PHYSICS

"manishkumarphysics.in"
1
ai ui (HEAT TRANSFER)
1. sf4 (INTRODUCTION)
-ni ( =i -i t i -ii-- + +ii ilt- ti -i t --- -i = l--- -i +i -- +i ~i t -ni = -i -i-
+i = ti -i t
(i) -in-
(ii) = t-
(iii) ll+i
2. ina (CONDUCTION)
-ni -i + = -i +i t l+i l=n -ni nin + (+ +i = <= +i ~i =-l- ti-i t. -- nin +i
+ +i ~-i l-il- +i t-i t . -in- +tni-i t -<iti - l< ~i ni t +i (+ z +i + +
-=+ (+ l= +i + z =n + ln( ~in i -i :=+i tii nn ti i-i t -ni. ni t +i z + ~- l<zi -in-
,ii = -l- ti-i t ni t +i z + nii :n + i-i +i +-- ~iin nn l= i-ii + ----i + +ii
~li+-n ni- i-- + n -i t c t ( +-- ~iin. i =i nii ~i + n nii = nii +i ++ + <i i-
z + ~- l<zi = -l- ti - t := +i ci t ~i -i +i -i zi z +i n-i: + ~- l<zi ~i+ tii -+ + n-i t
+n+i -izi+n A ni i: L+i (+ l+i l-i +il l=+ +n+i +i -i T
H
T
C
(T
H
>T
C
) t
T
C
Q
2
Q
1
T
H
O
x
dx
B
A
L
~ l +i n ~--in dx l-il-i A B <i ~- -i +i -i zi+ni l-i +il +n+ A+i -i T +n+
B +i -i T + AT nil- ini ,ii <lzi- ti-i t l+ x <i t =n n l+i + A-izi+n = n ti -ni
+i nizii Ql--- + ,ii <i i-i t
Q
t
= KA
dT
dx
... (2.1)
ti K (+ l--i + t i l+i + <ii l-i t :=+i <ii +i -ni -in+-i +t- t ( ilzi
|
.
|

\
|
dx
dT
+i -i
i-i +t- t =ni+i (2.1) n () l--t <lzi - +-i t l+ -ni ----i = l--- -i +i ~i ilt- ti-i t
AT ve ilzi t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
2
3. ii4t ii (STEADY STATE)
l< -i +- -n n l+=i l-il- x ~- -i +i +i -ini- =n + =ii l-- t-i t (i< i t l-il- x +
=ii ll- - ti -i t ) -n -iii ~-ii n t i< i -iii ~-ii. -ii =i-i-ii = ~nn t . l=+ ln( l+=i
l-il- x -n n -i =ni- t-i -ilt -iii ~-ii n l+=i -in+ + ln( l+=i ~- -i +i -ni +i ~zii ii
i -= - -ti ti -i -ilt( (+i l+ + l-< -ini- =n + =ii l-- t-i t ) i i <i i +n+ l-- -i
+nzi T
H
T
C
i i- t . ( ~- =ii +n+i +i <ii zi n t -il+ --= +i : -ni it -ti l-+n-i (
l< n =nii--in n + ~--i +i = =ni- -ni +i nizii ilt- ti-i t := +i Q
1
= Q= Q
2
ti -i .
liin- i -n n -i i-i =ni- t
~-,
dx
dT
=
L
T A
=
L
T T
i f

=
L
T T
H C

t
Q
= KA
L
T A

t
Q
= KA
|
.
|

\
|
L
T T
C H
.... (3.1)
ti Q, =ni--in t n l+=i l-il- -n + ~- -i +i -i zi+n = ilt- -ni +i nizii t
Ex. 1 2 ni i i + (+ ( - lnl-n + i- + (+ +n+ +i -i 100C( < = l= +i 0Cii i-i t ( =ii =-t
zi n <iii = lii t : t i- + ,ii 5 = . n ilt- -ni +i nizii ai- +il (( - lnl-n +i -ni -in+-i
209 W/mC t
Sol. -ni 100Cin l= = 0Cin l= +i ~i ilt- ti ni -ni it +i l<zii + n-- ~- -i +i -i zi+n
A = 4m
2
-i
t
Q
= KA
L
) T T (
C H

