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Feature: Ipil ipil

Feature title: Functional aquafeeds: Ipil ipil leaf meal as supplements to soybean and fish meal

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Ipil ipil
Ipil ipil leaf meal as supplements
to soybean and fish meal
by Dr Hossain Zamal, Prabal Barua, Belal Uddin
Estimation of growth and financial analysis through the application of Ipil ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf
meal as supplements to soybean and fish meal in the diet of juvenile monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
A
mong plant protein ingre-
dients, ipil ipil (Leucaena
leucocephala) leafmeal
(ILLM) is considered
the most nutritive plant protein
source after soybean meal in aquatic
feeds. That was proven in a 21-day
experiment conducted to assess the
response of juvenile Monosex Nile
tilapia Oreochromis niloticus with four
iso-nitrogenous formulated diets: One
control diet was formulated based on
fishmeal, one on soybean meal and
one on rice bran, ipil ipil leafmeal was
also included in experimental diets.
Use of 15 percent ILLM in fish feed led
to a significant improvement from the view
of growth performance and cost benefit. The
results indicated that weight and length gain,
absolute growth, specific growth rate, feed
conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio
and average daily growth rates were recorded
significantly highest in the fourth diet (which
contained 15 percent IILM) compared to
the other three. The lowest feed conversion
ratio and cost-per-unit production were also
recorded to be lowest in the fourth diet.
On the other hand, the higher cost-
per-unit fish production was recorded for
diet-1, where ipil ipil leaf meal was absent.
This study also showed that profit was
maximised using diet-4, reducing feed costs
by 24.04 percent.
Figure 1: Ipil Ipil leaf
meal preparation process
36
36 || InternatIonal AquAFeed || March-april
The findings in the study demonstrate
that ipil ipil leafmeal could be used as pro-
tein substitute at up to 25 percent - opti-
mumally at 15 percent - in diet of growing
juvenile monosex tilapia.
Tilapias are endemic to
Table 1: Ingredient composition of experimental diet
Africa, but interest in their
aquaculture potential has led
Ingredients
to their almost worldwide
distribution over the past 50
years. Initial enthusiasm was
based on characteristics that Soybean meal
made tilapia appropriate for
subsistence fish farming in
Ipil ipil leaf meal
developing countries: several
(leucaena leaf)
species are herbivorous, readily
reproduce in small ponds and
are highly tolerant of poor water quality.
Interest in commercial production of tila-
pia was initially dampened by a small harvest
size resulting from excessive reproduction
and stunting (Thomas and Leonard, 1995).
In order to reduce the cost of a balanced
diet, locally available ingredients, such as
agricultural by-products and plant proteins,
should be included in the diet or substituted
for expensive animal plant protein sources.
Legumes such as Ipil ipil are potentially a
valuable feed resource for aquaculture in the
tropics because of their widespread distribu-
tion in those areas. Most varieties have not
been evaluated as feed for fish. Leucaena leu-
cocephala compares favourably with lucerne
in terms of crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca)
InternatIonal AquAFeed
March-april 09
09
and phosphorus (P), and it is also a good
source of b-carotene. (NAP 1984).
By production volume, tilapia culture is
the second largest aquaculture system in
Diet-1 Diet-2 Diet-3 Diet-4
(%) (%) (%) (%)
Fish meal 33 30 30 35
35 33 30 25
Rice bran 32 17 15 25
---- 20 25 15
use worldwide in sweet-water and is mostly
carried out using semi-intensive systems
in developing countries (FAO, 2000). Nile
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was introduced
first in Bangladesh in 1954 from Thailand
(Ahmed, 1956).
In populations of tilapia, males grow faster
and are more uniform in size than females.
For this reason, the farming of monosex
populations of tilapias, which is achieved
either by manual sexing, direct hormonal sex
reversal, hybridisation or genetic manipula-
tion, has been reported as solutions to the
problem of early sexual maturation and
unwanted reproduction.
