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K 1 . 2
10 4
7 . 0 9
3
Also from VCE=
V
VCC
5 . 4
2
9
2
= =
.2.7
But R2 and R3 were chosen to be 15k and 22k since they protect the transistor from excessive
current, RB (base resistor) must be high.
The values of IB, IC, R5 and IE where found to be 4mA, 800mA, 47.1O and 106mA
respectively
3.2. Introduction of Tuned Amplifier
A tuned amplifier is one which is required to handle a relatively narrow band of frequencies
centered on a particular radio frequency. Such an amplifier has two main functions
6
(i) It must provide the selectivity necessary to ensure that frequencies outside the wanted band
are not amplified to the same extent.
(ii) It must provide a specific gain over a given frequency band. The required selectivity is
generally obtained by a parallel resonant circuit, as a collection or drain load for the transistor of
FET. The required LC product, for resonance to occur at a desired center frequency is fairly
small and is easy to obtain.
Transistors are subject to internal feedback of energy at radio frequencies and a transistor-tuned
amplifier must be designed to avoid instability. Generally, the collector-emitter configuration is
chosen in preference to the common base because it provides greatest gain and its sometimes
chosen when one or more of its particular characteristics are required for amplification, the
common emitter configuration is been used for amplification.
+
C1
2.2uF
L1
1uH
+
C7
470uF
+
C6
22pf
+
C4
0.1uF
Q2
NPN
antenna
+
V1
9v
C5
5-60pf
R9
22OK
R8
2.2k
R7
47k
R6
1k
Figure 2: Equivalent circuit of a tuned amplifier
3.3. The Oscillator Circuit
It is also called LC circuit or tank circuit. The oscillatory circuit consist of two reactive elements
i.e. an inductor and a capacitor. Both are capable of storing energy. The capacitor stores energy
in its electric field whenever there is a potential difference across its plates. Similarly, a coil or
an inductor stores energy in its magnetic field whenever current flow through it. Both L and C
are supposed to be loss free. Figure 3 below shows the tank circuit.
L1
1mH
C5
5-60pf
Figure 3: Tank circuit
7
Inductance calculation:
Coil manufacturers in factories use the formula
L=
) (
10 9
2 2
H
x r
N r
+
2.8
Where r = radius of the coil
N = number of turns
X = length of wire
The equation above is used for the computation of coil parameters and preference is
given to high frequency region of operation.
For N = 6 turns of 24AWG wire
r = 0.06m = 0.6cm
x = 0.2m = 2cm
From the above equation,
L=
H
) 2 ( 10 ) 6 . 0 ( 9
6 ) 6 . 0 (
2 2
+
L=0.5 H
Capacitance Calculation:
The transmitter is designed to operate at a frequency of within the FM frequency range
of 88-108MZ.
From F=
LC t 2
1
2.9
Where c = capacitance
L= inductance
t =3.142
F = 100MHZ
C=
L F
2 2
4
1
t
C= 5pf
Thus C5 is variable between 5pf and 60pf hence 22pf was selected, which falls within the range.
The equivalent DC analysis is shown below for the last sage
8
Where Q2 =2N2222
IC(max) = 0.8A = 800mA
Hfe = 200
VCC = 9V
The above were gotten from the data sheet
The value of VE was chosen to be 5V
From VB=VE + VBE 2.9.1
VE = 5 + 0.7 = 5.7V
The current flowing through the tank circuit is calculated taking 40% of IC (max)
Then,
IC = 0.4 0.8
= 0.32A
VE=
RE
IE
RE =
O = = 625 . 15
32 . 0
5
IE
VE
But the value of RE
2
(R9) was chosen to be 220O
3.4. The Oscillator Stage
Within nearby every electronic instrument, it is essential to have an oscillator or waveform
operator of some sort, a device without an oscillator, either doesnt do anything or expect to be
driven by another device (which probably contains an oscillator). Depending on the application,
an oscillator may be used as a source of regulatory spaced pulse or demand may be made on its
adjustability e.g. local oscillator in a transmitter or receiver which is employed in this design or
its ability to produce accurate wave forms.
An oscillator has the following characteristics:
1. It is a circuit which converts d.c energy at very high frequency.
2. It is an electronic source of alternating current or voltage having size square, saw tooth or
pulse shape.
3. It is a circuit which generates an a.c output signal without requiring any externally
applied input signal.
