Ijest11 03 05 034

Loss Minimization in Radial Distribution
System: A Two Stage Method

R. Gowri Sankara Rao, S.V.L. Narasimham, R. Srinivasa Rao, A. Srinivasa Rao
Abstract - This paper presents a two stage method for loss minimization of distribution system by
cascading reconductoring and reconfiguration. This method gives maximum reduction in power loss with
enhanced voltage profile. The efficiency of this method comes from the use of optimal conductor sizes in
the first stage and using a heuristic method for network reconfiguration to refine the solution in the
second stage. A GI algorithm is used to find the optimal conductor sizes and a heuristic method is used to
optimize the network configuration. Cost related information is taken from a utility company to represent
a realistic scenario. An IEEE 33 bus is considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
method. The results of the proposed method are impressive.
Keywords - Distribution Network reconfiguration, Conductor Grading, Distribution System Planning, Power
loss reduction, Genetic Algorithm.
Nomenclature:
F
c
= Cost function
Y = Number of years
En = End node number of network
j=Branch number from j= 1,2, .. en-1
P
loss,
j = Power loss of j
th
branch,
K
p
= Annual demand loss cost in Rs/kW,
K
e
= Annual energy loss cost in Rs/kWH,
Lsf = Loss factor=0.6LF
2
+0.2LF (LF=load factor)
L
j
= Length of the j
th
branch conductor in Km
T = Number of hours per annum=8760hrs
A
j
= Area of the j
th
branch conductor, mm
2
C
c, j
= Cost j
th
branch of conductor Rs/mm
2
/km,
K
R
= Realistic reconductoring cost factor = (Int +Ndep + LAT+ SAH+ BC+ EC)
Int = % of interest on capital cost of conductor
Ndep = New Depreciation cost on capital cost of conductor including inflation.
LAT = Labour and Transport cost of conductor installation
SAH = Storage and handling charges of conductor.
BC = Breakage cost of conductor
C
d
= Disruption cost during installation of new conductor and
Removing old conductor = Total peak load average load factor break down time (Average selling cost purchase cost)
I. INTRODUCTION
In most of the distribution systems in developing countries, feeders carry large currents to load points
which lead to higher power loss resulting in poor power quality and higher electricity prices. In developing
countries, the power losses are around 20% [14] while it is less than 10% in developed countries. Therefore
utilities in the electric sector are currently focusing in reducing power losses, in order to be more competitive.
The electricity prices in deregulated markets are related to the system losses. This loss reduction can be done
using effective and efficient computational tools which enhance power quality and reduce cost of energy at the
consumer end.
Network Reconfiguration and Reconductoring are two main means in distribution system operation to
reduce power losses. Obviously, these two optimization methods have different properties and limitations.
Generally, the purpose of Distribution Network Reconfiguration is to reduce power losses, to balance the loads
among feeders and to improve quality and reliability of supply by altering topological structures of a given
network using sectionalizing and tie switches. Reconductoring is generally opted to reduce power loss by
replacing the conductors with different suitable sized conductors thus decreasing line resistance and reactance
which results in reduced power loss. A combined approach is proposed in this paper which reduces the power
loss better than these two individual approaches.
R. Gowri Sankara Rao et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4339
Merlin and Back[1] proposed a concept of Distribution System Reconfiguration with a heuristic
method to minimize power losses based on branch and bound technique. A heuristic algorithm was suggested by
Shirmohammadi and Hong [2] based on the method of Merlin and Back [1]. Baran and Wu [3] made an attempt
to improve the method of Civanlar et al. [4] by introducing two approximation formulae for power flow in the
transfer of system loads representing real power, reactive power and voltage magnitude. Thakur et al. [5]
presented distribution system reconfiguration algorithms which provide qualitative and application dependent
criteria to power distribution engineers. In this method, enhance loading of this system using optimal conductor
selection then network reconfiguration is applied on the same system. Ponnavaiko and Rao [6] proposed a
model [PPR model] for optimal conductor grading for radial distribution feeders. Their model is flexible and can
handle the variations in the load growth rate, load factor and cost of energy over the planned period. The PPR
model considers the conductor-grading problem as optimization problem of minimizing the sum of the feeder
cost and the feeder energy loss cost. Tram and wall [7] developed a practical computer algorithm for optimal
selection of conductors of radial distribution feeders. They also explored the possibilities of using regulator
instead of reconductoring of the feeder segment to resolve the voltage drop problem. Wang et al. [8] presented
economical current density based heuristic method which relies on approximations for easy adoption by utility
engineers. Das et al.[9] proposed load flow method in which main feeder, laterals and sub laterals are
considered as laterals for computation. This increases complexity for big systems. Samrajit Ghosh et al
[10]proposed a method which reduces real and reactive power losses as well as enhances loading capability of
distribution network. In [11-13], optimal conductor selection of distribution network was presented in Fuzzy-
Evolutionary methods. Marvasti Vahid et al. [16] Presented an approach for optimal placement and sizing of
fixed capacitor banks and also optimal conductor selection in radial distribution networks for the purpose of
economic minimization of loss and enhancement of voltage. In this optimization problem, the cost of conducting
materials and capacitor banks, the cost of power losses, the bus voltage profiles and the maximum permissible
carrying current are considered. This method is not suitable to large size networks. R. S. Rao et al. [17]
proposed a heuristic algorithm to reduce power loss using network reconfiguration. The proposed algorithm is
based on simple heuristic rules and identified an effective switch status configuration of distribution system for
the minimum loss reduction.
In this paper, a two stage method is proposed to reduce power losses and improve voltage profile. Cost
and conductor data is taken from a Utility company (Eastern power distribution company Ltd, Andhra Pradesh,
India) to represent a real world scenario. A Genetic Algorithm based reconductoring is performed in the first
stage to select optimal conductor sizes. In the second stage, a heuristic method is used to compute the optimal
reconfiguration of this network for further improvement. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB.
ASSUMPTIONS:
A radial distribution network is assumed to be balanced
The p.u. voltage at the substation or source node is 1.0 p.u.

