AFFORDABLE HOUSING DESIGN

By: DANILO A. DOMINGO, F.ASEP, LM. PICE

ABSTRACT: Structural Analysis and Design of Socialized to Mid-Range Housing
Projects involve detailed study of several structural schemes and cost analysis to
optimize the design.

The most common housing systems now in the Philippines are: 1. Load Bearing
Concrete Hollow Blocks, 2. Cast in Place Concrete, 3. Conventional (Beam & Column)
and 4. Pre-Cast.

Structural Schemes will be analyzed accurately and fast with Computer Aided 3D
Modeling Software. Concrete volume and reinforcing bar weight estimate can be
generated automatically during the optimization process. The design shall conform
with the National Structural Code of the Philippines, NSCP 2010 particularly on
extreme loadings: Wind (Section 207) and Earthquake (Section 208) Load Provisions.

The bottom line for affordable housing design is always structural safety over project
cost.

KEYWORDS: Affordable Housing Design; Load Bearing CHB; Cast in Place;
Conventional; Pre-Cast;

1. Social Impact of Affordable Housing Design

It will always be the social responsibility of our Government to provide affordable
housing design to the people. Hence, house design must meet both the need and budget of
the factory workers, drivers. teachers, professionals, supervisors and even up to managers.
Our Structural Engineering Profession faces a strong challenge to provide quality housing
design at the same time make the housing business still profitable for private developers.

2. Typical Design Load for Housing:

2.1. Dead Loads

Roofing Sheet = 0.10 KPa
Roof Framing = 0.10 KPa
Ceiling (Plywood/Cemboard on Metal Furring = 0.20 KPa
Floor Slab = RC Slab Thickness (m) x 24KN/m
3

Floor Finish (Ceramic Tiles inc. cement toppings) = 0.77 KPa
Partition = 1.00 KPa

2.2. Live Loads

Residential = 1.90 KPa
Roof = 0.75 KPa

2.3. Wind Load (NSCP 2010/ Wind Loads/ Section 207/) Based on Uniform
Building Code 1997 (Normal Force Method)

2.4. Seismic Load (NSCP 2010/ Earthquake Loads/ Section 208) - In
accordance with Uniform Building Code 1997 (Equivalent Static Load)


3. Most Common Housing System in the Philippines

3.1 Load Bearing Concrete Hollow Block System




3.1.1. Material Properties:

Dimension: 190mm(Height)x390mm(Length) x 100mm to 150mm(Thick)
Compressive Strength (f
m
): 5.17MPa (750psi) to 6.9MPa (1000psi)
Reinforcing Bar Yield Strength (fy): 228MPa (33ksi)
Mortar Mixture: 1:3 (Compressive Strength = 13.8MPa/2000psi)






3.1.2. Structural Analysis: 3D Model is used where wall element is idealized as
plate to calculate design stresses.




3D-Model




Stress Contour Diagram










3.1.3. Structural Design - NSCP 2010/ Section 708/ Strength Design for
Masonry

MASONRY ALLOWABLE AXIAL LOAD STRENGTH CALCULATION

NSCP 2010. Section 708.1.4.3
Pb = 0.85 f
m
ba
b
(708-2)
Where:
a
b
= 0.85 d
mu
/
mu
+ ( fy/E
s
(708-3)
f
m
= 750 psi = 5.17 MPa (Load Bearing CHB)
b = 1000 mm
d = 50 mm
Es = 200x10
3
MPa
fy = 228

mu
= 0.0025 (Unconfined Masonry)
= 0.65 Reduction Factor
a
b
= 0.85 (50) 0.0025 / 0.0025 +( 228/ 200x10
3
)
= 42.5 0.0025/ 3.64x10
-3
= 29.19
P
b
= 0.85 (5.17) (1000) (29.19)
Pb = 128.28KN (0.65)
= 83.38 KN > 14.9 KN OK! (1.2D + 1.6L ) Load Combination
> 22.8 KN OK! (1.2D + 0.5L +1.0Ex) Load Combination
> 12.8 KN OK! (1.2D + 0.5L +1.0Ey) Load Combination




3.2. Cast in Place Wall

3.2.1. Material Properties:

Dimension: 100mm to 150mm Thick
Compressive Strength (f
c
): 10.30MPa (1500psi) to 13.80MPa
(2000psi)
Reinforcing Bar Yield Strength (f
y
): 228MPa (33ksi)