Q =
m 2
sec) 5 )( C 0 C 100 )( m 4 )( C m / W 209 (
2

= 209 KJ Ans.
4. ina ais sfairi (THERMAL RESISTANCE TO CONDUCTION)
l< ~i ~- i +i a ni =n = ~i li- +- + :-z + t i ~- ll+- i += n ii-i nn i- + . -i ~i +i
l- ~-z -in+i +i i ii -ni -in+i n ~li+ t := +ii = -i l-i i R+i l- +ii ni t
~--i +i -i zi+n A, nii: L -ni -in+-i K +i (+ -n + ln(
KA
L
R = ............ (4.1)
-iii ~-ii n -n ,ii ilt- -ni +i nizii R+ <i n (t =n n )
R
) T T (
t
Q
C H

=
l< tn
t
Q
+i -ii iii i
T
+i -in <
-i ,
R
T T
i
C H
T

= ............(4.2)
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
3
t nli-i n ~i n + l-n + - - t -ini-. l - li +i i ln+i ~<i + ti t ~- ~i n + l-n = --
liin -ni -in- + ln( ii = t -iii ~-ii n (+ -n + ln( tn < i - + t l+ -ii iii i
T
+ ~- -i
+i =ni- t-i t t l l-+i n l+-i + + iii + l-n + =n t i ~ -ni -in- n ~i=i-i = -i n
l+i i =+-i t
Ex.2 -i- (+ =ni- z i +i n-i: + 1 ni.. + +i ~- -i +i -i zi+n
1 = ni
2
t ( ( - lnl-n -i :-i- +i -i t . l-+ n +- l=i +
-i +nzi 12C, 4C 50C t . i i- t
--+i -il-a =li +i -i ai- +il
[ K
Cu
= 400 W/m-K , K
Al
= 200 W/m-K , K
steel
= 50 W/m-K ]
Sol. R
Al
=
KA
L
=
200 10
1
4

=
200
10
4
:=i +i R
steel
=
50
10
4
-ii R
Cu
=
400
10
4
ni-i l+ -il-a =li +i -i = T
-i l+-i + + iii + l-n = ,
i
Al
+ i
steel
+ i
Cu
= 0

Al
R
12 T
+
steel
R
50 T
+
Cu
R
4 T
= 0
(T 12) 200 + (T 50) 50 + (T 4) 400
4(T 12) + (T 50) + 8 (T 4) = 0
13T = 48 + 50 + 32 = 130
T = 10C Ans.
5. ui-a it+ na (SLABS IN PARALLEL AND SERIES)
5.1 it + na (ii4t ii )
<i <iii l-+i ni i: L
1
L
2
~nn~nn ~--i +i -i zi+n A
1
A
2
-ii li-- -ni -in+-i K
1
K
2
t = -i (+ = +- -n nil it =-ti + -i T
H
T
C
i i- t . ( =ii iz =-ti zi n
- -ci <i i-i t
ni-i -iii ~-ii i-- + ni i-i t -i = li +i -i T ti ni. + -n = ilt- -ii iii =ni- ti ni -i
in -n = -ii iii
i =
t
Q
=
1
H
R
T T
or T
H
T = iR
1
. ........ (5.1)
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
4
( l,-i -n =
i =
t
Q
=
2
C
R
T T
or T T
C
= iR
2
.........(5.2)
=ni. 5.1 5.2 +i i-
T
H
T
L
= (R
1
+ R
2
) i
i i =
2 1
C H
R R
T T
+