II. PROPOSED METHOD

a) First Stage: Network Reconductoring

Objective function for cost minimization is as follows:

Min F
c
=Annual power loss cost + Effective capital cost

(1)
Subject to
|V (i)| V
max
for all node points (2)
|I
(j)
| I
max
for all branches (3)

Cost coefficients and conductor cost are as follows:

K
p
= 3520 Rs/kW, K
e
= 2.18 Rs/kWh and C = 500 Rs/kM/Sq. mm

The proposed method is formulated keeping in view the realistic parameters and the objective function in
equation (1) reflects these parameters. The optimization of this cost function is the sum of energy loss cost and
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4340
capital investment on conductors. To solve this optimization, Genetic Algorithm is used as it converges to global
optimum solution.

Branch currents of base network using Load flow program [15] are presented in Table. 1. Conductors are
selected for optimization based on branch currents are given in Appendix. A2. To solve this conductor
optimization, assume uniform conductor for base network. Optimal branch conductor selection has been
performed with Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach as minimizing objective function given in equation (1). After
obtaining optimal conductor sizes, load flow [15] is performed. Power loss and voltage profile are computed. The
conductor optimization is explained in the proposed algorithm and flow chart as presented in Fig. 1. Selection of
optimal conductor sizes is the first stage of this proposed method and a heuristic based reconfiguration [17] with
obtained optimal conductor sizes is the second stage as shown in the flow chart.

PROPOSED ALGORITHM FOR NETWORK RECONDUCTORING

The proposed algorithm for reconductoring including projected load growth contains the following steps:

1. Read line and load data including branch lengths;
2. Choose type of conductors for branch conductor grading based on maximum load current of the network;
3. Read area and cost per km of chosen conductors for optimization;
4. Read parameters of fitness function;
5. Initialize population G=1 and create initial population;
6. Decode generated population, obtain conductor selection of each branch;
7. Run the proposed load flow method to compute power loss and voltage profile;
8. Evaluate fitness function;
9. If generation G< G
m
(G
m
is specified), go to next step else go to step 16;
10. Increment generation G=G+1;
11. Perform Genetic Algorithm operations such as selection, cross over and mutation;
12. Store elite number, go to step 6;
13. Store optimal branch conductors, power loss and Voltage profile of reconductoring with optimal selected
conductors;
14. Compute Power loss and Voltage profile using heuristic based network reconfiguration with optimal graded
conductor sizes;
15. Print the results;
16. Stop.