4. It is an unstable amplifier.
3.5. Classification of Oscillators
9
Electronic oscillator may be broadly divided into the following groups.
(i) sinusoidal( harmonic) oscillator: it produces an output having sine waveform
(ii) Non-sinusoidal (relaxation) oscillator; they produce an output which has square,
rectangular or saw tooth waveform or is of pulse shape.
Sinusoidal oscillators are further subdivided into;
a. Tuned-circuits or LC feedback oscillator.
b. LC phase shift oscillator
c. Crystal oscillator
d. Heterodyne or beat frequency oscillator.
Discussions will be however restricted to the LC tuned circuit oscillator for this design
3.6. The Antenna
The length of the antenna should be approximately
4
1
of the FM wavelength and the transmitter
is designed to operate at 100MHZ
Recall that;
Speed of light = frequency wavelength
I.e. C = F
C = 299 792 458 m / s
Hence =
m
F
C
3 =
2.9.2
Therefore antenna length =
4
1
3 = 0.75m
Thus the antenna which is a helical antenna should be kept at a length which is suitable for
effective signal transmission.
The Transmitter Power Calculation
From wave theory
Pt =
Z
V
2
2.9.3
Where V = supply voltage
Z = impedance
Z=
C L X X
2 2
2.9.4
Where
FL X
L
t 2 =
And
FC
X
C
t 2
1
=
thus the transmitter transmit at a frequency of 102.3MHZ
10
t
= 3.142
XL= 2t 102.3 10
6 6
10 5 . 0
=321.38
And
FC
X
C
t 2
1
=
=77.04
2
2
) 04 . 77 ( ) 48 . 292 ( = Z
Z = 282.2O
The transmitter power is given by: Pt =
Z
V
2
i.e. from equation 2.9.3, Pt =
Z
V
2
2 . 282
81
2 . 282
9
2
= =
= 0.3W
I.e. << 1watt
It is a miniature transmitter (with small signal radiation)
4. COMPONENT ASSEMBLY
4.1 Component Selection
The component used especially capacitors and resistors, usually have their calculated values
different from the standard values. However, the components used in the construction are either
calculated values or chosen from the data book in accordance with the standard values of the
parameters, table 2 and 3 below shows the resistor and capacitor values respectively.
Table 2. Resistor values
Components Design
value
Standard
value
Resistor R1 10k 1k
Resistor R2 10k 15k
Resistor R3 22k 5.6k
Resistor R6 10k 1k
Resistor R8 2.2k 3.3k
Table 3. Variable capacitor values
11
Components Design value Standard value
Capacitor C5 5-60pf 22pf
For the capacitor above (variable capacitor), a fixed value of 22pf was used which falls within
the range of the capacitor.
The advantages of this design (frequency modulation) over the amplitude modulation are;
1. FM signal has wide frequency bandwidth and is made insensitive to amplitude
variations of the signal; such random interference can be largely eliminated.
2. Efficiency is increased because all the RF stages do not involve modulations
envelops
3. Wider bandwidth and more communication channels.
Thus FM is preferred to AM for signal transmission.
Table 4 below gives a list of the components that were used in the design.
Table 4. List of overall components used
S/N COMPONENTS TYPES/VALUES QUANTITY
1 Resistor 1k 2
2 Resistor 15 1
3 Resistor 5.6k 1
4 Resistor 10k 1
5 Resistor 47k 2
6 Resistor 3.3k 1
7 Resistor 220O 1
8 Resistor 330O 1
9 Capacitor 22 f
(electrolytic)
1
10 Capacitor 10 f
(electrolytic)
1
11 Capacitor 4.7 f
(electrolytic)
1
12
12 Capacitor 22 f
(electrolytic)
1
13 Battery Hi watt (9v) 1
14 Antenna Helical(wire
antenna)
1
15 Flexible wire 24 awg 1 yard
16 Lead .. 2yards
17 Vero board Small size 1
18 Microphone Elect ret 1
19 Casing Plastic ..
20 Transistor NPN(2N2222) 2
21 LED Red 1
22 Switch Sps2 1
23 Proto-board White 1
24 Capacitor 10 f (ceramic) 1
Assembling is an important stage in any construction process; it involves inserting, connecting or
joining the various components on the Vero board in accordance with the schematic diagram; the
components were assembled based on the circuit diagram shown below in figure 4.
electret
mic
D1
LED1
L1
1uH
+
C7
470uF
+
C6
22pf
+
C4
0.1uF
+
C3
10uF
+
C2
4.7uF
+
C1
10uF
switcth
Q2
NPN
antenna
+
V1
9v Q1
NPN
C5
5-60pf
R10
330
R9
22OK
R8
2.2k
R7
47k
R6
1k
R5
47k
R4
10k
R3
22k
R2
15k
R1
1k
Figure 4: Circuit diagram of a wireless microphone FM transmitter.