:= +i <i-i -n -i l-ii R
1
+ R
2
+i (+n -n + -- t
l< ii+n n <i = ~li+ -n i i i-i t . ( -iii ~-ii i-- +- <i i-i t -i -i l-i i +- l+i i
=+-i t
R = R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ ....... ...(5.3)
Ex. 3 l-zi n (+ ti i -in - n+i- +i it <ii +i ~- -i +i l<iii ni i n+i- +i it + nn- -i =
~z i-i t <ii +i L
1
ni i: n -i +i n+i t ( ni i: (L
2
= 5L
1
) n : t :-+ i- =ni- -ni -in+-i
+ ~ai- <ii +i <i - t -i +i n+i +i -ni -in+-i K
1
t : +i K
2
= 5K
1
t <ii = -in- -iii
~-ii n t -- + i< -i- =-ti +i -ini- ai- t . T
1
= 25C, T
2
= 20C ( T
5
= 20C ~i--l+ =-ti +i -i
T
4
T
3
ai- +il
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
L
1
L L L
4
Sol. ni-i ~i--l+ =-t +i -i zi+n At . -i n+i +i -i l-i i
R
1
=
A K
L
1
1
( : +i <ii +i
R
2
=
A K
L
2
2
=
A K 5
L 5
1
1
= R
1
ni-i i- +i + - +i -i l-i i = Rt -i -i+- <ii +i li +i -t lznii +-
R
1
R R R
1
25C 20C T
4 20C
i
T
i
T
T
3
+ <ii = -ii iii =ni- t
~-
1
R
20 25
=
R
T 20
3

=
R
T T
4 3

=
1
4
R
20 T +
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
5
25 20 = T
4
+ 20
T
4
= 15C Ans.
also, 20 T
3
= T
3
T
4
T
3
=
2
T 20
4
+
= 2.5C Ans.
Ex. 4 -<iti 3 n . K
1
= 0.125 W/mC, K
2
= 5K
1
= 0.625 W/mC( ~ai- <ii +i -ni -in+-i K= 0.25 W/mC
t L
1
= 4cm, L
2
= 5L
1
= 20cm t l< n+i- n +n (+ +ni t l=+i <iii +i -i zi+n 100 m
2
, t. -i +n
n -i n l+ i t l- ti +i zil+- ai- +il
Sol. I
st
method R
1
= R
2
=
) m 100 )( C m / w 125 . 0 (
) m 10 4 (
2
2

= 32 10
4
C/w

1
R
20 25
=
R
T 20
3
L =
5
5 . 17

1
K
K
L
1
= 28 cm
R =
KA
L
= 112 10
4
C/W
i <ii +i -- -i l-ii = R
1
+ R
2
+ 2R = 288 10
4
C/W
+ n -ni iii. ~ii - n+i- = l- =+ it l-+n ti -ni +i nizii =
R
T T
C H

=
w / C 10 288
) C 20 ( C 25
4

=
288
10 45
4

watt
= 1.56 Kwatt
~- l-n- -ni +i l- +- + ln( ti ,ii 1.56 kW <i i-i -ilt Ans.
II
nd
method
i =
1
2 1
R
T T
=
4
10 32
20 25

= 1.56 Kwatt
5.2 ui-a + na :
L
Q
1
Q
2
T
C
r ki dk"ek d q. M
T
H
r ki dk"ek d q. M
: ) ks"e i j r
K
1
A
1
K
2
A
2
Iy sV 1
Iy sV 2
<i -ni + i (heat reservoirs) + n ii <i -n i l-i +il --+i -ni -in+-i K
1
K
2
-ii ~- -i
+i -i zi+n A
1
A
2
t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
6
-i R
1
=
1 1
A K
L
, R
2
=
2 2
A K
L
-n 1 + ,ii -ii iii
1
C H
1
R
T T
i