Fig. 1: Flow chart of Proposed Method
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4341

Table 1: BRANCH CURRENTS OF 33 BUS SYSTEM

Branch
Number
Branch
Current
Before
Grading
After
Grading
Maximum
Current
carrying
Capacity
1 364.139 Ferret Cat 390
2 323.8547 Ferret Cat 390
3 233.0174 Ferret Rabbit 228
4 221.169 Ferret Cat 390
5 216.4297 Ferret Cat 390
7 82.1485 Ferret Cat 390
8 63.98104 Ferret Weasel 150
9 58.45182 Ferret Cat 390
13 36.33491 Ferret Ferret 200
17 8.688784 Ferret Cat 390
18 31.59558 Ferret Cat 390
19 23.69668 Ferret Cat 390
20 15.79779 Ferret Ferret 200
21 7.898894 Ferret Weasel 150
22 83.72828 Ferret Cat 390
23 75.82938 Ferret Cat 390
25 112.9542 Ferret Cat 390
26 108.2148 Ferret Cat 390
27 103.4755 Ferret Cat 390
28 98.73618 Ferret Cat 390
29 87.67773 Ferret Cat 390
30 40.28436 Ferret Cat 390
31 26.06635 Ferret Cat 390

Start
Read the Line and Load Data
Choose the Conductors for Conductor Grading Analysis
Read R per km and X per km and Area of
selected Conductors
Define and read the parameters of fitness function
Initialize Generation (G=1), Create initial population
Decode the generated population and obtain optimal
conductor selection
Run the Load flow and compute Power Loss and
Voltage Profile
Evaluate fitness function
If G < Gm
G = G+1
Selection, Cross over and Mutation
Store Elite Number
Perform Load flow using Optimal
conductor Sizes and determine the
Power Loss in Voltage profile
Run the Heuristic based network
reconfiguration program using
optimally selected conductor sizes
Print the Results
Stop
Ye
s
No
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4342

Fig. 2: GA Optimization of 33 bus system

Fig. 3: Branch currents of base network

Fig. 4: Voltage profile of base network

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
x 10
7
Population Size
C
o
s
t

i
n

R
u
p
e
e
s
GA Optimization
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4343

Fig. 5: Branch power loss of base network
Fig. 2 shows the genetic optimization of conductors of a 33 bus system for a population of 200. Branch currents,
bus voltages and branch power losses of bases network as shown in Fig. 3 Fig. 5
b. Second Stage: Network Reconfiguration
In this method, a heuristic search is used [17] for determining the minimum loss configuration of the radial
distribution system. For this algorithm, the resultant network of the first stage is taken as input. The proposed
solution starts with initial configuration with all tie switches are in open position. The voltage differences across
all tie switches and the two node voltages of each tie switch are computed using load flow analysis. Among all
the tie switches, a switch with maximum voltage difference is selected first subject to the condition that the
voltage difference is greater than the pre-specified value. The tie switch with the maximum voltage difference
is closed and the sectionalize switches are opened in sequence starting from the minimum voltage node of the tie
switch. The power loss due to each sectionalize switch is calculated and the procedure is terminated when the
power Loss obtained due to previous sectionalizing is less than the current one. Based on the above procedure,
the best switching combination of the loop is noted. This procedure is repeated to all the remaining tie switches.
This procedure favors the solution with a fewer switching operations. Another advantage with the algorithm is
that the number of load flow computations is less and subsequently the computational effort is significantly
reduced.

Simulation Results:
The proposed method has been tested on IEEE 33 radial distribution system [3] to demonstrate its effectiveness.
This network has 33 buses, 32 branches and 5 tie lines as shown in Fig. 6. All the calculations for this method
are carried out in the p.u. system with 12.66 kV and 100 MVA base. The convergence value is taken as
0.0001. The power losses and voltage profile were calculated and presented in Table. 3 .The results are
determined in three configurations viz base network, optimal reconfiguration network and optimal
reconfiguration with graded conductor sizes. Four conductors are taken to optimize the conductor sizes of this
method. Line and Load data are presented in the Appendix. A1. The proposed algorithm is implemented in
MAT lab. For this algorithm, Dual core 1 GB RAM, 1.66 GHz system was used.

The tie switches 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37 are normally opened in the base configuration represented with
doted lines and sectionalizing switches are represented with solid lines as shown in Fig. 6. The total install peak
loads on the system are 3715 kW, 2290 kVAr. Power loss for the base configuration is 202.71 kW and
minimum node voltage is 0.9131 p.u. (at Node 18). The power loss and minimum voltage after reconfiguration
are 139.5 and 0.9437 p.u. respectively. The optimal switch configuration of the reconfigure network are: 33, 14,
8, 32, 28 as shown in Fig. 7. The implementation of load flow analysis, proposed GA based optimal grading
algorithm is to find optimally graded conductors, power losses and voltage profile are computed. The power loss
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4344
and minimum voltage of the graded network are 115.791 kW and 0.9428 (at Node 33) p.u respectively. In the
second stage of proposed method the optimal conductor sizes are used in the base network and implemented
heuristic method to reconfigure the system the power loss and minimum voltage obtain from final configuration
are 89.473 kW and 0.9607 p.u (at Node 33). Optimal switch configuration of the proposed method are 36, 10,
28, 14 and 7 as shown in Fig. 8

