Limit of Function Theory - e

MATHS
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1
Definition : Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist, as x a when,
+
0 h
im
f (a h) = +
0 h
im
f (a + h) = Finite
(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)
Note that we are not interested in knowing about what happens at x = a. Also note that if L.H.L. &
R.H.L. are both tending towards ' ' or , then it is said to be infinite limit.
Remember, x a means that x is approaching to a but not equal to a.
Fundamental theorems on li mits:
Let
a x
im
f (x) = and
a x
im
g (x) = m. If & m are finite, then:

(A)
a x
im
{ f (x) g (x) } = m
(B)
a x
im
{ f(x). g(x) } = . m
(C)
a x
im
f x
g x
( )
( )
=
m
, provided m = 0
(D)
a x
im
k f(x) = k
a x
im
f(x) = k; where k is a constant.

(E)
a x
im
f (g(x)) = f
|
|
.
|
\
|
) x ( g im
a x
= f (m); provided f is continuous at g (x) = m.

Example # 1 : Evaluate the following limits : -
(i)
2 x
im
(x + 2) (ii)
0 x
im
cos (sin x)
Solution : (i) x + 2 being a polynomial in x, its limit as x 2 is given by
2 x
im
(x + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4
(ii)
0 x
im
cos (sin x) = cos |

.
|
\
|
x sin im
0 x
= cos 0 = 1
Self practice problems
Evaluate the following limits : -
(1)
2 x
im
x(x 1) (2)
2 x
im
2 x
4 x
2
+
+
Answers : (1) 2 (2) 2
Limit of Function
MATHS
2
Indeterminate forms :
If on putting x = a in f(x), any one of
0
0
,
, 0 , , , 0, 1
form is obtained, then the limit

has an indeterminate form. All the above forms are interchangeable, i.e. we can change one form to
other by suitable substitutions etc.
In such cases
a x
im
f(x) may exist.

Consider f(x) =
2 x
4 x
2
. Here
2 x
im
x
2
4 = 0 and
2 x
im
x 2 = 0
2 x
im
f(x) has an indeterminate form of the type

0
0
.
x
im
x
x n
has an indeterminate form of type
.
0 x
im
(1 + x)
1/x
is an indeterminate form of the type 1
NOTE :
(i) + =
(ii) x =
(iii)
a
= 0, if a is finite.
(iv)
a
0
is not defined for any a e R.
(v)
0 x
im
x
x
is an indeterminate form whereas
0 x
im
2
2
x
] x [
is not an indeterminate form (where [.]
represents greatest integer function)
Students may remember these forms alongwith the prefix tending to
i.e.
zero to tending
zero to tending
is an indeterminate form whereas
zero to tending
zero exactly
is not an indeterminate
form, its value is zero.
similarly (tending to one)
tending to
is indeterminate form whereas (exactly one)
tending to
is not an
indeterminate form, its value is one.
To evaluate a limit, we must always put the value where ' x ' is approaching to in the function. If we get
a determinate form, then that value becomes the limit otherwise if an indeterminate form comes, we
have to remove the indeterminancy, once the indeterminancy is removed the limit can be evaluated by
putting the value of x, where it is approaching.
Methods of removing i ndetermi nancy
Basic methods of removing indeterminancy are
(A) Factorisation (B) Rationalisation
(C) Using standard limits (D) Substitution
(E) Expansion of functions.
MATHS
3
Factori sati on method :-
We can cancel out the factors which are leading to indeterminancy and find the limit of the remaining
expression.
Example # 2 : (i)
3 x
im
3 x 4 x
3 x 2 x
2
2
+

(ii)
2 x
im
x 2 x 3 x
) 3 x 2 ( 2
2 x
1
2 3
Solution : (i)
3 x
im
3 x 4 x
3 x 2 x
2
2
+

=
3 x
im
) 1 x )( 3 x (
) 1 x )( 3 x (

+
= 2
(ii)
2 x
im
x 2 x 3 x
) 3 x 2 ( 2
2 x
1
2 3
=
2 x
im
) 2 x )( 1 x ( x
) 3 x 2 ( 2
2 x
1
=
2 x
im

