System Software

1. Word processors
2. Database systems
3. Spreadsheet programs
1. Compilers
2. Loaders
3. Linkers
4. Debuggers
Application Software
System Software
functions as a bridge between computer
system hardware and the application
software
refers to the operating system and all utility
programs that manage computer resources
at a low level ex.
DOS UNIX
OS/2
Macintosh
Windows
DOS UNIX
UNIX a multi-user, multitasking operating system that is
widely used as the master control program in
workstations and servers.
-Developed as a command line interface as was in DOS
-Is case sensitive, whereas DOS as well as Windows,
are not

OS/2
Is an operating system created by Microsoft and
IBM, later developed by IBM exclusively.
The name stands for Operating System/2,
because it was introduced as the preferred
operating system for IBMs Personal system/2
(PS/2) line of second-generation Personal
Computers.
A command line interface operating system.
Operating system that is loaded from disk devices
when the system is started or rebooted.
Apple Macintosh Computer
The Apple Macintosh,
released in 1984, was
among the first personal
computers to use a
graphical user interface.
Easily execute commands
by clicking on pictures,
words, or icons with a
pointing device called a
mouse.
Windows
Is a family of operating system products
developed and produced by Microsoft
corporation.
Windows, with versions 3.x, 95, 98, NT, 2000,
and XP.
A graphical interfaces that ran on top of the
DOS operating system.
Windows
Common or street name for Microsoft Windows,
a multitasking graphical user interface environment
that runs on MS-DOS-based computers. Windows
provides a standard interface based on drop-down
menus, screen windows, and a pointing device such as
a mouse.
Windows 3.x
Early versions of Windows (through windows
3.x) brought a graphical user interface and
multitasking capabilities of PCs that run DOS.
Windows 3.x is an operating environment
rather than a true operating system.
Windows 95
In 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, a
complete operating system and a successor to
Dos for desktop computers. Windows 95 was a
32-bit, preemptive multitasking operating
system with a revised GUI.
Windows 2000
Released in 2000, it combine the user
friendly interface and features of
Windows 98 with the file system,
networking, power, and stability of
Windows NT, plus some new and
improved features.
Windows XP
Released in 2001, and it marked the end of
Microsofts consumer-grade operating
systems. This means that all computer users,
including casual and home users, can have an
operating system with enhanced security,
networking support and stability.

Word Processor
Electronic Spreadsheet
Presentation Graphics




Application Software
- Comprises programs designed for an end user
ex:

Classification of Application Software
Business software
Accounting Software Electronic business software
Back Office Operational risk management
Business management systems Management information systems
Business software Product Lifecycle Management
Business workflow software Project management software
Customer relationship management Supply chain management
Enterprise resource planning
Multimedia and Art software
Media players Hybrid editor players
Media Editing Raster graphics
Image editing software Vector graphics
Desktop publishing software 3D graphics
Video editing software Animation
Sound editing software Video
Music sequencer Digital Audio
Hypermedia editing software MIDI
Media data formats

Multimedia and Art software
Media file formats
graphic file formats
Video file formats
Audio file formats
Technical modeling and rendering
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Entertainment Software
arcade
Computer and Video games
Handheld game console
games
Video game console games
Wireless or mobile phone
games

Educational software
Database
* DBMS
Word Processor
An application or program for manipulating
text-based documents; the electronic
equivalent of paper, pen, typewriter, eraser,
dictionary, and thesaurus
Enables you to add images to your documents
and design documents that look like products
of a professional print shop.

Electronic Spreadsheet
-A spreadsheet program is a software tool for
entering, calculating, manipulating, and analyzing
sets of numbers.
-A spreadsheet is simply a table or matrix of rows
and columns, very similar to an accounting
journal. The intersection of each row and column
is called a cell.
- Helps manager tackle crucial financial tasks.
Sample
Spreadsheet
Presentation Graphics