As in most fish culture systems, balanced
feed is one the most significant inputs in tilapia
culture and accounts for
between 30-60 percent of
production costs (El-Sayed,
1990; Goddard, 1996; Tudor
et al 1996). Substitution of
fishmeal in balanced feed has
been vital to reducing feed
costs and overall tilapia pro-
duction costs. Efforts have
been made to reduce this
Ipil ipil
input cost by substituting
fishmeal with a wide vari-
ety of vegetables and meats
(Olvera-Novoa et al 1990;
Olvera-Novoa et al 1997;
El-Saidy and Gaber, 2003).
The larvae of monosex
tilapia are habitat to feed
at surface. So, experimental
diets were prepared in
granulated form for the purpose of achieving Hatchery and Fisheries Project for nursery D: Experimental design
better floating characteristics. feed as reliable protein sources. Rice bran was The experiment was conducted in four
collected from a local market. 'hapa' each 3 × 1.5 × 0.45 m (L × W ×
Methodology: C.2: Diet Formulation: Four isonitrog- H). Each 'hapa' contained three similar
enous diets, which contained a crude protein chambers for replication in order to study
A: Experimental location value 30 percent, were formulated as shown the growth of monosex tilapia fry with
The experiment was performed for a in Table 1. The protein requirement was different experimental diets. Diet-1 (was
period of 21 days at a nursery pond of
Allahwalla Hatchery and Fisheries Project,
Table 2: Proximate composition of feed ingredients
Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.
Nitrogen
Crude Crude Crude
B: Collection & preparation Ingredients Protein Fat Fibre
Ash Moisture Free
(%) (%) Extract
Ipil ipil leaf (IIL) collection and prepara- (%) (%) (%)
(NFE)
tion: The ipil ipil tree was cultivated in the
dyke and roadside of the research station.
The green, soft and fleshy leaves were col- Ipil-Ipil leaf meal - (IILM) 23 8 16 10 14 29
lected from the tree and Figure-1 shows the Fish meal 55 6 8 8 15 8
procedure of Ipil ipil leafmeal preparation. Soybean meal 38 7 13 9 12 21
Rice bran 11 10 30 11 13 25
C: Diet preparation
C.1: Ingredient selection: Four ingredi-
ents - fishmeal, soybean meal (SBM), Ipil ipil balanced using the square method (Pearson, denoted as control); Diet-2, Diet-3 and
Leafmeal and rice bran - were selected for 1976). The blended feeds were used as Diet-4 were respectively applied in 'hapa-1',
experimental diet preparation. The fishmeal experimental diets and stored in an airtight 'hapa-2', 'hapa-3' and 'hapa-4' for comparative
and soybean meal were used as protein polythene bag for longer term use. Four study of their effect on growth.
source. The ipil ipil leafmeal was partially different ingredients: fishmeal, soybean meal
incorporated with fishmeal and soybean as (SBM), Ipil-Ipil Leafmeal and rice bran were E: Larvae collection & stocking
protein sources. Rice bran was selected as selected for experimental diet preparation The juvenile monosex tilapias were col-
a carbohydrate and energy source. All the based on their composition. The control diet lected from nursery pond of the research
ingredients were sieved to remove larger (Diet-1) was formulated without mixing of station with an average weight of 0.634g
particles. The fishmeal and soybean meal Ipi ipil leafmeal. Table-2 shows the proximate and length of 3.52cm. A numerous fry
were imported from Thailand by Allahwala composition of the four ingredients. were stocked in cemented tank without
Ipil- Ipil
I
pil-ipil, (Leucaena leucocephala) is a small Mimosoid tropical tree native to Mexico, one
of the most versatile species of all tropical trees because of its exceptionally high rate Classification of Ipil- Ipil
of growth, ability to fix nitrogen and high nutritional value as feed for livestock (Hughes,
Kingdom : Plantae
Colin E., 1998 ). It has been considered for biomass production, as its reported yield of foliage
Division : Magnoliophyta
corresponds to a dried mass of 2000-20000 kg/ha/year, and that of wood 30-40 m³/ha/year, Class : Magnoliopsida
with up to twice those amounts in favourable climates. Order : Fabales
High rates of nitrogen fixation (100-500 kg N/ha/yr), which contribute to high foliar N Family : Fabaceae
content (4.3% dry wt.), and rapid decomposition of its foliage make ipil-ipil an excellent mulch Subfamily: Mimosoideae
(surface application) or green manure (incorporated) crop. In addition to inorganic nutrients, Genus: Leucaena
Species: L. leucocephala,
ipil-ipil mulch/green manure can increase soil organic matter (Duke 1983). During the 1970s
(Lam.). de Wit
and 1980s it was promoted as a "miracle tree" for its multiple uses It has also been described
as a "conflict tree" in that it is both promoted for forage production and spreads like a weed in
some places ( Gutteridge and Shelton, 1998).