Fig. 6: IEEE 33 Bus radial distribution system

Fig. 7: Optimal final configuration after all switching operations

Fig. 8: Optimal final configuration of the proposed method
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4345
Simulation Results:
Table. 2: Comparison of voltages
B
U
S

N
U
M
B
E
R
Node
voltag
e
in p.u.
(Befor
e
gradin
g)
Node
voltag
e
in
p.u.
(After
gradi
ng)
Node
volta
ge
in
p.u.
(Two
Stage
Prop
osed
Meth
od)
B
U
S

N
U
M
B
E
R
Node
voltag
e
in
p.u.
(Befo
re
gradi
ng)
Node
volta
ge
in
p.u.
(Afte
r
gradi
ng)
Node
voltag
e
in p.u.
(Two
Stage
Propo
sed
Metho
d)
1 1.000
0
1.000 1.000
0
18 0.898
3
0.942
8
0.9638
2 0.997
0
0.998
2
0.998
2
19 0.996
5
0.998
0
0.9973
3 0.982
9
0.989
8
0.992
0
20 0.992
9
0.996
1
0.9891
4 0.975
5
0.983
5
0.990
5
21 0.992
2
0.995
5
0.9856
5 0.968
1
0.979
1
0.989
6
22 0.991
6
0.994
9
0.9828
6 0.949
7
0.969
8
0.987
9
23 0.979
4
0.987
9
0.9877
7 0.946
2
0.968
5
0.987
7
24 0.972
7
0.984
3
0.9796
8 0.941
3
0.965
4
0.975
0
25 0.969
4
0.981
7
0.9708
9 0.935
1
0.958
1
0.971
1
26 0.947
7
0.968
6
0.9878
10 0.929
2
0.954
9
0.970
8
27 0.945
2
0.967
1
0.9876
11 0.928
4
0.954
2
0.976
7
28 0.933
7
0.961
4
0.9873
12 0.926
9
0.952
8
0.976
8
29 0.925
5
0.957
4
0.9655
13 0.920
8
0.948
2
0.974
9
30 0.922
0
0.955
2
0.9633
14 0.918
5
0.946
5
0.974
3
31 0.917
8
0.953
1
0.9613
15 0.917
1
0.945
4
0.966
4
32 0.916
9
0.952
7
0.9609
16 0.915
7
0.944
4
0.956
4
33 0.916
6
0.960
8
0.9608
17 0.913
7
0.943
1
0.964
1

ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4346
Voltage Profile
Base Netwrok
Optimal Graded Netwrok
Two Stage Proposed Method
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.88
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
p
.
u
.
)

Node Number

Fig. 9: Voltage Comparison
Table. 3: Comparison of Results
Config
uration
Tie
Switche
s
Pow
er
Loss
(kW)
Minim
um
Node
Voltage
Redu
ction
in
Powe
r
Loss
CPU
Time
(sec)
Base
Configu
ration
33, 34,
35, 36,
37
202.7
1
0.9131
(Node
18)

--
--
Optimal
Reconfi
guration
for Base
Networ
k
33, 14,
8, 32, 28

139.5
0.9437
(Node
33)
31.2 5.3
Propose
d
Two
Stage
Method
(Optima
l
Reconfi
guration
For
Grade
Branch
Conduct
ors)
36, 10,
28, 14, 7
89.47
3
0.9607
(Node
33)
55.86 0.047
GA [18]
33, 9,
34, 28,
36
140.6
0.9371
(Node
33)
30.6 152
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper a two stage method has been proposed to reduce power losses in radial distribution system
using the combination of network reconditioning and reconfiguration. Improvements are aimed at reduction in
power loss and better voltage profile with feeder load balancing subject to radial structure in which all loads
must be served. Simulation results obtained from proposed method are compared with GA method [18]. The
reduction in power loss is 55.86 % and voltage is improved from 0.9131 p.u. to 0.9607 p.u. The advantage
of this method is easy to implement and good computational efficiency. The results of the proposed method are
impressive.
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4347
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to EPDCL Company, Andhra Pradesh, India for providing data used in this work.
APPENDIX A
Table. A1: Line and Load data of 33 Bus System:
B
R
A
N
C
H
N
U
M
B
E
R
S
E
N
D
I
N
G

E
N
D
B
U
S
R
E
C
E
I
V
I
N
G

E
N
D
B
U
S
Base Case Optimal Case End Bus Loads

R
()

X
()

R
()

X
()

