Lecture No.

3
(Design Loads)
Dead Loads
o An engineered design approach involves calculating
a demand due to loads, and comparing the demand
with the capacity of the member or element under
consideration.
o Gravity (dead) loads are a natural starting point
dead load is an ever-present load

It is necessary to determine the magnitude of
the vertical loads before the design seismic loads
can be estimated.
2 /41
Dead Loads
Weights of all materials permanently attached to the
structure including the following:
o weight of the roof or wood floor system
o sheathing
o framing
o Insulation
o ceiling
o piping, automatic fire sprinkler, ducts
o fixed equipment
o etc.
3 /41
Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)
[use actual when available]
CEILINGS
Asphalt singles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.10
Cement tile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.77
Clay tile (for mortar add 0.48 kPa)
Book tile, 50 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.52
Book tile, 75 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.96
Ladowici . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.48
Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.57
Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.91
Composition
Three-ply ready roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.05
Four-ply felt and gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.26
Five-ply felt and gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.29
Copper or tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.05
Corrugated asbestos-cement roofing . . . . . . .0.19
Deck, metal 20 gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.12
Deck, metal 18 gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.14
Fiberboard, 13 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.04
Gypsum sheathing, 13 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.10
COVERINGS, Roof and Wall
Acoustical Fiber Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05
Gypsum Board (per mm thickness) . . . . . . . 0.008
Mechanical duct allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20
Plaster on tile or concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.24
Plaster on wood lath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.38
Suspended steel channel system . . . . . . . . . . 0.10
Suspended metal lath and cement plaster . . 0.72
Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster . . .0.48
Wood furring suspension system . . . . . . . . . . 0.12
Sample Dead Load Calculation
Roof Dead loads D in psf
Roofing (5ply with gravel) 6.5
Reroofing 2.5
- in. plywood (3 psf x .) 1.5
Framing (estimate 2 x 12 @ 16 o.c.) 2.9
Insulation 0.5
Suspended ceiling (acoustical tile) 1.0
Roof dead load D 14.9 ~ 15.0 psf
5 /41
Sample Dead Load Calculation
Floor Dead loads D in psf
Floor covering (lightweight concrete 1- at 100 pcf) 12.5
1-1/8 in plywood (3 psf x 1-1/8 ) 3.4
Framing (4 x 12 @ 4 o.c.) 2.5
Ceiling supports ( 2 x 4 @ 24 o.c.) 0.6
Ceiling ( drywall, 5 psf x ) 2.5
Floor dead load D 21.5 ~ 22.0 psf
6 /41
Live Loads
o L
r
roof live load, including any permitted live load
reduction

o L live load, including any permitted live load reduction

o For the reduction of both roof live load (L
r
) and L, the
area contribution load to the member under design
consideration is taken into account.
for roof live load (L
r
), the tributary area is used

for floor live load (L), the influence area is used
7 /41
NSCP Live Loads
Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads
Use or Occupancy Uniform Load
2
Concentrated Load
Category Description KPa KN




13. Office
Call Centers and BPO 2.9 9.0
Lobbies and ground floor corridors 4.8 9.0
Offices 2.4 9.0
2
Building corridors above ground floor 3.8 9.0

14. Printing plants
Press rooms 7.2 11.0
2

Composing and linotype rooms 4.8 9.0
2




15. Residential
8
Basic floor area 1.9 0
6

Exterior balconies 2.9
4
0
Decks 1.9
4
0
Storage 1.9 0
8 /41
NSCP Live Loads
Use or Occupancy Vertical
Load (kPa)
Lateral
Load (kPa)
Category Description

1. Construction, public access at site (live load)
Walkway 7.2 -
Canopy 7.2 -
2. Grandstands, reviewing, stands bleachers, and
folding and telescoping seating (live load0
Seats and footboards 1.75 -

3. Stage accessories (live load)
Catwalks 1.9 -
Follow spot, projection and control rooms 2.4 -

4. Ceiling framing (live load)
Over stages 1.0 -
All uses except over stages 0.5 -
Table 205-2 Special Loads
9 /41
Tributary Area, A
T
o Tributary area - the area assumed to load a given member

o generally measured from midway between members on one side of
the member under consideration to midway between members on
the other side.

o for members spaced a uniform distance apart, the tributary width is
equivalent to the spacing between members

o since tributary areas for adjacent members do not overlap, all
distributed loads are assumed to be supported by the nearest
structural member

