National standard of the People's Republic of China

GB/T 2694-2003









Transmission line tower-
Technical requirements for manufacturing























Content
Preface.III
1. Space.1
2. Reference
3. General
4. Technical requirement
5. Inspection regulation
6. Packing, Marks, Transportation and Storage

Appendix A (Normative appendix) Hot soaking galvanization uniformity test (cupric
sulphate test)
Appendix B (Normative appendix) Adhesion test of hot soaking galvanized zinc layer
(Hammer dropping test)
Appendix C (Normative appendix) Thickness measurement of hot soaking galvanized zinc
layer (using metal layer thickness measurement instrument)
Appendix D (Normative appendix) Adhesive amount test of hot soaking galvanized zinc
layer (dissolving and weighing test)
Appendix E (Normative appendix) Uniformity test of hot soaking galvanized zinc layer
(sample collection method)


















Foreword
According to the arrangement of the original National Monitoring Bureau about plans of
making national standards, This standard is a revision of GB 2694-1982 Technical conditions for
building iron tower of electricity transmitting lines .
The contents of this standard accord with the development of iron tower making industry and
progress of processing techniques. It meets the demands of international trade and technical and
economical exchanges.
This standard is a revision of GB2694-1981. The main changes are as follows:

a) Adjusted, added or deleted some articles and tolerances
b) The welding items were revised according to the items in GB50205-2001 Quality
checking standards of steel structure construction.
c) Increased the items about tightening parts
d) Revised checking rules.
e) Added appendix A (normative appendix)
f) Added appendix E (normative appendix)

This standard replaces GB2694-1981 from the date of its implementation.
Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D and Appendix E of this standard are all
normative appendixes.
This standard was put forward by the original Ministry of Electrical Power.
This standard is administered by Transmitting and Transforming Equipment Sub-Union of
Chinese Union of Electrical Power Enterprises.
Drafting units of this standard: Anshan Iron Tower General Factory, Iron Tower Quality
Testing Center of Ministry of Electrical Power, Anshan Iron Tower Research and Development
Center.
Main draftsman of this standard; Zhang Xianfeng, Li Changyue, Li J inchun, Qi J inming,
Zhang Xinbo, Yang Yanguo, Wang Limin, Tang Xingmei.
This standard is published for the first time on J anuary 1, 1981.














Technical Conditions for making electricity transmitting line iron tower

1. Scope
This standard regulates the technical demands, checking rules, testing methods, packaging,
marking, transportation and storage in the manufacturing process of electricity transmitting line
iron tower.
This standard is applicable to the steel structures such as electricity transmitting line iron
tower, microwave tower of electrical power and telecommunication tower, which use angle steel
as the main material, tightening parts to connect and galvanization to protect corrosion.

2. Normative documents
The following documents contain requirements, which, by reference in this standard, constitute
requirements of this standard. For all the dated reference documents, their following-up revisions
(except contents of error correction) are not applicable to this standard. However, The parties who
reach agreement according to this standard are encouraged to discuss the possibility of using new
versions of these documents. For the non-dated documents, their new versions are applicable to
this standard.
GB/T 470 Zinc bar
GB/T 3098.1 Mechanical performance of the tightening parts, bolts, screws and screw
bolts.
GB/T3098.2 Mechanical performance of the tightening parts, nut, large grade worm..
GB3323 Radiogram and quality classification of steel-melting welding parts.
GB11345 Manual supersonic inspection method and inspection result classification of
steel welding line.
GB/T 13921 Metal covering layer, galvanization of steel and iron products, technical
demands.
GB502052001 Quality checking standards of steel structure construction.

3. General principle
3.1 Iron tower should be made according to this standard, the blueprints, rules of GB50205 and all
the applicable regulations of the country.
3.2 All the necessary changes should get approval from the designer, and design change
documents should be signed.
3.3 All the materials should satisfy all the existing national standards, demands of the blueprints,
and the material producers should provide quality approval certifications.
Surface quality of steel: There should be no crack, bending, scar, mixture and scale. When there
are rust, rough points and scratches, their depth cannot be more than 1/2 of the tolerance of the
materials thickness, and the accumulative error should be within the acceptable tolerance.

4. Technical demands
a) cutting
i. After the steel bar is severed, the breaking part should not have cracks and dents that are larger
than 1.0mm. The plainness of the braking part is 0.05t (t is the thickness of the material), and it
cannot be bigger than 2.0mm. The depth of the cutting lines should be no deeper than 0.3mm. The
tolerance of some parts is 1.0mm.
ii. The permissible deviation of severing satisfies the demands in Table 1.
b) Marking
i. all the parts should be marked with project code (if necessary), tower type, part number using
steel character pressing stamps.
ii. The marks of steel stamps should be clean and tidy. The characters and numbers should be
complete. The height of the characters is 8mm-18mm, and the depth of the stamps is 0.5mm
1.0mm. There should be no disfigurement such as concave, convexity, cracks and gaps near the
characters.
iii.The steel stamps of the welding parts should not be covered.
Table 1 Permissible deviation of Severing
Number Item Permissible deviation Figure
1 Length L or width B 2.0
2
Uprightness of the
severing
t/8 and is no bigger
than 3.0

3
Uprightness of the
ends of angle steel
3b/100 and is no
bigger than 3.0

4.3Bending
4.3.1 The sides of all the parts should be smooth after bending. There should be no obvious
crimples, concave and convexity. The depth of scratches should not be bigger than 0.5mm.
4.3.2 The permissible deviation of bending is in Table 2
Table 2 Permissible deviation of Bending
Number Item Permissible eviation Figure
1 Curve point (line) displacement S 2.0
Steel plate 5L/1000
Connecting angle steel of all sizes 1.5L/1000
b50 7L/1000
50b100 5L/1000


2


Bending
f

Non-connecting
angle steel
100b200 3L/1000

Remark 1: After angle steel is bended, the thinnest part of angle should be no smaller than 70% of
the original thickness.
Remark 2: b is the width of angle steel.