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37
Ipil ipil Ipil ipil
feed for one day. Total 2400 uniform size I: Bio-Chemical Evaluation (percent) was recorded for Diet-3. The
Table 5: Comparative Benefit Analysis among different
fry were taken into 12 polythene bags. Moisture, ash, lipid and protein content higher fat 7.63 (percent) was recorded experimental diet
The fry within polythene bags were accli- of the ingredients were determined by for Died-1 and lower fat 7.4 (percent)
matised with water temperature of the standard AOAC methods (AOAC, 1995). was recorded for Diet-3. The huger Cost per unit
Total
production % of
'hapa' for three-to-five minutes. Just after Ash 9.24 (percent) was recorded for Diet Benefit
of fish ( taka Benefit
acclimatised the fry were finally stocked J: Feed Economics Diet-1 and lower Ash 9.24 (percent) was (taka)
/ kg)
into 'hapa'. Each 'hapa' contained 600 fry The economical feasibility of the experi- recorded for Diet-2. The higher NFE
and each experimental chamber contained mental diets was studied by analysed unit 19.7 (percent) was recorded for Diet- Diet-1 45.6 ------- -----
200 fry. cost and total costs
Diet-2 35.46 10.14 22.24
of all ingredients Table 3: Growth performance of juvenile tilapia in experimental
F: Feed management were used in the diets Diet-3 35.71 9.89 21.69
Due to the feeding behaviour of experiments. Diet- Diet- 4 34.65 10.95 24.01 Ipil leafmeal. The Discussion:
tilapia, granulated experimental diets parameter Diet-1 Diet-2 Diet-4 higher formulating
3 Ingredients selection is one of the most
were spread on centre of each chamber Results cost was 20.82tk/ important factors for formulation and com-
by a small plate arrangement to avoid The nutrient ele- Absolute Growth (g) 919.26 929.2 979.26 1119.26 FCR, FCE and PER were observed in Diet- kg for Diet-1 and lower formulating cost mercial production for supplemental quality
feeding competition between exterior ments, such as crude 4, Diet-3 and Diet-2 respectively. was 17.85tk/kg for Diet-3. The estimated feed of aquatic species. In the present study
fish. The amount of feed supplied to the protein, crude fat, Specific Growth Rate In the present experiment, feed prepa- higher cost for production of 100kg juve- ingredient were selected to consider their
5.86% 5.90% 6.05% 6.52%
reared fry was 25 percent of the total (SGR) ration cost (Tk/kg) and proportional ben- nile monosex tilapia was four, 560taka*
crude fibre, ash con- nutritional quality and cost effectiveness.
