responded) The Chambers dictionary definition of racism is: hatred; rivalry or bad feeling between races; belief in the inherent superiority of some races over others, usu with the implication of a right to be dominant; discriminative treatment based on such a belief. !nderson et al. "###: "$%#&. !bdullah'(han et al. )**$: ")", point out that the notion of +race, is a social construction: an idea created by, and lin-ed into& the way that our society is organised, especially in relation to its systems of power and privilege. .uring the ) nd /orld /ar blac- immigrants were brought in to the country from the commonwealth in order to be utilised ' to fight in the 0ritish !rmy or to help with the war effort. 1olomos, "##2: %$&. !fter the war, during the late "#2*,s and "#%*,s, immigration continued and family members arrived to be with their loved ones&: intense debate developed about the impact of continued immigration on housing, the /elfare 1tate, crime and other social problems. 1uch debates were not purely about +the practicalities, ' but also about the effect of immigration on the supposed or constructed& +racial character of the 0ritish people,, and the national identity. 3ichmond. "#%2; and 1herwood. "#42&. East Lancs Institute of Higher Education. 1 Dr. Martin Luther King: Civil Rights in the US: a star re!inder of the effect of the "negative construction of racial characteristics#. Race as a social construct: Ethnicity as cultural difference The +race, situation became even more pronounced during and after the "#%4 riots in 5otting 6ill and 5ottingham, which served to further politicise the issue of 0lac- immigration. The political climate in the aftermath of the riots gave rise to 7noch 8owell,s +rivers of blood, speech, !pril "#94&. 6is intention was to popularise the +racial, message, claiming that tighter controls on immigration would not be enough to deal with the +race problem,.
8owell created an image of white 0ritons becoming increasingly isolated: +strangers in their own country,. :n ;uly "#9< the 6ome =ffice issued to Chief Constables, the circular: +The 8olice and Coloured Communities, which issued advice and recommendations on the appointment of liaison officers, with the intention to develop better relations with blac- communities, and to educate the police themselves on the comple> problems of policing such areas ?iles. "##$&. @rom "#9<'"#<* articles began to appear in specialist Aournals discussing the impact of policing multi'racial localities, many of which began to highlight inappropriate behaviour by the police in blac- communities ?ason. "##%&. !t least in part as a result of these initiatives, the police began to recognise the need to develop an understanding of the conte>t of policing multi'racial areas. The impact of the 1tephen Bawrence murder and the ?c8herson report "###& and its verdict of +institutional racism, in relation to the ?etropolitan police force also reCuire consideration: East Lancs Institute of Higher Education. $ the 1tephen Bawrence case became a potent symbol and catalyst for change; it became a +mediatiDed public crisis, challenging the 0ritish system of in&Austice and proved to be a litmus test of the e>tent to which 0ritish society was prepared to move beyond the anachronistic practices of the past, ac-nowledge institutional racism, and embrace cultural diversity. Cottle. )**%: %"&. 8olicing and racial diversity was brought into star- focus in the E( by ?c8herson, who also made reference bac- to the earlier findings of the 1carman report "#4*,s&: 9.< :n "#4" Bord 1carmanFs 3eport into The 0ri>ton .isorders was presented to 8arliament. :n that seminal report Bord 1carman responded to the suggestion that G0ritain is an institutionally racist society,G in this way:' G:f, by Hinstitutionally racistI it is meant that it H0ritainI is a society which -nowingly, as a matter of policy, discriminates against blac- people, : reAect the allegation. :f, however, the suggestion being made is that practices may be adopted by public bodies as well as private individuals which are unwittingly discriminatory against blac- people, then this is an allegation which deserves serious consideration, and, where proved, swift remedyG. 8ara ).)): "" ' 1carman 3eport&. 