) 2 x )( 1 x ( x
) 3 x 2 ( 2 ) 1 x ( x
=
2 x
im
(
(

+
) 2 x )( 1 x ( x
6 x 5 x
2
=
2 x
im

) 2 x )( 1 x ( x
) 3 x )( 2 x (
=
2 x
im
) 1 x ( x
3 x
=
2
1
Rati onal i sati on method : -
We can rationalise the irrational expression in numerator or denominator or in both to remove the
indeterminancy.
Example # 3 : Evaluate :
(i)
1 x
im
1 x 3 2
1 x 15 4
+
+
(ii)
0 x
im
x
x 1 x 1 +
Solution : (i)
1 x
im
1 x 3 2
1 x 15 4
+
+
=
1 x
im
) 1 x 3 2 )( 1 x 15 4 )( 1 x 3 2 (
) 1 x 15 4 )( 1 x 3 2 )( 1 x 15 4 (
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
=
1 x
im
) x 3 3 (
) x 15 15 (
1 x 15 4
1 x 3 2
+ +
+ +
=
2
5
(ii) The form of the given limit is
0
0
when x 0. Rationalising the numerator, we get
0 x
im
x
x 1 x 1 +
=
0 x
im
(
(
+ +
+ +
+
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
x
x 1 x 1
=
0 x
im
(
(
+ +
+
) x 1 x 1 ( x
) x 1 ( ) x 1 (
=
0 x
im
(
(
+ + ) x 1 x 1 ( x
x 2
MATHS
4
=
0 x
im
+ + x 1 x 1
2
=
2
2
= 1
(3)
1 x
im
( )
3 x x 2
1 x ) 3 x 2 (
2
+

(4)
2
x
im
t
3 / 2
3 / 1
) x (sin 1
) x (sin 1
(5)
0 h
im
h
x h x +
(6)
a x
im
2 2
a x
b a b x

(7) +
0 x
im
x x 4
x

Answers : (3)
10
1
(4)
2
1
(5)
x 2
1
(6)
b a a 4
1
(7) 0
Standard li mi ts :
(a) (i)
0 x
im
x
x sin
=
0 x
im
x
x tan
= 1 [ Where x is measured in radians ]
(ii)
0 x
im
x
x tan
1
=
0 x
im
x
x sin
1
= 1
(iii)
0 x
im
x
1
) x 1 ( +
= e ;
a
x
1
0 x
e ) ax 1 (
im
= +
(iv)
x
im
x
x
1
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
= e ;
a
x
x
e
x
a
1
im
= |
.
|
\
|
+

(v)
0 x
im
x
1 e
x
= 1 ;
0 x
im
x
1 a
x
= log
e
a = na ,a > 0
(vi)
0 x
im
x
) x 1 ( n +
= 1
(vii)
a x
im
a x
a x
n n
= na
n 1
(b) If f(x) 0, when x a, then
(i)
a x
im
) x ( f
) x ( f sin
= 1 (ii)
a x
im
cos f(x) = 1
(iii)
a x
im
) x ( f
) x ( f tan
= 1 (iv)
a x
im
) x ( f
1 e
) x ( f
= 1
(v)
a x
im
) x ( f
1 b
) x ( f
= n b, (b > 0) (vi)
a x
im
) x ( f
)) x ( f 1 ( n +
= 1
MATHS
5
(vii)
a x
im
e )) x ( f 1 (
) x ( f
1
= +
(c)
a x
im
f(x) = A > 0 and

a x
im
|(x) = B(a finite quantity), then

a x
im
[f(x)]
|(x)
= AA
B
.
0 x
im
x
1 ) x 1 (
n
+
Solution :
0 x
im
x
1 ) x 1 (
n
+
=
0 x
im
1 ) x 1 (
1 ) x 1 (
n
+
+
= n
0 x
im
2 / x
1 e
x 3
Solution :
0 x
im
2 / x
1 e
x 3
=
0 x
im
2 3
x 3
1 e
x 3
= 6.
0 x
im
3
x
x sin x tan
Solution :
0 x
im
3
x
x sin x tan
=
0 x
im
3
x
) x cos 1 ( x tan
=
0 x
im
3
2
x
2
x
sin 2 . x tan
=
0 x
im
2
1
.
x
x tan
.
2
2
x
2
x
sin
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
.
0 x
im
x 3 sin
x 2 sin
Solution :
0 x
im
x 3 sin
x 2 sin
=
0 x
im
x 3 sin
x 3
.
x 3
x 2
.
x 2
x 2 sin
= (
x 2
x 2 sin
im
0 x 2
.
3
2
. (
x 3 sin
x 3
im
0 x 3
= 1 .
3
2
x 3
x 3 sin
im
0 x 3
=
3
2
1 =
3
2
x
im
x
x
2
1 |
.
|
\
|
+
Solution :
x
im
x
x
2
1 |
.
|
\
|
+ =
x .
x
2
im
x
e