biomass per day for the first 10 days and tents, moisture con- Feed Conversion efit analysis among different experimental for Diet-1 and lower cost for production
2.74 2.73 2.78 2.42
20 percent of total biomass per day for Ratio (FCR) diets (Tk/kg) were observed in the Table of 100kg juvenile monosex tilapia was
tents and NFE were
* This article refers to Bangladesh Currency (Taka)
second 11 days. evaluated for each of Feed Conversion 4 and Table 5; The lowest production cost 3465taka for Diet-4. The higher benefit
36.43 36.67 35.99 41.23 1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.01424 US Dollar (USD)
Efficiency (%) indicating economic viability of the feed. was 24.01 percent (taka) was estimated
the isonitrogenous 1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.009804 British Pound (GBP)
G: Periodical observation diets for the suitabil- Protein Efficiency
1.04 1.047 1.028 1.178
The higher price of feed ingredients was for Diet-4 and lower benefit 21.69 per- 1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.01109 Euro (EUR)
The growth and survival of the reared Ratio 37.00tk/kg for fishmeal and lower price cent (taka) was estimated for Diet-3 (exchange rate correct at time of printing)
ity of their finished
specimen in each 'hapa' with three product for mono- for ingredients was 3.00tk/kg for Ipil- when compared with Diet-1.
Survival Rate ( %)) 100 100 100 100
replicates were recorded at seven days sex tilapia fry. The 96272_GTC_Aquafeed_FebAd_2009_4:Layout 1 2/3/09 10:22 AM Page 1
interval. Ten percent of the estimated fry four experimental
were sampled and collected samples were diets were contained 35 percent crude 2 and lower NFE 18.0 (percent) was
placed on the well-marked stillness scale protein. The higher moisture content recorded for Diet-1 (see Table-1).
and recorded the total length from the 13.6 (percent) was recorded for Diet- Table-3 represents the growth and
nutrient utilisation of juvenile
monosex tilapia on the test
diets. There were significant dif-
ferences (P <0.05) in the mean “Your Reliable Supply Chain Manager”
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cies were taken from each chamber for
measuring total length. The mean weight
(percent) was recorded for Diet-1. The
higher crude fibre 16.79 (percent) was
and
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PER were
MWG,
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MLG,
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38 InternatIonal AquAFeed
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Palm view QP.indd 1 27/02/2009 09:29

Ipil ipil
Jackson et al (1982) reported that the
success of commercial aquaculture system
depends on proper selection of feed ingredi-
ents that should be contain optimum level of
protein and energy, necessary for the growth
of the respective culture species and the
ingredients should also be low cost.
In the present study, ingredients were
selected to considered their nutritional
quality and cost effectiveness.
Pascual (1980) reported that not only
the quantity of protein but also the quality
of protein cause the difference in weight
gain between the crude ipil ipil leafs and
soaked ipil ipil leaf. The soaked ipil ipil leaf
extracted harmful mimosine and achieved
better weight gain than crude ipil ipil leaf
which content toxic element mimosine. He
observed that fishmeal and ipil ipil leavemeal
was the best attractant followed by fish.
The present experimental result of abso-
lute growth (AG) on Oreochromis niloticus
showed the greater value of AG is more
significant for commercially economically.
Better growth of the reared tilapia may also
40
4 ||InternatIonal AquAFeed||March-april
be obtained using the Diet-4 mixed with
protein of plant and animal origin. The result
of the present study is in closer agreement
with the report of Djunaidah et al 1986
found the best result in growth with diets,
which were composed of fishmeal 35 per-
cent and soybean meal 30 percent.
In evaluating Leucaena leucocephala
leafmeal as a protein source in Indian major
carp, Labeo rohita, Hassan et al (1994)
observed a trend of reduced performance
with the highest growth, in terms of weight
in fish fed diets with 25 percent soaked
leucaena diets.
Vogt et al (1986) found that growth and
survival of the tiger prawn was better fed
diets in which 20 percent of the soybean
was replaced with Leucaena leucocephala
leaves. Ghatnkar et al (1983) reported that
diets with 30-65 percent Leucaena leuco-
cephala had no adverse affects on growth or
reproductive behaviour of Mossabique tilapia
(S. mossambicus) and Indian major carps
(Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla)
although the diets did not improve their
performance over that of a standard diet.
