What is database?

Its is an organized collections of logical related data

Eg:college results,bank,library etc
What is DBMS?
It is a collection of progras that enables user to create and aintain a database!
What are the ad"antages of DBMS?
#! $edundancy is controlled!
%! &nauthorised access is restricted!
'! (ro"iding ultiple user interfaces!
)! Enforcing integrity constraints!
*! (ro"iding backup and reco"ery!
What is Data Independence?
+he ability to odify the schea definition in one le"el should not affect the schea definition
in the ne,t higher le"el!!
-hat is a "ie-?
. "ie- ay be thought of as a "irtual table, that is, a table that does not really e,ist in its o-n
right but is instead deri"ed fro one or ore underlying base table!
What is Data Model?
. collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data seantics and
constraints!
What is E/$ odel?
+his data odel is based on real -orld that consists of basic ob0ects called entities and of
relationship aong these ob0ects! Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes!
What is 1b0ect 1riented odel?
+his odel is based on collection of ob0ects! .n ob0ect contains "alues stored in instance
"ariables -ith in the ob0ect!
What is an Entity?
It is a 2thing2 in the real -orld -ith an independent e,istence!eg Student,eployee,product,order!
represented by rectangularsybol
What is Weak Entity set?
.n entity set -hose e,istence is dependent on another entityt is said to be Weak Entity set!it is
reprented by double rectangular sybol
What is an attribute?
It is a particular property or characterestics -hich describes the entity!eg
3ae,address,arks,rollno,eployeeid!represnted by ellipse shape sybol
What is an Entity type?
It is a collection 4set5 of entities that ha"e sae attributes!
What is an Entity set?
It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database!
What is $elationship?
It is an association aong t-o or ore entities!represented by diaond shaped sybol!
What is a ($IM.$6 7E6 8onstraint
+he ($IM.$6 7E6 constraint uni9uely identifies each record in a database table!
(riary keys ust contain uni9ue "alues!. priary key colun cannot contain 3&:: "alues!
What is a foreign 7E6 8onstraint?
It;s a priary key in one relation and e,ists in another
What is noralization?
Normazaton usuay nvoves dvdng arge tabes nto smaer () tabes and
denng reatonshps between them.
What is a 9uery?
. 9uery -ith respect to DBMS relates to user coands that are used to interact -ith a data
base! +he 9uery language can be classified into data definition language and data anipulation
language!
What is data dictionary?
Data dictionary is a set of tables and database ob0ects that is stored in a special area of the
database and aintained e,clusi"ely by the kernel!
What are different normalization forms?
1NF: Eliminate Repeating Groups
Make a separate table for each set of related attributes and gi!e each table a primar" ke"#
Each field
contains at most one !alue from its attribute domain#
$NF: Eliminate Redundant %ata
&f an attribute depends on onl" part of a multi'!alued ke" remo!e it to a separate table#
(NF: Eliminate )olumns Not %ependent *n +e"
&f attributes do not contribute to a description of the ke" remo!e them to a separate table#
,ll
attributes must be directl" dependent on the primar" ke"
-)NF: -o"ce')odd Normal Form
&f there are non'tri!ial dependencies bet.een candidate ke" attributes separate them out
into distincttables#
What is sub'/uer"
0ub'/ueries are often referred to as sub'selects as the" allo. a SELECT statement to be
e1ecuted
arbitraril" .ithin the bod" of another 023 statement#
What is data Integrity?
Data Integrty denes the accuracy and consstency of data stored n a database. It
can aso dene ntegrty constrants to enforce busness rues on the data when t s
entered nto the appcaton or database.
8oands in s9l
DM: coands/they are used to
SELECT / e,tracts data fro a database
Select * from tablename
UPDATE / updates data in a database
UPDATE tabe_name
SET coumn1=vaue, coumn2=vaue2,...
WHERE condton
DELETE / deletes data fro a database
DELETE FROM tabe_name
WHERE some_coumn=some_vaue
INSERT INTO / inserts ne- data into a database
I3SE$+ I3+1 table<nae
=.:&ES 4"alue#, "alue%, "alue',!!!5
+he second for specifies both the colun naes and the "alues to be inserted:
I3SE$+ I3+1 table<nae 4colun#, colun%, colun',!!!5
=.:&ES 4"alue#, "alue%, "alue',!!!5
Data Defnition Language (DDL) statements are used to dene the database
structure or schema
CREATE DATABASE / creates a ne- database
ALTER DATABASE / odifies a database
CREATE TABLE / creates a ne- table
8$E.+E +.B:E stateent is used to create a table in a database!
SQL CREATE TABLE Syntax
CREATE TABLE tabe_name
(
coumn_name1 data_type(sze),
coumn_name2 data_type(sze),
coumn_name3 data_type(sze),
....
)
ALTER TABLE / odifies a table
DROP TABLE / deletes a table structure copletely
CREATE INDEX / creates an inde, 4search key5
Transactions
. transaction is a logical unit of -ork that contains one or ore S>: stateents!
Wat is S!L"
S>: stands for Structured >uery :anguage
S>: lets you access and anipulate databases
S>: is an .3SI 4.erican 3ational Standards Institute5 standard