=
( -n 2 =
2
C H
2
R
T T
i

=
nn = a + (reservoir) +i -ni iii
i =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
2 1
C H 2 1
R
1
R
1
) T T ( i i
i =
eq
C H
R
T T
, = -n-i +- tn i- t
eq
R
1
=
2 1
R
1
R
1
+
l< <i = ~li+ z =ni-- +n n i i i-i t -i -- l-i i l--- = l<i i ni
eq
R
1
=
2 1
R
1
R
1
+
+
3
R
1
+ ..... .......... (5.4)
Ex. 5 -i +i -i- z ( :-i- +i -i- z + +i n-i: = 10 = ni. ( ~- -i +i -i zi+n 1 = ni
2
l-zii- =i i
i- t
C
E (0C)
copper
copper
copper
steel
steel
B
steel
D
A
(100C)
l< l= AE+nzi -i 125C 0C i i- t . -i nn = a i = li +i ~i ilt- -ni +i nizii ai- +il
(=iii 3.1 +i -in +il)
Sol. R
steel
=
KA
L
=
2 4
1
m 10 ) C m / W ( 46
m 10

=
46
1000
C/W..
:=i +i R
Cu
=
385
1000
C/W
= li CD=ii +i = (+ =i t ( <i -i = li +i -i =ni- ti ni liin - z CD-ii =i- n t ( :==
+i : -ni ilt- -ti ti ni ~- ~in + lzn ii n t zi i i =+-i t ~ z BC( CE ii+n n t --+i
-- l-ii R
1
= R
S
+ R
Cu
t :=i +i z BD DE ii ii +n n t ( --+i -- l-i i ii R
1
= R
S
+ R
Cu
---i ti tini
<i-i =ni-- +n n t l-+i -- l-ii
2
R
1
=
2
R R
Cu S
+
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
7
t l-i i z AB + =ii ii+n n t ~- =i - +i - - l-i i ti ni
R = R
steel
+
2
R
1
=
2
R R 3
Cu steel
+
=
W / C
385
1
46
3
500 |
.
|

\
|
+
~ i =
R
T T
C H

=
W / C
385
1
46
3
500
C 100
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
) 46 3 385 ( 5
385 46
+

Watt.
= 2.95 Watt. Ans.
Ex. 6 <i -n = + -< i +i zi -i = - t l-+i lzii r
1
r
2
(r
2
> r
1
) t --+ n K-ni -in+-i +i <ii ii t <i -i
ni ni + + -< Pzil+- + (+ ti ,ii ~i--l+ it ni ni +i +nzi T
H
T
C
-i ii i-i t P+i ni-
ai- +il
Sol. nin + + ~--i +i = l- =+ ilt- -ni = P = i.
x lzii dx ni i: + ni ni +i zi +i -i l-i i tini
P
dx
r
1
x
r
2
dR =
2
x 4 . K
dx
t
R = }
t
2
1
r
r
2
K . x 4
dx
=
K 4
1
t
|
|
.
|

\
|

2 1
r
1
r
1
-ii iii
i = P =
R
T T
C H

=
) r r (
r r ) T T ( K 4
1 2
2 1 C H

t
. Ans.
Ex. 7 -n -ni iil-i + (+ izi n 1 l+ni. n t := (+ :-i- +i z n-i: 10 ni. ~--i +i -izi+n
10 = ni.
2
+ ,ii (+ ii + +-i = i i i-i t l=+i -i 100Cii i-i t l< n +i il-i+ -i 0C
t -i t =n ai- +il l=+ i< t 50Cti i-i t (:-i- +i z +i -ni iil-i -n nil- ( t nil-
l+ i-ii +i -ni -i -ti ti -i) (=iii 3.1 +i -in +il ( n +i llzi -ni = 4180 J/KgCn )
Sol. ni-i t =n n +i -i T t -i t =n -ni iii
i =
|
.
|

\
|
R
T 100
t n +i -i T = T + dT -+ ci-i t
i =
dt
dH
=ms
dt
dT

R
T 100
= ms
dt
dT

}

50
0
T 100
dT
=
}
t
0
Rms
dT
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
n
|
.
|