= e
2
.
Example # 9 : Evaluate : (i)
3 x
im
3 x
e e
3 x
(ii)
0 x
im
x cos 1
) 1 e ( x
x

Solution : (i) Put y = x 3. So, as x 3 y 0. Thus
3 x
im
3 x
e e
3 x
=
0 y
im
y
e e
3 y 3
+
=
0 y
im
y
e e . e
3 y 3
= e
3
0 y
im
y
1 e
y
= e
3
. 1 = e
3
MATHS
6
(ii)
0 x
im
x cos 1
) 1 e ( x
x

=
0 x
im
2
x
sin 2
) 1 e ( x
2
x
=
2
1
.
0 x
im
(
(
(
(
2
x
sin
x
.
x
1 e
2
2 x
= 2.
(8)
0 x
im
x
x 2 sin
(9)
0 x
im
8
x
8
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
x
cos
2
x
cos
4
x
cos
2
x
cos 1
2 2 2 2
(10)
4
x
im
t
x 4
x 2 sin 1
t
(11)
0 x
im
x
9 5
x x
(12)
x
im
(1 + a
2
)
x
sin
x 2
) a 1 (
b
+
, where a = 0
Answers : (8) 2 (9)
32
1
(10) does not exist (11) n
9
5
(12) b
Use of substitution in solving limit problems
Sometimes in solving limit problem we convert
a x
im
f(x) into
0 h
im
f(a + h) or
0 h
im
f(a h) according as
need of the problem. (here h is approaching to zero.)
Example # 10 : Evaluate
4
x
im
t
x sin 2 1
x tan 1
Solution : Put x =
4
t
+ h
x
4
t
h 0
0 h
im
|
.
|
\
|
+
t
|
.
|
\
|
+
t
h
4
sin 2 1
h
4
tan 1
=
0 h
im
h cos h sin 1
h tan 1
h tan 1
1

+
=
0 h
im
2
h
cos
2
h
sin 2
2
h
sin 2
h tan 1
h tan 2
2
=
0 h
im
2
h
cos
2
h
sin
2
h
sin 2
h tan 2
tanh) 1 (
1
=
0 h
im
2
h
cos
2
h
sin
2
h
2
h
sin
h
tanh
2
tanh) 1 (
1
=
1
2
= 2.
Li mi ts usi ng expansi on
(a)
0 a .........,
! 3
a n x
! 2
a n x
! 1
a n x
1 a
3 3 2 2
x
> + + + + =

MATHS
7
(b)
......
! 3
x
! 2
x
! 1
x
1 e
3 2
x
+ + + + =
(c) n (1+x) = 1 x 1 for .........,
4
x
3
x
2
x
x
4 3 2
s < + +
(d)
.....
! 7
x
! 5
x
! 3
x
x x sin
7 5 3
+ + =
(e)
.....
! 6
x
! 4
x
! 2
x
1 x cos
6 4 2
+ + =
(f) tan x =
......
15
x 2
3
x
x
5 3
+ + +
(g) tan
-1
x =
....
7
x
5
x
3
x
x
7 5 3
+ +
(h) sin
-1
x =
..... x
! 7
5 . 3 . 1
x
! 5
3 . 1
x
! 3
1
x
7
2 2 2
5
2 2
3
2
+ + + +
(i) sec
-1
x =
......
! 6
x 61
! 4
x 5
! 2
x
1
6 4 2
+ + + +
(j) for |x| < 1, n e R; (1 + x)
n
= 1 + nx +
2 . 1
) 1 n ( n
x
2
+
3 . 2 . 1
) 2 n )( 1 n ( n
x
3
+ ............
(k)
x
1
) x 1 ( +
= e |
.
|
\
|
+ ... .......... x
24
11
2
x
1
2
0 x
im
2
x
x
x 1 e
Solution :
0 x
im
2
x
x
x 1 e
=
0 x
im
2
2
x
x 1 ......
! 2
x
x 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
=
2
1
0 x
im
3
x
x sin x tan
Solution :
0 x
im
3
x
x sin x tan
=
0 x
im
3
3 3
x
......
! 3
x
x .......
3
x
x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
3
1
+
6
1
=
2
1
.
1 x
im
1 x
2 ) x 7
3
1
+ (
Solution : Put x = 1 + h
0 h
im
h
2 ) h 8 (
3
1
+
MATHS
8
=
0 h
im
h
2
8
h
1 . 2
3
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
0 h
im
h
1 .......
2 . 1
8
h
1
3
1
3
1
8
h
.
3
1
1 2
2
+
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