13
4.2. Principle of Operation
At the first stage, the microphone which is a transducer converts sound energy into electrical
audio signal. If the wireless microphone goes one step further, it converts the audio signal
created by the microphone into the radio signal which is sent to the receiver through the
transmitter. The transmitter handles the conversion of the audio signal into radio signal and
broadcasts through the antenna. The capacitor and the self-made inductor (tank circuit) will
vibrate at frequencies in the FM radio band i.e. 88-108MHZ. the elect-ret microphone has a
resistance that depends on how loud is the sound passed to it. The microphone battery power
functions according to ohms law;
V=IR
Also changes in resistance for fixed voltage will result in proportional changes in current; this
current is fed into the base of the 2N2222 NPN transistor, which is connected into the capacitor,
inductor and antenna. The voice will be modulated to a frequency which falls within the FM
frequency (88-108MHZ). The transmitted signal from the wireless microphone is been received
by an FM radio receiver which is 50 to 100m away. The block diagram is shown in figure 5
below.
POWER
SUPPLY
MICROPHONE
AUDIO
AMPLIFIER
MODULATION OSCILLATION
ANT.
Figure 5: Block diagram of the wireless microphone
4.3 Testing and Measurement
This section analyzes the testing at some stages of the wireless microphone.
Thus the equipment used include
(i) digital multi-meter (model; MAS 830L)
(ii) 12 band FM radio receiver (model; KK913A)
Table 5 below shows the test results at point 1.
Table 5: Test at point 1(voltage drawn at power source)
14
Measured value Design value % error
8.80V 9V 2
The oscillator stage (tank circuit), i.e. the inductive and capacitive reactance test results is shown
in table 6 below.
Table 6. Inductive and capacitive reactance measurements
Inductive reactance (Xl) Capacitive reactance (Xc) Transmission frequency
77.04 292.48 102.3MHZ
The FM radio receiver was used to detect the above frequency.
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, we designed and constructed a frequency modulation wireless microphone. Test
and analysis carried out on the constructed wireless microphone reveals the overall success of the
work. The design can be employed for voice communication and high quality audio
broadcasting; it could also be used as a public address system in lecture halls and classrooms.
The testing focused on determining its operating frequency range, radius of operation and the
current it draws from the battery. It was found that;
(i) The radius of operation is about 100meters.
(ii) Its frequency of operation is 102.3 MHZ
(iii) The current drawn from the battery is about 33.4mA
For better system performance, a double tuned amplifier can be used for the purpose of obtaining
a wider band than those obtained with single tuning; thereby improving on the system radius of
operation (coverage). With regards to limitations, we therefore suggest that further studies be
conducted with both FM transmitter and receiver to form a complete wireless microphone
system.
15
REFRENCES
[1] B. L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja (1999): A textbook of electrical technology, S. Chand and
Company Ltd.
[2] T. O. Adeife Osemeikhian, Electronics Engineering fundamentals, Second Edition,
Volume II. Ademola Printing Press, 1998
[3] S. Gibilisco, Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics, third edition, Tab Books, 2002
[4] Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical_antenna accessed on 17th April 2008
[5] Web: http://www.niu.edu/remotelab/samplegui/tunedamp.shtml accessed on 1st July
2008
[6] John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka, "Antennas: For All Applications, Third
Edition", 2002, McGraw-Hill Higher Education
[7] Alan Bloom (2010). "Chapter 8. Modulation". In H. Ward Silver and Mark J. Wilson
(Eds). The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications. American Radio Relay
League. p. 8.7. ISBN 0-87259-144-8 Check |isbn= value (help).
[8] S. Lapatine, Electronics in Communication, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Ney York, 1978.
[9] R. Boylestad, L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Second Edition,
Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1978