\
|
2
1
=
Rms
t
or t = Rms n2 sec
=
KA
L
ms n2 sec
=
2 n
) m 10 10 ( ) C m / w ( 46
) C kg / J 4180 )( kg 1 ( ) m 10 (
2 4

=
46
418
(0.69) 10
5
= 6.27 10
5
sec
= 174.16 hours Ans.
4i is faa a4i +i <i+ ra+i at4 ina + irii s uni u+a r ?
(a) i i n nit +i +l=i n+l i +i + l=i = i<i ai -i- ti-i t
(b) lin- = i+- + ln( + +i i = c+i i-i t
(c) --i + nn ti- t
(d) + in +i n tn nni nt== +- t
(e) <i -n +-n. < n -i ni i: + (+ +-n = i<i nni < - t
(f) i i n l-li ~- i + ni n-i t
(g) -: i: . i-i i: = i<i nn ti -i t
(h) + ni n n+ i + ti nni i- t
(i) (l-+ni <iti <ii + + + i -i- t
(j) ~-<. it = -ni = -i +i i +- + ln( in = +ni-+ <i <iii +i -ii i-i t
6. ura
< n (+ -ii- = <= -ii- -+ -ni it -ni ~i~i +i i--l+ nl- + +ii ti-i t -i := +n
+i =t- +t- t < -ii n=i n +z -ni. -in- + ,ii ii ilt- ti-i t -- ~li+izi -ni =t- +
,ii ilt- ti-i t =t- i + ni ii + +ii --- ti-i t =iiii-i < +i ----i ini iin
ln ti-i t l+ l--- -i ini iin =i- ti-i t ~- =t- + ~iii nn < - -a-i t l+
ai < -i- a-i t n +i ~-l-il- n =t- =-i -ti t
n +i t li- (anamalous) ti (0-4C-i + n :=+i i- c -i t) l=+ +ii l-+ i-i
--- ti-i t =ii ti =t- +i l+i ti-i t :-n = (+ l-+ i-i ii n + ~-< i- t <=i
ii -++ t
4i is faa a4i +i <i+ ra+i at4 ura + irii s uni u+a r ?
(a) =n < +i i-i =-t + + n n i-i t . l+ -n +i i-i -ti n-i
(b) nt =n< i + -n i-i +i -ini- 4C+ nnin t-i t -it i-ii nn ti i ai ti
(c) n +- = ln-i t: ln+ ~ii i + +lzin -nt n nin-ii -ti ni =+- t
(d) ~i ~- +n +i nin-ii + ,ii +ilzi- + =+- t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
7. ff+i
ll+i +n n (+ -ii- = < = -ii- -+ -ni it nin +i l-i nn + ti ilt- ti-i t ti +-
ll+i zi< + ln( (+ <=i zi< l- --+i -n t
-n l. -izi -ii n-- --+i -izii + ~iii = --i t -ii -i ilt- +-i t
ff+i + niri
(a) =iii-i =ii --( ll+i -=l- +-i t +il+ :-+i -ini- n zi- -i = i<i ti-i t ~i
=ii -- ( ~- - <=i --~i + ,ii ~il-- +z ll+ii +i ~ziili- +- t
(b) n+=n - ~-i l- --+i l=zi-- + ~iii =nnii l+ =ii ll+i l - --+i -n ti-i
t ~i :-+ -zii- ~i~i nii~i + +--- +- t( ~ilzi- +i ti- t
(c) --- -ini- -- ~li+ ll+i -=l - +-i t -ii l--- -ini- +n ll+i -=l -
+-i t
(d) ~li+-n ll+i -=- + =n- -n< n l-ii- -ini- c - + =ii ~li+-n -n< = l---
-n < +i ~i l-iil- ti-i t := +ii -- + n n l-- -i- ti-i t NTP -- ,ii
-=l - ll+i ~+- -n ti -i t