+ +
=
0 h
im
2
24
1
=
12
1
0 x
im
x sin x tan x
2
x
x sin ) x 1 ( n
2
+ +
Solution :
0 x
im
x sin x tan x
2
x
x sin ) x 1 ( n
2
+ +
=
0 x
im
x
x sin
.
x
x tan
. x
2
x
.....
! 5
x
! 3
x
x .....
3
x
2
x
x
3
2 5 3 3 2
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
3
1
+
6
1
=
2
1
0 x
im
x tan
) x 1 ( e
x
1
+
Solution :
0 x
im
x tan
) x 1 ( e
x
1
+
=
0 x
im
x tan
......
2
x
1 e e |
.
|
\
|
+
=
0 x
im
2
e
x tan
x
=
2
e
Example # 16 : Find the values of a,b and c so that
x sin x
ce x cos b ae
im
x x
0 x
= 2
Solution :
x sin x
ce x cos b ae
im
x x
0 x
= 2 .....(1)
at x 0 numerator must be equal to zero
a b + c = 0 b = a + c .....(2)
From (1) & (2),
x sin x
ce x cos ) c a ( ae
im
x x
0 x
+ +
= 2

0 x
im
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
.....
! 5
x
! 3
x
x x
......
! 3
x
! 2
x
! 1
x
1 c ......
! 4
x
! 2
x
1 ) c a ( ......
! 3
x
! 2
x
! 1
x
1 a
5 3
3 2 4 2 3 2
= 2
0 x
im
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ + + +
......
! 5
x
! 3
x
1
..... ) c a (
! 3
x
) c a (
x
) c a (
4 2
= 2
Since R.H.S is finite,
MATHS
9
a c = 0 a = c, then
1
.... 0 a 2 0 + + +
= 2
a = 1 then c = 1
From (2), b = a + c = 1 + 1 = 2
Limit when x
In these types of problems we usually cancel out the greatest power of x common in numerator and
denominator both. Also sometime when x , we use to substitute y =
x
1
and in this case y 0
+
.
x
im
x sin
x
1
Solution :
x
im
x sin
x
1
=
x
im
x
1
x
1
sin
= 1
x
im
3 x 2
2 x
Solution :
x
im
3 x 2
2 x
=
x
im
x
3
2
x
2
1
=
2
1
.
x
im
2 x x 3
5 x 4 x
3 2
2
+
+
Solution :
x
im
2 x x 3
5 x 4 x
3 2
2
+
+
=
x
im
3
3 2
x
2
1
x
3
x
5
x
4
x
1
+
+
= 0
x
im
2 x
2 x 3
2
+
Solution :
x
im
2 x
2 x 3
2
+
(Put x =
t
1
, x t 0
+
)
= +
0 t
im
t
) t 2 1 (
t
1
. t 2 3
2
2

+
= +
0 t
im
) t 2 1 (
t 2 3
2
+
+
| t |
t
=
1
3
=
3
.
MATHS
10
Some important notes :
(i)
x
im
x
nx
= 0 (ii)
x
im
x
e
x
= 0 (iii)
x
im
x
n
e
x
= 0
(iv)
x
im
( )
x
nx
n
= 0 (v) +
0 x
im
x(nx)
n
= 0
As x , n x increases much slower than any (positive) power of x where as e
x
increases much
faster than any (positive) power of x.
(vi)
n
im
(1 h)
n
= 0 and
n
im
(1 + h)
n
, where h 0
+
.
x
im
x
1000
e
x
Solution :
x
im
x
1000
e
x
= 0
Limits of form 1
, 0
0
,
0
(A) All these forms can be converted into
0
0
form in the following ways
(a) If x 1, y , then z = (x)
y
is of 1
form
n z = y n x
n z =
y
1
nx
|
.
|
\
|
form
0
0
As y
y
1
0 and x 1 nx 0
(b) If x 0, y 0, then z = x
y
is of (0
0
) form
n z = y n x
n z =
nx
1
y
|
.
|
\
|
form
0
0
(c) If x , y 0, then z = x
y
is of ()
0
form
n z = y n x
n z =
nx
1
y
|
.
|
\
|
form
0
0
(B) (1)
type of problems can be solved by the following method

(a)
0 x
im
x
1
) x 1 ( + = e
(b)
a x
im
[f(x)]
g(x)
; where f(x) 1 ; g(x) as x a
MATHS
11
=
a x
im
| |
) x ( g . } 1 ) x ( f {
1 ) x ( f
1
1 ) x ( f 1