5eyroud J 0ec-ley )**"& refer us to: !rticle ) of the :nternational Convention on the 7limination of all forms of 3acial .iscrimination, which reCuires positive steps to be ta-en to +amend, rescind or nullify, discriminatory practices. p, >>i&. They also point out that in this post'?c8herson world organisations must actively wor- towards eliminating racism. /ith this in mind, we will move on to ta-e a loo- at how the 8olice force have ta-en steps to attempt to remedy the inherent problems of intra'force +racism,. East Lancs Institute of Higher Education. % 8age "# of the 8olice Training ?anual 7nglish J 7nglish. "##9& documents the +8olice .iscipline Code,, in relation to 3acially .iscriminatory 0ehaviour: This offence is committed where a member of a police force: a& /hile on duty, on the grounds of another person,s colour, race, nationality or ethnic origins, acts towards that other person in a way involving abuse of authority or; b& :n any other way, on any of these grounds, treats improperly a person with whom he may be brought into contact while on duty. The disciplinary code for a constable, who is found guilty of such an offence, is liable to be subAect dependant on severity& to the following sanctions: a& .ismissal from the force b& 3eCuirement to resign c& 3eduction in 3an- d& @ine e& 3eduction in pay for " year f& 3eprimand g& Caution. 7nglish J 7nglish. "##9: "9&. 6owever, despite this 8hilips J 0owling )**): %#2& highlight that national police data for "###K)*** found that the number of 8!C7 searches of 0lac- people, to be five times higher than those for whites. 1o some progress obviously still needs to be made. =ther strategies that have been implemented to attempt to address and remedy problems associated with racism are the creation of the 5ational 0lac- 8olice !ssociation 508!& in "##4 www.nbpa.co.u-&. East Lancs Institute of Higher Education. & 8risons :n "#4) the =ffice of 8opulation Censuses J 1urveys conducted a large survey of 8rison 1taff and found that in the best scenario, establishments had one in five prison staff who had perceived racist behaviour, in the worst case scenario, it was over half Biebling J 8rice. )**": $$&. 8illing "##)& argues that in order to combat the destructive effects of preAudice and discrimination, the service needs to generate and nurture relationships between prisoners and staff, based on principles of respect and care for prisoners as individuals, where: ! well ordered, and safe environment is characterised by open, rela>ed relationships of mutual respect between staff and prisoners. pgs, )'$&. =ne of the -ey strategies in the pursuit of such an ideal has been to increase the representation of minority ethnic people within the ran-s of the prison service. The 6? 8rison 1ervice !ims J =bAectives )***')**", documents the following principles: 8rinciple ": .eal fairly, openly and humanely with prisoners and all others who come into contact with us. 8rinciple 2: 8romote eCuality of opportunity for all and combat discrimination wherever it occurs. .espite these positive moves Taylor J ?uir )**9& highlight that minority ethnic prisoner,s within many prisons, still e>perience e>treme, racially motivated violent hate'crimes and aggressively discriminatory attitudes: East Lancs Institute of Higher Education. ' Police inquiry into racist attacks at jail Diane Taylor and Hugh Muir Monday January 30, 2006 Guardian Police have launched an investigation into claims of "systematic" racial assaults, racist abuse and brutality by prison officers at maximum security Whitemoor prison, it emerged last night. Cambridgeshire police confirmed to the Guardian that an investigations team was set up last October to examine an alarming number of serious allegations at the ail. !he Guardian has learned of a variety of incidents alleged by inmates and their solicitors, including an assault to the head by an officer using a riot shield and an assault which resulted in a spinal inury. "t has also been alleged that staff used a range of racial abuse including "blac# bastard" and "blac# cunt". $ number of officers have been named in complaints. !hough police are declining to comment on specific incidents being examined by Operation Pond, the Guardian has established that several firms of solicitors are pursuing complaints on behalf of prisoners. %lac# prisoners also claim to have been referred to as "nigger" and "mon#ey man" while &uslim prisoners have complained of being denied access to prayer facilities and being referred to as "Pa#i". One source with close #nowledge of the investigation said there was a fear of systematic abuse being meted out by "a hard core of rogue officers". "n one case, a prisoner claims he was hit on the head with a riot shield, dragged into a cell and stripped na#ed. 'e says an officer then climbed on top of him and pushed his thumbs into his eyes as if he were trying to blind him. (ubia %egum)*ob, a solicitor at the Prisoners+ $dvice ,ervice, said- "" am most concerned that the largest numbers of complaints " deal with are persistently from prisoners held in '&P Whitemoor." ,olicitor .an *ubinstein, who is representing several Whitemoor prisoners, said- ""+m very concerned because of the sheer number of incidents occurring in one prison. !his has got to be more than a coincidence. !he situation appears to be worse in Whitemoor than anywhere else." 