(e) -ni ll+i +izi +i -in = ~i =iii ii n nl- +-i t
(f) ll+i l- --+i -n ti-i t -ii l-i- n nl- + =+-i t
(g) +izi +i -t -ni ll+i i- -. ~-- l- - -ii i i <lzi - + =+-i t
(h) l-< -zii - = -=l - ll+i +n n + l-n +i in- +-i t (-i -i o
2
1
r
).
8. stia +i ai ffa4 +i fa4
:= l=zi-- + ~- =i =ii -- ( =ii -ini-i -ni ll+i -=l - +-i t (+i + =n n -=l -
-ni ll+i +i nizii -=+ =-t +i +l-. =-t + -izi+n -ii =-t + -ini- l-i +-i t ---
-ini- ll+i +i < -i ti-i t l+ -- -=+ -ii -+ l-i- --~i ,ii -=l- ll+i +i +z
nizii ~ziili- ii +-i t l< +i: -- ~ziiii = i<i -=l- +-i t -i -=+i -ini- ln-i t -ii
- +i: -- ~ziiii = +n -=l- +-i t -i -=+i -ini- c-i t ~i l< -- +i -i i-ii + -i
+ i t -i t ---i ti < = ll+i -=l - +-it l--i t ~zii li- +-i t
9. i<zi +fi+i i +int a u ff+i a-ua {+t +t +fi+i)
(+ ~i<zi + li+i ~- - ~il-- =ii - n < i +i ll+ii +i
~zii li- + n-i t -i -i t il-- +-i t ~i -i ti ~-
- ~il-- ll+i +i inln- +-i t ~- t ~il-- ll+ii
+ l+=i ii n + ln( +ini -i- ti -i t i-- n +i : ii i--l+
-- ~i<zi +li+i +i -t ti -ti +-i t -- +in -ii
-n l-n +ilni + i -- +i -t ti +- t ~il--
ll+ii +i 99% -+ ~ziili- + n- t == =n =ili+
+- +li+i +i ,ii -i: n: t
O
P
t (+ ~- in iin ini -- ti-i ti l+ ~-< = +ini -i
t : ti-i t ini l=i ~i<zi +ini -- +i -t ti +-i t
:=+ ~-< ll+i i- + z-i- it l-+n- + tn =- i
ll+i --i - i-- + +ii ~ziili- ti i-i t in l=
+ =in- zi+ + +ii +i: ii ll+i it -ti l-+n-i
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
10. ff+ii +i ziiii, siaa i sina
Q = Q
r
+ Q
t
+ Q
a
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
1
a t r
+ + =
1 = r + t + a
ti r = i- - -in-i. a = ~zii ii -in-i
Q
r
( ) i j kofr Zr
Q
t
( ) i kj xfer
Q
( ) v ki fr r
Q
a
( ) v o' kksf"kr
~i t = inn- -in-i
(i) r = 0, t = 0, a = 1, ~i<zi + i --
(ii) r = 1, t = 0, a = 0, i i- +
(iii) r = 0, t = 1, a = 0, i inln-
10. 1 ziiii +iai
l+=i ii -- +i ~zii ii -in-i +i ~zii li- -i -ii ~il-- -i + ~- i- + n liili- +- t
a =
Z vkifrr tk
kr tkZ ksf" k vo'
-- + - ~il-- =ii ll+i ~ziili- ti i-i ti -i +i -- + ln( a = 1 tini
10. 2 a-ua +iai
-i zi+n + n-- (+i+ =n n (+i+ -i zi+n = -=l- -i. -= - -in-i +tni-i t
E =
t A
Q
A A
(-i ~zii ii -in-i. -=- -in-i lniti- ilzi -ti t )
10. 3 sat a-ua +iai
- n < . l- :+i: - n < i= + ln( -= - -in-i. - + ni -= - -in-i +tni-i t
l< E =- i -= - -in-i -ii E