+
=
a x
im
) x ( g ) 1 ) x ( f (
1 ) x ( f
1
] ) 1 ) x ( f ( 1 [
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
) x ( g ] 1 ) x ( f [ im
a x
e

x
im
2 x 4
2
2
3 x 2
1 x 2
+
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
Solution : Since it is in the form of 1
x
im
2 x 4
2
2
3 x 2
1 x 2
+
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= exp
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

) 2 x 4 (
3 x 2
3 x 2 1 x 2
im
2
2
2 2
x
= e
8
4
x
im
t
(tan x)
tan 2x
Solution : Since it is in the form of 1

so
4
x
im
t
(tan x)
tan 2x
=
x 2 tan ) 1 x (tan im
4
x
e

t
=
x tan 1
x tan 2
) 1 x (tan im
2
4
x
e

=
) 4 / tan 1 ( 1
4 / tan
2
e
t +
t
= e
1
=
e
1
a x
im
a 2
x
tan
x
a
2
t
|
.
|
\
|

.
Solution :
a x
im
a 2
x
tan
x
a
2
t
|
.
|
\
|

put x = a + h
=
0 h
im
|
.
|
\
| t
+
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
a 2
h
2
tan
) h a (
h
1 =
0 h
im
|
.
|
\
| t
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
a 2
h
cot
h a
h
1 =
|
.
|
\
|

+
+
t
1
h a
h
1 .
a 2
h
cot im
0 h
e
=
h a
a 2
.
a 2
h
tan
a 2
h
im
0 h
e
+
t
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
t
=
t
2
e
Example # 25 : Evaluate +
0 x
im
x
x
Solution : Let y = +
0 x
im
x
x
n y = +
0 x
im
x n x = +
0 x
im

x
1
x
1
n
= 0, as
x
1

y = 1
MATHS
12
Sandwitch theorem or squeeze play theorem:
Suppose that f(x) s g(x) s h(x) for all x in some open interval containing a, except possibly at x = a
itself. Suppose also that
a x
im
f(x) = =
a x
im
h(x),
Then
a x
im
g(x) = .
h
g
f
n
im
2
n
] nx [ .... ] x 3 [ ] x 2 [ ] x [ + + + +
, where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
Solution : We know that, x 1 < [x] s x
2x 1 < [2x] s 2x
3x 1 < [3x] s 3x
. . .
. . .
nx 1 < [nx] s nx
(x + 2x + 3x + .... + nx) n < [x] + [2x] + ..... +[nx] s (x + 2x + .... + nx)
2
) 1 n ( xn +
n <

=
n
1 r
] x r [ s
2
) 1 n ( n . x +
n
im
2
x
|
.
|
\
|
+
n
1
1

n
1
<
n
im
2
n
] nx [ .... ] x 2 [ ] x [ + + +
s
n
im
2
x
|
.
|
\
|
+
n
1
1
2
x
<
n
im
2
n
] nx [ .... ] x 2 [ ] x [ + + +
s
2
x
n
im
2
n
] nx [ .... ] x 2 [ ] x [ + + +
=
2
x
Aliter
We know that [x] = x {x}
] x r [
n
1 r
=
= [x] + [2x] + .... + [nx]
= (x + 2x + 3x + ... + nx) ({x} + {2x} + .... + {nx})
=
2
) 1 n ( xn +
({x} + {2x} + .. + {nx})
2
n
1
=
n
1 r
] x r [
=
2
x
|
.
|
\
|
+
n
1
1

2
n
} nx { .... } x 2 { } x { + + +
Since, 0 s {rx} < 1, 0 s
=
n
1 r
} x r {
< n
MATHS
13
n
im
2
n
1 r
n
} rx {
= = 0
n
im
2
n
1 r
n
] rx [
=
=
n
im
2
x
|
.
|
\
|
+
n
1
1

n
im
2
n
1 r
n
} rx {
n
im
2
n
1 r
n
] rx [
=
=
2
x

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Limit of Function Theory - e

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MATHS

g (x) = m. If & m are finite, then:

f(x) = k; where k is a constant.

= f (m); provided f is continuous at g (x) = m.

cos (sin x) = cos |

form is obtained, then the limit

f(x) may exist.

f(x) has an indeterminate form of the type

f(x) = A > 0 and

|(x) = B(a finite quantity), then

type of problems can be solved by the following method

Solution : Since it is in the form of 1

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