When Rahman et al (1988) fed Nile tilapia
(T. niolotica) a diet containing Leucaena leuco-
cephala leaves; the fish grew more slowly than
those on a standard rat diet. The leaves also
caused alterations in the female gonads. In the
present study it was found that Ipil ipil leafmeal
at 15 percent level used in the diets have good
nutritive values and have a significant role on
the growth, FCR, FCE and all of the perform-
ance measure of Oreochormis niloticus.
It also found that FCR increased with
increased in ipil ipil leafmeal level in the
diet, being highest in Oreochormis niloticus
fed 25 percent ILLM and lowest in tilapia 15
percent for both optimum and high energy
diets. Tilapia showed very poor growth
when Leauceana leucocephala constituted
25 percent or more of the dietary protein.
The reduced value of FCR is very significant
for commercially and economically and also
prove the better growth performance.
Better performance in growth, nutrient
utilisation and proximate composition in O.
niloticus fed diets with leaf protein concen-
trates showed that leaf proteins made from
leucaena could be viable means of improving
fish feed specially for Oreochormis niloticus.The
proximate compassion of the feed ingredients
and ipil ipil leafmeal used in the experimental
diets in the present studies were within the
expected ranges (Ayuk et al 2002; Nas, 1977;
Mutayoba et al 2003; Adeparusi et al 2005)
In the present experiment, feed prepara-
InternatIonalAquAFeed March-april09
09
tion cost of experimental diets were found
highest 20.82tk/kg for Diet-1 and lowest
17.85tk/kg for Diet-3 and also the amount
of cost per unit production was highest
45.6tk/kg for Diet-1 and lowest 34.65tk/
kg for Diet-3. The lowest production cost
indicating economic viability of the feed
(Table 3 and 4). Partial replacement of
fishmeal or marine animal protein and
soybean meal by ipil ipil leafmeal resulted
in better growth performance, indicating an
economical profit for juvenile tilapia.
In commercial aquaculture, feed cost is
the major part of overall production cost.
Benefit of aquaculture is calculated with
per unit production and cost of feed for it.
The achievement of the present study was
that 24 percent feed cost were reduced by
using experimental Diet-4 which contained
15 percent IILM (non conventional feed
ingredients) in the diet.
Conclusions
Tilapia culture in rural area of developing
countries requires strategies for better
performance.
From the overall discussion of the
present experimental results it has estab-
lished that better growth and minimum feed
cost of reared species may also be obtained
using the feed with mixed protein of plant
and animal origin.
Supplementation of artificial diets to the
natural food may further increase the growth
and survival and decrease the feed conversion
of the rearing species. To achieve a balance
nutritional composition in fish feed, a more
diverse choice should be made in selecting feed
ingredients. A mixture of feed ingredients will
provide more balance nutrients than only use
limited feed ingredients to formulate fish feed.
Products derived from ipil ipil have been
shown to be important ingredients for prac-
tical feeds for tilapia.This is primarily because
of the high level of protein, its low price and
the case of incorporation into feeds and the
low level of anti-nutritional elements. The
findings in the present study shown that ipil
ipil leafmeal could be used as protein sub-
stitute up to 25 percent and optimum level
15 percent in diet of growing tilapia. IILM at
15 percent level used in the diets have good
nutritive values and have a significant role on
the growth, FCR, FCE and all of the perform-
ance measure of O. niloticus.
Acknowledgement:
The authors are deeply indebted and
grateful to Master Abul Kashem, proprietor
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March-april 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 41
5

Ipil ipil
and managing director Allahwalla Hatchery
and Fisheries Project, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh,
for offering permission and experimental
facilities including financial support in his
project for conducted this research work.
Khandaker Shafiqul Islam, technical adviser of
this hatchery also provided technical support
for carrying out research successfully.
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East Pakistan. Pak J. Sci. 8 (4) 167-170
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Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 84: 315–320
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www.fao.org/fi/statist/fisoft/fishplus.asp 02/06/2002.
Goddard, S.1996. Feed management in intensive
aquaculture. Chapman & Hall. New York.130pp.
Goswami, U and Goswami, S. C., 1979.