- + ni -= - -in-i ti -i :-+ i- =--i

0
E E d

=
}
and
dE
E
d

=

10. 4 a-u +ai

e =
{kerk ltZu oLrq dh mR ij d`".k rkieku
{kerk h mRltZu ij oLrq d rkieku
T
T
=
0
E
E
11. f+i+ +i fa4
=ii --~i + ln( =ni- -ini- <i n: =ii -n< + ln( -=- -in-i ~ziiii -in-i +i ~-i-.
=ni- - n< =ni- -ini- + li+i + ln( -= - -in-i + i ti -i t
) ( a
) ( E
oLrq
oLrq
= E(+ i -- )
~- tnzii ~-z -=+. ~-z ~ziii+ ii ti- t
12. at4 ff+i +t sfa {ta +i fiisa fa4)
+ i -- + -i l-i + = l--- l-+i l-+n- t
(a) -- + --- -ini- + + -i- +i -izi+n ~li+ ti-i t ~- --- -ini- -- ~li+
nizii n -i -=l - +-i t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
(b) li-- li-- -ini-i -- ,ii -=l- -i ~=ni- ti -i t n-i zii - n< + ln( -=l-
-i t - +n ti -i t
(c) l< n -ini- . (+ l-lz-- - n< (
m
) -=l - -i (E

) ~li+-n ti -i t
(d) +i -- +i -ini- c ii i-i t
+ +i -l--a ni- +n - n< +i -+ l-iil- ti -i t
- =nni n +li+i + -i l-i = t l=z ti-i t l+ +li+i +i -ini- ci- ~il-- ~li+-n
-i-i + = n- -n < +i ni- i-i t
~ii -
m

T
1
or
m
T = b
(i- l-ii- l-ii +) b = 0.282 cm-K
Ex. 8 = ll+i l+ ~li+-n -i-i 470 nm i= -n < + =n- lnn-i t = +i =-t +i i ~zii i+
(a = 1) ni- =+- t = +i =-t +i -i ai- +i
Sol. - l+ a =1t ,= +i +ini -- +i -t -=l - +- t ( ni- =+- t
+ini -- + ln( i- + l-n =

m
. T = b
T =
m
b

=
) cm 10 470 (
) K cm ( 282 . 0
7

~ 6000 K. Ans.
13. at+a iaa +i fa4
:= l-n + ~-=i l+=i a + l- (+i+ -izi+n = -ni ll+i +i nizii a + n -i +i --i ii-
+ =ni-i-i ti-i t +ini -- + ln( (+i + =n (+i+ -i zi+n = ll+l- -i,
u = o A T
4
................ (13.1)
ti o -i+- l--i + = 5.67 x 10
-8
W/m
2
k
4
- l+ +i: -- i +li+i -ti t =ni+i (13.1) n <i n: ll+i = +n ~ziili- -=l- +-i t
(=i -- + ln(,
4
T A e u o = .....(13.2)
ti e = -= +-i (~zii ii -in-i + i ti -i t ) :=+i ni- 0 = 1 + i- ti -i t
l< i-ii +i -i T
0
ti . -i -i zi+n A,ii (+i+ =n n -=l - + n -i
) T T ( A e u u u
4
0
4
0
o = = A ....(13.3)
Ex. 9 (+ -- +i -= +-i (e = 0.75) =-t -i zi+n 300 cm
2
~i 227 -ini- 27 -ini- + +n n ii
i-i t -- ,ii -=l- il-i+ + n zil+- +i ni- ai- +i`
Sol. =ni+i 13.3 + i n =
P = oA (T
4
T
0
4
)
= (0.75) (5.67 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
) (300 10
4
m
2
) {(500 K)
4
(300 K)
4
}
= 69.4 Watt. Ans.
Ex. 10 (+ nn +li+i 16 J m
2
s
1
+i < = -i -=l- +-i t -ii -=+i == =i- ll+i 20,000 t
-- +i -ini- ~i c ii i-i t -i :=+i == =i- ll+i 10,000 , ti i-i t -i -=l- -i +i ni-
Jm
2
s
1
n ai- +i
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
Sol. i- + l-ii- l-n = :

m
.T = b
i.e. T
m
1

,
m
~iii ti -i t
-ini- < n -i ti i-i t
-ii e = oT
4

4
2
1
2
1
T
T
e
e
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
2
=
4
1
2
T
T
|
|
.
|

