture.
14. Which are the two steeple food crops of India? Compare and contrast the climate and soil requirements of the two.
15. What suggest you that Indian agriculture has transferring from subsistence to commercial farming?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Mention any four steps which have been taken by the government to modems the Indian agriculture.
2. Explain any four factors which have hindered the pace of agriculture development in India?
3. How is the government helping the Indian farmers in increasing their agricultural production? Explained any four
points.
4. What is plantation agriculture? Write some features of type of farming?
5. Discuss some new trends in Indian agriculture?
6. Why has Indian agriculture started a deckling in food production? How can we overcome this problem?
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7. How have the technological and institutional reforms been to improve the condition of Indian agriculture?