Note: tributary area approach should only be used when the loading is uniform
10 /41
Influence Area, K
LL
A
T
o In contrast to the tributary approach, the influence area
recognizes that the total load experience by a structural
member maybe influenced by loads applied outside the
tributary area of the member

NSCP 205.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction
o The influence area is four times the tributary area for a
column

o Two times the tributary area for a beam, equal to the panel
area for a two-way slab
11 /41
Tributary Area
12 /41
Tributary Area Calculations
A
T
(ft
2
)

K
LL
A
T
(ft
2
)
Joist J1 2 x 12 = 24 2 x 24 = 48
Joist J2 2 x 14 = 28 2 x 28 = 56
Girder G1 (12/2 + 14/2)20 = 260 2 x 260 = 520
Girder G2 (12/2 + 14/2) 24 = 312 2 x 312 = 624
Interior col. C1 (12/2 + 14/2) (20/2 + 24/2) = 286 4 x 286 = 1144
Exterior col. C2 (20/2 + 24/2) 12/2)= 132 4 x 132 = 528
Corner col. C3 (14/2)(20/2) = 70 4 x 70 = 280
13 /41
Reduction of Floor Live Loads
NSCP 205.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction
The unit live loads maybe reduced in accordance with
the equation shown on any member, including flat
slabs, having an influence area of 40 m
2
or more





Note: The reduced live load shall not be less than 50% of the unit live load for
members receiving load from one level only, nor less that 40 percent of the unit live
load for other members.
=

0.25 +4.57
1

A
i
= Influence area, m
2
L = reduced design live load per square meter of
area supported by the member
L
o
= unreduced design live load per square meter of
area supported by the member (Table 205-1)

14 /41
Seatwork
Determine the following:
(a) tributary and influence areas are for J1, J2, G1, G2, C1 and C2
(b) axial force required for the design of the interior column C1
due to a dead load of 0.2 kPa and a floor live load L = 1.9 kPa.
15 /41
Roof Live Loads

o The live load on a roof is usually applied for a relatively
short period of time during the life of the structure

o This is normally of no concern in the design of structures
other than wood

o However in wood structures, the length of time for which
a load is applied does have an effect on the capacity
(resistance) of the member.

o The standard roof live load for small tributary areas on flat
roofs is 20 psf (1 kPa)
16 /41
Reduction of Roof Live Loads

A
T
= tributary area supported by structural member, ft
2
F = the number of inches or rise per foot for a sloped roof
L
o
= minimum uniform live load per ASCE 7-10 Table 4-1

=
0

2
12

20

2
=
1
1.2 0.05
0.6
4
4 < < 12
12

and

1
=
1
1.2 0.001

0.6

200
2
200 <

< 600
2

600
2

NSCP Roof Live Loads


ROOF SLOPE
Method 1 Method 2
Tributary Area (m
2
) Uniform
Load
(kPa)
Rate of
Reduction,
r
Maximum
Reduction R
(percentage)
0 to 20 20 to 60 > 60
Uniform Load (kPa)
1. Flat or rise less than 4 units vertical in 12 units
horizontal (33.3% slope). Arch and dome with rise
less than one-eight of span.

1.00

0.75

0.60

1.00

0.08

40
2. Rise 4 units vertical to less than 12 units vertical in
12 units horizontal (33.3% to less than 100% slope).
Arch and dome with rise one-eight of span to less
than three-eights of span.

0.75

0.70

0.60

0.75

0.06

25
3. Rise 12 units vertical in 12 units horizontal (100%
slope) and greater. Arch of dome with rise three-
eights of span or greater.

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60



No reduction permitted
4. Awnings except cloth covered. 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
5. Greenhouses, lath houses and agricultural building. 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Table 205-3 Minimum Roof Live Loads
Example Problem
Determine the uniformly
distributed roof loads (including
dead load and roof live load) for
the purlins and girders in the
building shown.
Also determine the total load on
column C1.
Assume that the roof is flat
(except for a minimum slope of
in/ft for drainage).
Roof dead load D = 8 psf.
19 /41
Combined Dead and Live
on Sloping Roof