Formulation of cheaper artificial for shrimp
culture. Preliminary biochemical, physical and
biological evaluation. Aquaculture, 16: 309-317pp
Ghatnekar, S. D, Auti, D. G and Kamat, V. S. 1983.
Feeding Leuceana to Mozambique tilapia and
Indian major carps. In: Leuceana Research in the
Asia-Pacific Region. Proceedings of a workshop
held in Singapore, 23-26 November 1982, IDRC,
Ottawa, Canada. pp. 61-63.
Hassan, M. R., Roy, P. K. and Akand, A. M. 1994.
Evaluation of Leucaena leaf meal as a protein source
for Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, fingerlings.
In: De Silva, S. S. (ed.). Fish Nutrition Research in
Asia, Proceeding of the Fifth Asian Fish Nutrition
Workshop. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 9, Asian
Fisheries Soc., Manila, Philippines. pp. 69 - 76.
Jackson, A.J., Capper, B.S., Matty, A. J., 1982.
Evaluation of some plant proteins in complete
diets for the tilapia ( Sarothrodon mossambicus).
Aquaculture 27, 97-109.
Mutayoba, S. K., Mutayoba, B. M., and Okot, P., 2003.
The performance of growing pullets fed diets with
varying energy and Leucaena leaf meal levels. Livestock
Research for Rural Development 15 (8) 2003
NAS (1977) Leucaena - Promising Forage and
Tree Crop for the Tropics. National Academy
Press, Washington DC, 115 pp.
NAP 1984. National Academy Press. Innovations
in Tropical Reforestation. In Leucaena: Promising
forage and tree crop for the tropics. 2nd Edition
Washington, pp 1-10; 41-51
Nyirenda, J., Mwabumba, M., Kaunda, E and Sales,
J.2000. Effect of Substituting Animal Protein Sources
with Soybean Meal in Diets of Oreochromis
karongae. Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly (Vol. 23,
No. 4) October-December 2000
Olvera-Novoa, M. A., Campos, S., Sabido, M. and
Martínez-Palacios, C. A. (1990). The use of alfalfa
leaf protein concentrates as a protein source
in diets for tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus.
Aquaculture 90: 291–302.
Olvera-Novoa, M. A., Pereira-Pacheco, F., Olivera-
Castillo, L., Pérez-Flores, V., Navarro, L. and
Samano, J. C. (1997). Cowpea Vigna unguiculata
protein concentrate as replacement for fish meal
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and relative condition factor of Trichiurus lepturus
It‘s the mix that makes the difference. Feed manufacturers desire high
durability, reliability and sanitation. Quality feed with minimum operating costs is
a must. Your needs are Buhler‘s first priority. That is why we commit our-
Linaaeus. Indian Journal of fisheries, 17: 90-96. selves to delivering seamless solutions meeting your highest requirements. Get
Sedgwick, G.W., 1979. length-weight relationship in touch with one of our specialists worldwide and we will deliver a complete
and relative condition factor of the canine catfish
Plotosus canius Hamilton. Journal of the Marine process design package, equipment, automation and customer service. You and
bio. Asso. India, 23: 39-43.
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Buhler – the perfect mix.
Worldwide Prospects for commercial production
of Tilapia.pp.26-125
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Y. V., Sessa, D. and Brown, P. 1996. Technical
and economical feasibility of on-farm fish feed
production using fishmeal analogs. Aquaculture
Engineering 15 (1): 53–55
Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96
Vogt,G., Quinito, E. E. and Pascual, I. P. 1986. fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com
Leuceana leucocephala leaves in formulated feed
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Text book of Biochemistry, Macmillan Company
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(Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Systematic botany
monographs v. 55. ISBN 091286155X
More inforMation:
Hossain Zamal
Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries,
University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
Tel: +880 1712110841
Email: hzcu@yahoo.com
Prabal Barua
Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries,
University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
Tel: +880 1818896874
Email: prabalims@gmail.com
Belal Uddin
Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries,
University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
Tel: +880 1818274011
introDUCtion anD aDDreSS of
CorreSPonDinG aUtHor:
• Completed Post Graduation from Institute
of Marine Sciecnes and Fisheries, University
of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
• M. Phil Fellow of Department of Zoology,
University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West
Bengal, India.