\
|
.e
1
= (2)
4
. 16
= 16.16 = 256 J m
2
s
1
Ans.
14. -4aa +i zitana +i fa4 :
-- i-ii + n ~- -ii-- + ln( l+=i -- +i -ni ti= +i <. ~i=i= +i --~i = -=+
-ii-- -ii +- -i-t -izi+n + =ni-i-i ti-i t
~ii -
) (
dt
d
0
u u
u
, ti u u
0
+nzi -- -ii i-ii + -ini- t
-i +- =--i = , ) ( k
dt
d
0
u u =
u
...(14.1)
t + -- +i zii-n- + l-n +i <lzi- +-i t :=+i -i+- + l-n ,ii ii i-- + =+- t:=+
,i i
3
0
4 e
k
mc
o u
= AA ... (14.2)
~-
] [ k
dt
d
0
u u =
u
}
u
u
u u
u
f
i
) (
d
0
=
}

t
0
dt k
ti u
i
= -- +i il-i+ -ini- -ii
u
f
= -- +i ~l--n -ini-

) (
) (
n
0 i
0 f
u u
u u

= kt (u
f
u
0
) = (u
i
u
0
) e
kt
u
f
= u
0
+ (u
i
u
0
) e
kt
... (14.3)
14. 1 -4aa + zitana + fa4 +t utiy
(a) -- -ii i-ii + n -ii-- ~- ti-i -ilt(
(b) -ni ti= +n ~i +n ll+i ,ii ti-i -ilt(
(c) -- + zii-n- + <i i- i-ii +i -i l-- t-i -ilt(
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
14.2 -4aa + zitana + fa4 + s4in + fny nnin ffri
+ z =n + ln( tn -- + l-n + ln( nnin lli +i ~iz+-i ti -i t -i tn zii-n- +i
< +i l-- ni- =+- t i l+ := ~--in n ~i=- -ini- + =n- zii-n- +i < + i ti-i t
dt
du
= k(<u> u
0
) ...(14.4)
l< u
i
u
f
-- + il-i+ ~l--n -ini- ti -i <u> =
2
f i
u + u
.
=ni+i 14.4 nnin ni- < -i t ~i =ni+i 14.1+i i n iii ni- + ln( +- t
Ex. 11 40C -i +i -- 20Cl-- -i + i-ii n ii t t ii i-i t l+ :=+i -i 10 ln- n35C-+
ln i-i t -i 30C-i i-- +- + ln( lni ni ~l-l+- =n ai- +i
Sol. =ni+i 14.3 =
Au
f
= Au
i
e
kt
~--in l=n -i 40 = 35 C -+ ln-i t + ln(
(35 20) = (40 20) e
k. 10
e
kt
=
4
3
K =
10
3
4
n
~nn ~--in + ln(
(30 20) = (35 20)e
kt
e
10k
=
3
2
kt = n
2
3

10
t
3
4
n |
.
|

\
|

= n
2
3
t = 10
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
3
4
n
2
3
n

lnl- = 14.096 lnl- Ans.

~-lli : (nnin lli = )
-ini- 40 = 35C -+ ln- + ~--in + ln( <u> =
2
35 40 +
= 37.5C
=ni+i (14.4) =
dt
du
= k(<u> u
0
)

(min) 10
) C 40 C 35 (
= K(37.5C 20C) K =
) (min
35
1
1
-ini- 35C = 30C -+ ln- + ~--in + ln( <u> =
2
30 35 +
= 32.5C
=ni+i (14.4) =
t
) C 35 C 30 (
= (32.5C 20C) K
~iz+ =n t =
min 35
5 . 12
5

= 14 lnl- Ans.