P
L
(kw)

Q
L
(kw)
1 1 2 0.9922 0.047 0.0526 0.0216 100 60
2 2 3 0.4930 0.2511 0.2769 0.1136 90 40
3 3 4 0.3660 0.1844 0.2049 0.08408 120 80
4 4 5 0.3811 0.1941 0.2135 0.0876 60 30
5 5 6 0.8190 0.7070 0.4588 0.18824 60 20
6 6 7 0.1872 0.6188 0.1047 0.04296 200 100
7 7 8 0.7114 0.2351 0.9594 0.3936 200 100
8 8 9 1.0300 0.74 0.5772 0.2368 60 20
9 9 10 1.0440 0.74 0.5830 0.2392 60 20
10 10 11 0.1966 0.065 0.1689 0.04689 45 30
11 11 12 0.3744 0.1238 0.4063 0.09245 60 35
12 12 13 1.4680 1.155 0.8209 0.3368 60 35
13 13 14 0.5416 0.7129 0.312 0.128 120 80
14 14 15 0.5910 0.526 0.8908 0.153 60 10
15 15 16 0.7463 0.545 0.8106 0.18443 60 20
16 16 17 1.2890 1.721 0.7222 0.29632 60 20
17 17 18 0.7320 0.574 0.4095 0.168 90 40
18 2 19 0.1640 0.1565 0.1408 0.03911 90 40
19 19 20 1.5042 1.3554 0.8424 0.3456 90 40
20 20 21 0.4095 0.4784 0.2293 0.09408 90 40
21 21 22 0.7089 0.9373 1.0674 0.18333 90 40
22 3 23 0.4512 0.3083 0.2535 0.104 90 40
23 23 24 0.8980 0.7091 0.5031 0.2064 420 200
24 24 25 0.8960 0.7011 0.5011 0.2056 420 200
25 6 26 0.2030 0.1034 0.113 0.04664 60 25
26 26 27 0.2842 0.1447 0.1591 0.06528 60 25
27 27 28 1.059 0.9337 0.5933 0.24344 60 20
28 28 29 0.8042 0.7006 0.4504 0.1848 120 70
29 29 30 0.5075 0.2585 0.2847 0.1168 200 600
30 30 31 0.9744 0.963 0.546 0.224 150 70
31 31 32 0.3105 0.3619 0.1739 0.07138 210 100
32 32 33 0.341 0.5302 0.1910 0.07838 60 40
33
*
21 8 2 2 2 2 Tie Line
34
*
9 15 2 2 2 2 Tie Line
35
*
12 22 2 2 2 2 Tie Line
36
*
18 33 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Tie Line
37
*
25 19 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Tie Line

ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4348

Table. A2: Conductor Data:
Conductor Type Cross Sectional
Area in Sq.mm
Resistance
(Ohm/ kM)
Reactance
(Ohm/kM)
Current Carrying
Capacity
Weasel 19.35 0.9116 0.3820 150
Ferret 32.26 0.6795 0.3760 181
Rabbit 48.39 0.3657 0.3579 270
Cat 95.40 0.3700 0.2790 390

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BIOGRAPHIES

R. Gowrisankara Rao, Graduated from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, AP, INDIA and obtained M. Tech.
in Power Systems from JNTU, Kakinada, INDIA. Presently he is Head of the department, Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, MVGR College of Engg., Vizianagaram, INDIA. His area of interest is Electrical
Distribution System.

Dr.S.V.L.Narasimham is Professor of Computer Science and Engg., Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad, India. He has published more than 20 papers in National and International Journals. His
areas of interests include real time power system operation and control, ANN, Fuzzy logic and Genetic
Algorithm applications to power Systems.

Dr. R. Srinivasa Rao, obtained B. Tech from S.V. University, Tirupathi and obtained M.E. in Electrical
Engineering from I.I. Sc, Bangalore, INDIA and PhD from JNTU Hyderabad. Currently he is Associate
Professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, JNTU, Kakinada, INDIA. His areas of interest
are Electrical Distribution System, Application of soft computing techniques to power systems.

ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4349
A. Srinivasa Rao, Graduated in 1982 at JNTU and did M.E. in 1987 at Andhra University. He is working as a
Professor and Head of the department, Electrical and Electronics Engineering in GITAM University, AP,
INDIA. He has presented about 30 papers in conferences of National and International repute. He was principal
investigator for UGC major research project. He is the Fellow of Institute of Engineers (India), IETE and Life
member of ISTE. His areas of interest include Energy Management, Power Electronics and Drives and
Electrical Distribution Systems
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011 4350

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