Email : prabalims@gmail.com
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Table 5: Comparative Benefit Analysis among different Table 5: Comparative Benefit Analysis among different
experimental diet experimental diet

Cost per unit Cost per unit

Total Total
production % of production % of
Diet Benefit Diet Benefit
of fish ( taka Benefit of fish ( taka Benefit
(taka) (taka)
/ kg) / kg)

Diet-1 45.6 ------- ----- Diet-1 45.6 ------- -----

Diet-2 35.46 10.14 22.24 Diet-2 35.46 10.14 22.24

Diet-3 35.71 9.89 21.69 Diet-3 35.71 9.89 21.69
Diet- 4 34.65 10.95 24.01 Ipil leafmeal. The Discussion: Diet- 4 34.65 10.95 24.01 Ipil leafmeal. The Discussion:
higher formulating Ingredients selection is one of the most higher formulating Ingredients selection is one of the most
cost was 20.82tk/ important factors for formulation and com- cost was 20.82tk/ important factors for formulation and com-
FCR, FCE and PER were observed in Diet- kg for Diet-1 and lower formulating cost mercial production FCR,for FCE and PER were
supplemental observed in Diet-
quality kg for Diet-1 and lower formulating cost mercial production for supplemental quality
4, Diet-3 and Diet-2 respectively. was 17.85tk/kg for Diet-3. The estimated feed of aquatic 4, Diet-3Inand
species. theDiet-2
presentrespectively.
study was 17.85tk/kg for Diet-3. The estimated feed of aquatic species. In the present study

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In the present experiment, feed prepa- higher cost for production of 100kg juve- ingredient were selectedIn the present experiment,
to consider their feed prepa- higher cost for production of 100kg juve- ingredient were selected to consider their
ration cost (Tk/kg) and proportional ben- nile monosex tilapia was four, 560taka* nutritional qualityration
and cost
cost (Tk/kg) and proportional ben-
effectiveness. nile monosex tilapia was four, 560taka* nutritional quality and cost effectiveness.
efit analysis among different experimental for Diet-1 and lower cost for production efit analysis among different experimental for Diet-1 and lower cost for production
diets (Tk/kg) were observed in the Table of 100kg juvenile monosex tilapia was diets (Tk/kg) were observed in the Table of 100kg juvenile monosex tilapia was
* This article refers to Bangladesh Currency (Taka) * This article refers to Bangladesh Currency (Taka)
4 and Table 5; The lowest production cost 3465taka for Diet-4. The higher benefit 4 and Table 5; The lowest production cost 3465taka for Diet-4. The higher benefit
1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.01424 US Dollar (USD) 1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.01424 US Dollar (USD)
indicating economic viability of the feed. was 24.01 percent (taka) was estimated 1 Bangladeshiindicating
Taka (BDT) =economic viability
0.009804 British of the feed.
Pound (GBP)
was 24.01 percent (taka) was estimated 1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.009804 British Pound (GBP)
The higher price of feed ingredients was for Diet-4 and lower benefit 21.69 per- 1 BangladeshiThe higher
Taka (BDT) =price
0.01109ofEuro
feed ingredients was
(EUR) for Diet-4 and lower benefit 21.69 per- 1 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) = 0.01109 Euro (EUR)
37.00tk/kg for fishmeal and lower price cent (taka) was estimated for Diet-3 37.00tk/kg
(exchange rate for offishmeal
correct at time printing) and lower price cent (taka) was estimated for Diet-3 (exchange rate correct at time of printing)
for ingredients was 3.00tk/kg for Ipil- when compared with Diet-1. for ingredients was 3.00tk/kg for Ipil- when compared with Diet-1.
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