Combined D + L
r
on sloping roof

2
+

1

Load on horizontal plane:
Load along roof slope:
Equivalent total roof loads (D + L
r
):
L
2
L
r
from NSCP
Horizontal
Roof D along
roof slope
20 /41
Example Problem
The building is a standard
residential occupancy. The
rafters are sloped at 6 in./ft, and
the roof covering consists of
cement asbestos shingles.
Determine the shear and
moment for the rafters under
dead plus live load if they are
spaced 4 ft o.c.
Roof dead load D has been
estimated as 14 psf along the
roof surface.
18

L
r
= 62 psf
D = 14 psf
18

6

12

Rafters @ 4 o.c.
Ridge beam
q
Other Loads

o Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure (H)
soil lateral loading most commonly occurs at retaining
walls

where retaining walls are provided, it is possible to
develop hydrostatic pressure

it is also possible to have upward hydrostatic pressures on
adjacent floor slabs

pressure can also be due to storage of grain, aggregates,
or other bulk solids that can exert lateral pressures
22 /41
Other Loads

o Loads due to Fluids (F)
not intended to address flood loads or hydrostatic
pressure
when fluids are contained in non-building structures or
nonstructural components, other standards might be
applicable and can provide guidance in the design

o Rain Loads (R)
primarily applicable to low slope roofs that are
surrounded by parapets
need not be considered for sloped roofs that cannot
develop water buildup
23 /41
Other Loads

o Flood Loads (F)
Section 211 of the NSCP
applies to buildings and other structures located in areas
prone to flooding as defined on a flood hazard map

o Snow Loads (not applicable)

o Self-straining Loads
loads arising from temperature change, moisture change,
creep, movement due to differential settlement or
combinations thereof
24 /41
Other Loads

o Wind Loads (NSCP Section 207)
Method 1 simplified procedure
can be used for the large majority of wood frame buildings

Method 2 analytical procedure
can be used for determining wind loads on structures of all
sizes, configurations and exposure conditions
requires defining more variables than Method 1

Method 3 wind tunnel procedure
for complex buildings that might be anticipated to have
unusual dynamic behavior
Limited to a small group of buildings for which the time and
expense of a detailed study can be justified

25 /41
Method 1 Simplified Method

o Main wind-force-resisting system (MWFRS) - is a system
providing wind resistance for the overall structure.

o In wood frame buildings, the MWFRS most commonly
consists of
Shearwalls sheathed walls that resist in-plane loads

Roof and floor diaphragms sheath floor and roof
assemblies that transmit in-plane loads to the
shearwalls
26 /41
Method 1 conditions (NSCP 207.4.1.1)

conditions for the MWFRS to be designed using Method 1
o simple diaphragm building
Both windward and leeward loads are transmitted
through the floor and roof diaphragms to the same
MWFRS

o building is low rise
has a mean roof height h less than or equal to 18 m

mean roof height h does not exceed least horizontal
dimension
27 /41
Method 1 conditions (NSCP 207.4.1.1)

conditions for the MWFRS to be designed using Method 1
o building is enclosed
meets requirements for wind-borne debris protection,
if applicable

o building is regular
has no unusual geometrical irregularity in spatial form

o building is not classified as a flexible building
has a fundamental frequency greater than 1 hertz
(fundamental period less than 1 second)
28 /41
Method 1 conditions (NSCP 207.4.1.1)

conditions for the MWFRS to be designed using Method 1
o building does not have response characteristics that create
unusual loading (such as galloping or vortex shedding)

o not sited in a location where unusual wind load effects might
occur

o building has an approximately symmetrical cross section in
each direction

o has a flat roof or a gable or hip roof with slope less than or
equal to 45 degrees (12 in 12 pitch)
29 /41
Method 1 conditions (NSCP 207.4.1.1)

conditions for the MWFRS to be designed using Method 1
o has a flat roof or a gable or hip roof with slope less than or
equal to 45 degree

o Building is exempted from the torsional load cases as indicated
in Note 5 of Figure 207-10, or the torsional load cases defined
in Note 5 do not control the design of any of the MWFRSs of
the building
30 /41
NSCP 207.4.2.1

For the design of MWFRS the basic formula for
calculating design wind pressure p
s
is :




For components and cladding, the basic formula for
calculating design wind pressure p
net
is

9

l = adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Figures
207-2A and 207-3
I
w
= Importance factor
K
zt
= topographic factor as defined in Section 207.5.7
p
s9
= simplified design wind pressure for Exposure B at h = 9 m and I
w
=
1.0 from Figure 207-3 kPa

p
net9
= net design wind pressure for Exposure B at h = 9 m and
I
w
= 1.0 from Figure 207-3 kPa