'e said the "scale and the repetitiveness of the assaults" indicated a serious problem. ""+m led to believe that there+s an organised pattern to these incidents because of the similarities between them. !here is provocative behaviour from prison officers which encourages prisoners to react, which then gives the officer a pretext to use excessive or unreasonable force. !he constant reassurances given by the Prison ,ervice that they are tac#ling racism at grassroots level seems yet to become a reality." "rene /embhard, another solicitor bringing a case against '&P Whitemoor on behalf of a prisoner, said- "!here is a worrying continuation of allegations that prisoners are subected to assaults and racist behaviour." "n 0112, the Commission for *acial 34uality carried out an investigation into racism in prisons and produced an action plan which was to be ointly pursued by the commission and the Prison ,ervice. %ut it is #nown that there has been criticism from the C*3 that improvements have been slow in coming. East Lancs Institute of Higher Education. ( $nne Owers, the prisons inspector, has also completed a review of racism in prisons which says $sian prisoners, and particularly young offenders, are more li#ely to report racist bullying, and blac# men are more li#ely to claim victimisation. '&P Whitemoor, in &arch, Cambridgeshire, specialises in managing and treating prisoners with dangerous and severe personality disorders. $ Prison ,ervice spo#esman said it could not comment on an ongoing investigation. %rian Caton, general secretary of the Prison Officers+ $ssociation, said the union would fully cooperate with the investigation. "Our union has done more than any other to rid itself of racism," he said. "We have expelled members when we have discovered actions to be racially motivated. We don+t want racists in the union or in the Prison ,ervice." ?organ )**)& also highlights that: 5ineteen per cent of male prisoners and )% per cent of female prisoners are members of ethnic minorities, two' thirds of them !fro'Caribbean blac- residents are imprisoned at roughly eight times the rate of white residents ?organ. )**): ""$$&. This trend is also further bac-ed up by Chouhan )**)& who documents the race'hate murder of Lahid ?ubare- in @eltham M=:, whose death occurred as a result of him being forced to share a cell with a vicious racist, who used a wooden table leg to repeatedly hit him over the head. 1o again, much institutional and cultural change still needs to ta-e place in order to start to effectively confront and change this. Where do you think racial aression comes from (what social processes create a !icious racist)" East Lancs Institute of Higher Education. ) #iblioraphy *+dullah,Khan- .. /lac!ore- M. 0inn- D. Ha1den- C. Kas2ersson- M. 3 Mitchell- M. 4$55%6 Understanding Social Problems: Level 1 Institute of Cri!inal 7ustice. Universit1 of 8orts!outh. *nderson- S9 Care1- L9 Cullen- K9 0lacett- S9 :randison- *. 41;;;6 The Chambers Dictionary New Edition. Edin+urgh. Cha!+er Harra2 8u+lishing. Chouhan- K. 4$55$6 Race isses in Probation! In D. <ard- 79 Scott 3 M9 Lace1 4Eds6 Probation "or#ing $or %stice! .e= >or. ?@ford Universit1 8ress. Cottle- S. 4$55'6 MediatiAed 2u+lic crisis and civil societ1 rene=al: Bhe racist !urder of Ste2hen La=rence. Cri!e Media Culture. Col 1416: &;,)1. London. Sage 8u+lications. English- 7. 3 English- /. 41;;(6 Police Training &anal D th Ed. Mc:ra= Hill /oo Co!2an1 :M8S 4$55'6 &odel 'arassment Policy(Procedre: )**endi+ P! Internal docu!ent- Hu!an Resources. :reater Manchester 8ro+ation Service- ?aland House- Bal+ot Road- Manchester. Harris- C. 41;DD6 ,mages o$ -lac#s in -ritain: 1./011.20 in S. *llen 3 M. Mace1 4Eds6 Race 3 Social Policy London. Econo!ic 3 Social Research Council. Lie+ling- *. 3 8rice- D. 4$5516 The Prison 4$$icer! London9 <aterside 8ress. Mac2herson- <. 41;;;6 The Ste*hen Lawrence ,n5iry: Re*ort o$ the ,n5iry by Sir "illiam &ac*herson o$ Clny! London: HMS?. Mason- D. 41;;'6 Race and Ethnicity in &odern -ritain ?@ford: ?@ford Universit1 8ress Miles- R. 41;;%6 Racism )$ter 6Race Relations7 London: Routledge. Morgan- R. 4$55$6 ,m*risonment! ,n M. Maguire9 R. Morgan 3 R. Reiner 4Eds6 The 4+$ord 'andboo# o$ Criminology % rd Ed. ?@ford. ?@ford Universit1 8ress. .e1roud- 8. 3 /ecle1- *. 4$5516 Policing8 Ethics 3 'man Rights! <illan 8u+lishing. 8illing- 7. 41;;$6 -ac# to -asics: Relationshi*s in the Prison Service in Eve Saville Me!orial Lecture 8hili2s- C. 3 /o=ling- /. 4$55$6 Racism8 Ethnicity8 Crime and Criminal %stice in M. Maguire9 R. Morgan 3 R. Reiner 4Eds6 The 4+$ord 'andboo# o$ Criminology % rd Ed. ?@ford. ?@ford Universit1 8ress. Rich!ond- *. 41;'&6 Color Pre9dice in -ritain: ) Stdy o$ "est ,ndian "or#ers in Liver*ool 1.:;1:< London. Routledge Kegan 8aul. Sher=ood- M. 41;D&6 &ary Strggles: "est ,ndian "or#ers 3 Service Personnel in -ritain 1./.1:< London. Karia 8ress. Solo!os- 7. 41;;&6 Race 3 Racism in -ritain $ nd Ed. London. Mac!illan. Ba1lor- D. 3 Muir- H. 4$55(6 Police ,n5iry into Racist attac#s at %ail! ,n Bhe :uardian. Monda1 7anuar1 %5 th $55(. UK. East Lancs Institute of Higher Education. D