3.2.2 Structural Analysis: 3D Model is used where wall element is
idealized as plate to calculate design stresses.


3D-Model


Stress Contour Diagram





3.3.3 Structural Design - NSCP 2010/ Section 414/ Walls

EMPIRICAL DESIGN METHOD OF WALLS

Design Axial Strength, P
n
NSCP CODE 2010: Section 414.6

P
n
= 0.55 fc A
g
1- KL
c

2
(414-1)
32h

= 0.65
fc = 10.3 MP
a
; 1500 psi
A
g
= 100,000
K=1
L
c
= 2900
H = 100

P
n
= 0.55 (0.65)(10.3)(100,000) 1- (1)2900
2

32(100)

P
n
= 0.55(0.65)(10.3)(100,000)(0.1787)

P
n
= 66,061.83 N

P
n
= 66 KN > 18.6KN

Wall Reinforcement:

Vertical Bars: P
v
= 0.0015 NSCP 2010:Sec. 414.4.2

10: S = 523mm

Horizontal Bars: Ph = 0.0025 NSCP 2010:Sec.414.4.3

10: S = 392mm

Use: 10 Vertical & Horizontal Bars Spaced @ 300mm Bothways












3.3 Conventional (Beam & Column)

3.3.1. Material Properties:

Dimension: 100mm to 150mm Thick
Compressive Strength (f
c
): 20.70MPa(3000psi)
Reinforcing Bar Yield Strength (f
y
):
Main Reinforcing Bar : 414 MPa (60ksi)
Ties/ Stirrups : 276 MPa (40ksi)

3.2.2. Structural Analysis: 3D Model where columns and beams are idealized
as vertical and horizontal element.



3D Frame Model (Original Frame)















Stress Contour Diagram (Original Frame)











3D Frame Model (Proposed Scheme 1)







3D Frame Model (Proposed Scheme 2)









3.2.3. Structural Design - NSCP 2010

A. RC Column/Shear Wall Design

A.1. Interior Column Design failed considering Earthquake Design Axial
and Moment (Original Framing)



A.2. Exterior Column Design (Proposed Scheme 1)
























A.3. Exterior Shear Wall Design (Proposed Scheme 2)








































RC COLUMN/ SHEAR WALL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS




A.4. RC Column/ Shear Wall Comparative Design Analysis
















B. RC Beam Design

B.1. Second Floor Framing


























B.2. RC Beam Design Comparative Analysis




C. RC Slab Design

C.1. Slab Design Run























Sec 413.4.2. Spacing of Rebar @ Critical Section shall not exceed two times the slab
thickness




C.2. RC Slab Design Comparative Analysis













D. Footing Design

D.1. Footing Design Run






























D.2. RC Footing Design Comparative Analysis









E. Material Quantity Comparative

E.1. Bill of Materials Run

















Original Design Frame

































Proposed Scheme 1






















Proposed Scheme 2




E.2. Concrete Volume Comparative Analysis













4. Conclusion

There is no exact equation that will give us which is the most affordable Housing
System for a Specific Project. It all depends on the following:

4.1. Familiarity of the Developers Construction Managers and Contractors to
the system
4.2. Market acceptability
4.3. Accessibility and Availability of Construction Materials
4.4. House construction time table
4.5. Business management decision


Quality ENGINEERing practice is our Business




















REFERENCES


National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2010, Volume 1. Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP), Manila

Structural Design Calculation Documents (Housing Projects), DA Domingo Engineering
Consultant (DADEC), Quezon City.




ABOUT THE AUTHOR

DANILO A. DOMINGO, F.ASEP, LM.PICE is the Principal Engineer of D.A. DOMINGO
Engineering Consultant (DADEC) and the present Treasurer of the Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP). He is the consultant of several leading housing developers
in Luzon and Visayas: SM Group (Summer Hills Dev. Corp. & Intercontinental Dev. Corp.),
Extraordinary Group (Earth & Style, Verdantpoint, & Ambition Land), Philippine Estates Dev.
Corp., Solar Resources Dev. Corp, Northern Star Dev. Corp, etc. He is involved in the Structural
Evaluation of medium to high rise buildings in Manila and around the Philippines. He is
presently doing the Structural Design of the Ministers Office in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia for MOHAP Co, Jeddah, KSA.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Software used in the presentation are MIDAS Gen 2014 and Design+ of MIDAS
Information Technology Co. Ltd, S. Korea.

SM, Summer Hills Development Corporation, One E Com, Sm MOA Complex, Pasay City

Philippine Estates Corporation, One Corporate Ctr., Ortigas Center, Pasig City

Engr. Alan Gabriel R. Tolentino, DADEC Design Engineer, Cast in Place Housing System
Design.

Engr. Margarita Belen Ian E. Vito, DADEC Design Engineer, Conventional (Beam & Column)
System Design,

Ms. Julie Ann J. Vinoya, DADEC Marketing Exec., Technical Paper and Presentation
Production.