A type of business software that enables users to
create highly stylized images for slide shows and
reports. The software includes functions for
creating various types of charts and graphs and for
inserting text in a variety of fonts.
Presentation graphics is often called business
graphics.
Presentation Graphics
Five major categories of Graphics Software
Paint Programs
Photo-manipulation programs
Draw programs
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) programs
3-D modeling and animation programs
Paint Programs
-are bitmap-based graphics programs
-range from the very simple to the very complex, with tools
that have names like paintbrush, pen, chalk,
watercolors, airbrush, crayon and eraser.
Photo-Manipulation Programs
- take the place of a photographers darkroom
- edit images at the pixel level and can control precisely
how a picture will look
-used to modify photographs in ways far beyond the scope
of a traditional darkroom
Computer-Aided Design Programs
- also called computer-aided drafting or computer-
aided drawing
-is the computerized version of the hand-drafting
process that used to be done with a pencil and
ruler on a drafting table.
-CAD drawing are usually the basis for the actual
building or manufacturing process of houses,
engine gears or electrical systems
-provides a high degree of precision
3-D Modeling Programs
Enable users to create electronic models of three-
dimensional objects without CAD software
Animation
An outgrowth of the 3-D explosion
Possible only through a painstaking process of
hand-drawing a series of images and then filming
them one by one.
Examples are the dinosaurs, space ships
A set of written symbols that instructs the
computer hardware to program specified
tasks. Use of these symbols is governed by a
set of rules called syntax.
* High Level & Low Level Languages
*
-Higher level languages use English
and mathematical symbols like +, -,
%, / etc. for its program construction.
-Language has to be converted to
machine language for the computer
to understand..
Low level languages
are machine oriented
and require extensive
knowledge of
computer hardware
and its configuration
LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGES
Such as assembly language, produce very fast
programs but are often hard to learn.
Are highly specific to a type of microprocessor;
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
High-level languages are normally easy to
learn because they are formed from parts of natural
languages such as English such as IF COUNT = 10
THEN STOP
The job of converting the source code is handled by
one of two types of programs:
COMPILER
converts all the source code into machine code,
creating an executable file. The content of this
executable file is called the object code.
INTERPRETER
executes each bit of machine code as it is
converted. code must be interpreted each time it is
run
Generation 1 Machine Language (1945
1956)

The only language that a computer understand.
The lowest level of programming language.
Program operations written in binary code called
Machine code that consists of 0s and 1s.
Computers were made of vacuum tubes using
magnetic drums to store data.
These programs are not easy for human to read, write
or debug.
00010100101101010101010101
11101101010101010101011100
00101001010100101111010111
10010100101101010101010101
01101001001100101111010111
00010001010111010101010001
10101001010100101011010111
00010100101101010101010101
Machine Code
Second Generation: Assembly Language
mid-1950s

using English-like mnemonics to represent common
strings of machine code
Used an assembler to perform the conversion
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and program
instructions were stored on magnetic memory inside
the computer.

; CLEAR SCREEN USING BIOS
CLR: MOV AX, 06 00H ;SCROLL SCREEN
MOV BH, 30 ;COLOUR
MOV CX, 0000 ;FROM
MOV DX, 184FH ;TO 24,79
INT 10H ;CALL BIOS;
;INPUTTING OF A STRING
KEY: MOV AH, 0AH ;INPUT REQUEST
LEA DX, BUFFER ;POINT TO BUFFER WHERE STRING STORED
INT 21H ;CALL DOS
RET ;RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE TO MAIN PROGRAM;
; DISPLAY STRING TO SCREEN
SCR: MOV AH, 09 ;DISPLAY REQUEST
LEA DX, STRING ;POINT TO STRING
INT 21H ;CALL DOS
RET ;RETURN FROM THIS SUBROUTINE;
Assembly Language
Generation 3 Hi-level
Languages
(1964 1971)
Integrated circuits (IC) replaced transistors.
Using english-like commands
Operating systems were developed
More than one program was able to run at the same
Program Examples: Basic, Pascal, Cobol & Fortran
Generation 4 Very High Level Language
4GLs
(1971-1999)
User friendly interface
Easier to use than 3GLs . 4GL uses either a text
environment or a visual environment
Query languages for databases
An example of 4GL is Microsoft Front Page or SQL
Generation 5 Artificial
Intelligence (1990)
Used on VERY powerful computers
Example of this is PROLOG
Incorporates intelligent systems, expert systems, natural
language systems, and relational database systems
5GL would use artificial intelligence to create software based on
your description of what the software should do.
This type of system is proving more difficult to invent than the
code it was designed to create.

Fifth Generation Language include the ff:
Visual Basic (VB) is the newest incarnation of BASIC from
Microsoft. VB supports object-oriented features and
methods. VB lets programmers build programs in a visual
environment
Visual Age is a family of IBM development tools that allows
the user to create entire Java and Web-based systems
using drag-and-drop developmental techniques.
Authoring Environments are special purpose programming
tools for creating multimedia applications, computer based
training programs, Web pages and soon.
In computer science, a programming style in which a
program is viewed as a collection of discrete objects
that are self contained collections of data
structures and routines that interact with other
objects.
Program Control Structure
Sequence Structure
Selection Structure
Repetition Structures( or looping structures)
Programs could be written with three control
structures :
Sequence
Executes statements one after another in a linear
fashion.
Instruction 1
Instruction 2
Instruction 3
Selection
Presents a number of processing options. The option chosen
depends on the result of the decision criterion.
If condition If condition
Instruction/s Instruction/s Instruction/s
false false true true
If condition then
instruction/s else
instruction
If condition, then
instruction
condition
Case 1
Instruction/s
Case 2
Instruction/s
Case 3
Instruction/s
Case 4
Instruction/s
Case condition:
CASE 1, CASE 2, CASE 3, CASE 4
Repetition Structure

In a repetitive structure, the
program checks a condition
statement and executes a
loop based on the
condition. If the condition is
true, then a block of one or
more commands is
repeated until the condition
is false.

* THE END *