31 /41
Example Problem
Wind Forces for MWRFS
Determine the design wind pressures
based on the simplified method for the
primary Lateral Force Resisting System
(LRFS). This is a gable structure that uses a
system of diaphragms and shear walls for
resisting lateral forces. The building is a
standard occupancy enclosed structure
located in Zone 2. Exposure C is to be
used, K
zt
is 1.0.
Wind forces for designing MWFRS are
obtained based on p
s9
from NSCP. End
zone and interior zone locations to be
considered for horizontal pressures on the
vertical projection of the building surface
Wind pressure zones on vertical and horizontal
projections of building surfaces for MWFRS; wind
direction parallel to transverse walls (end walls).
Zone A (wall end zone)
Zone B (roof end zone)
Zone C (wall interior zone)
Zone D (roof interior zone)
32 /41
Example Problem
Wind Forces for MWRFS
Wind pressure zones on vertical and horizontal
projections of building surfaces for MWFRS; wind
direction perpendicular to transverse walls (end
walls).
Zone E (windward roof end zone)
Zone F (leeward roof end zone)
Zone G (windward roof interior zone)
Zone H (leeward roof interior zone)
Determine the design wind pressures
based on the simplified method for the
primary Lateral Force Resisting System
(LRFS). This is a gable structure that uses a
system of diaphragms and shear walls for
resisting lateral forces. The building is a
standard occupancy enclosed structure
located in Zone 2. Exposure C is to be
used, K
zt
is 1.0.
Wind forces for designing MWFRS are
obtained based on p
s9
from NSCP. End
zone and interior zone locations to be
considered for horizontal pressures on the
vertical projection of the building surface
notes

207.4.2.1.1 Minimum pressures

o The dimension a is defined as
0.1 times the least width of the structure
0.4 times the mean roof height h
mean

whichever is smaller. However, the dimension a may
not be taken less than 3 ft, or less than 0.04 times
the least width of the structure.
34 /41
Referenced Wind Zone Map
and Importance Factor

Table 207-3 Importance Factor, Iw (Wind Loads)


Occupancy
Category
2
Description I
w
I Essential 1.15
II Hazardous 1.15
III Special Occupancy 1.15
IV Standard Occupancy 1.00
V Miscellaneous 0.87
1
see Table 103-1 for types of occupancy under each
category


Figure 207-24 Referenced Wind Zone
Map of the Philippines


Topographical Factor K
zt
207.5.7 Topographic Effects
o accounts for significantly higher wind speeds at sites
located on the upper half of an exposed hill, ridge or
escarpment

o K
zt
= 1.0 except for very exposed sites

o NSCP provides a series of five (5) criteria, all of which
must be met in order to require evaluation for a K
zt

of other than 1.0

36 /41
Topographical Factor K
zt
207.5.7.2 Topographic Factor
o The wind speed-up effect shall be included in the
calculation of design wind loads by using the factor K
zt


where K
1
, K
2
and K
3
are given in Figure 207-4.

o If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet
all the conditions specified in Section 207.5.7.1 the K
zt
=
1.0.

= 1 +
1

2

37 /41
Topographical Factor K
zt
38 /41
Wind Forces for MWRFS

o wind Speed = 200 kph (zone 2)
o total height of building = 5.8 m
o eave height = 3.6 m


Windward
Leeward
Wind


direction


3.6 m
2.2 m
Interior zone


End zone


12.8 m
-0.52 kPa


-0.29 kPa


1.99 kPa


1.34 kPa


-1.73 kPa


-1.20 kPa


-0.91 kPa


-1.20 kPa


2.56 m


Wind pressures on vertical and horizontal
projections of building surfaces; wind direction
parallel to transverse walls (end walls).
Wind Forces for MWRFS

o wind Speed = 200 kph (zone 2)
o total height of building = 5.8 m
o eave height = 3.6 m


Wind


direction


3.6 m
Interior zone


End zone


12.8 m
1.34 kPa


1.99 kPa


-1.20 kPa


-1.73 kPa


2.56 m


2.2 m
-0.91 kPa


-1.20 kPa


Wind pressure on vertical and horizontal
projections of building surfaces; wind direction
perpendicular to transverse walls (end walls).
Other Loads

o Earthquake Loads
NSCP Section 208
will not be considered in this course

41 /41