4.4 Drilling
There should be no obvious concave near the holes, the burrs that are longer than 0.3 mm should
be cleaned. Permissible deviation of drilling is shown in Table 3

Table 3 Permissible deviation of Drilling Unit: mm

Number
Item Permissible
deviation
Figure
Non-galvanized D
+0.8
0
1
D
+0.5
-0.2

D
1
-D 0.12t
2
Hole diameter
Galvanized
D
m
-D Roundness
D
m
-D
1.2


3
Uprightness of hole S
0.32t
2.0
0.32t and
2.0

Multi-line holes 0.7
Connection part 0.7
4
Standard
distance
a
1
a
2
others 0.7

5 Distance between lines S 1.0

Distance between two non-neighboring holes of the
same group S
1
0.7
Distance between two neighboring holes of the same group
S
2
0.5
Distance between two neighboring holes S
3
1.0
6
Distance between two non-neighboring holes of different
groups S
4
1.5

End distance and side distance
S
d
1.5
7
End distance and side
distance
Angle cutting distance Sg 1.5

Remark1: Tolerance of No. 1 and 2 cannot exist at the same time.
Remark 2: Position measurement of holes should be done on the plane of the small diameter
4.5 Base cleaning, back shoveling and slope cutting
Permissible deviation of base cleaning, back shoveling and slope cutting is shown in Table 4

Table 4 Permissible deviation of base cleaning, back shoveling and slope cutting
Unit: mm
Number Item
Permissible
deviation
Figure
t10
+0.8
-0.4
10<t16
+1.2
-0.4 1
Base
cleaning
t>16
+2.0
-0.6


Length L1 2.0
2
Back
shoveling
Radius of the
arc R
1
+2.0
0
L- Connecting length with another
angle iron
R Radius of the inner arc of the
covering angle iron.
Angle 5
0
3
Slope
cutting
Blunt side
C
1.0

4.6 Assembling of welding parts
Permissible deviation of welding part assembling is as Table 5

Table 5 Permissible deviation of welding part assembling Unit: mm

Number Item
Permissible
deviation

Figure
Main material 2.0
1
Center of
gravity Z
0 Stuffing material 2.5

2 End distance S
d
3.0
3 displacement of non-hole connection e 3.0
4
Distance between two neighboring holes that are at different
sides of a welding line S
1.0
5 Relative deviation of same center holes of connecting parts k 1.0
b50 1.0
6 Connecting part clearance m
b>50 2.0

With holes 2.0
Slope distance of T connection
Without holes 5.0
With holes 1.0
7
Displacement of T connection S
Without holes 5.0

4.7 Welding
4.7.1 According to the design, 1
st
and 2
nd
class complete welding lines should be checked with
supersonic inspectors. Radiographic inspection should be used if supersonic inspectors cannot
decide if there is a disfigurement. The classification of disfigurement and inspection methods
should accord with the existing national standards GB 11345 or GB 3323.
Quality and disfigurement of 1
st
and 2
nd
class welding lines should satisfy the rules in Table 6.
Unmarked welding lines in designs are checked as 3
rd
class welding lines.

Table 6 Quality grade and disfigurement classification of welding lines
Quality level of welding lines 1
st
class 2ed class
Evaluation grade II III
Checking grade B B
Supersonic inspection of inner
disfigurement
Disfigurement inspection rate 100% 20%
Evaluation grade II III
Checking grade AB AB
Radiographic inspection of inner
disfigurement
Disfigurement inspection rate 100% 20%
Remark: Disfigurement inspection rate should be the percentage of each welding line, and the
length of disfigurement inspection line should be no shorter than 200mm. When the length is
shorter than 200mm, the whole line should be inspected
4.7.2 The surface quality standard of 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
class welding lines should satisfy the demands
in Table 7

Table 7 Classification of welding line quality and disfigurement Unit: mm
Item Permissible deviation
Welding quality classification 1st 2nd 3rd
0.2+0.2 t and 1.0 0.2+0.4t and 2.0 Not complete (dont
satisfy demands of
design)
Not
allowed
Total disfigurement length of 100 welding lines
is less or equal 25.0
0.2+0.2 t and 1.0 0.2+0.4t and 2.0 Contraction at the
base
Not
allowed No limit in length
Grip
Not
allowed
0.05t and 0.5,
continuous length
100.0, and grip length at
both side of the welding
line 10% of the total
length
0.1t and 1.0, no
limit in length
crack Not allowed
arc crack Not allowed
Few arc cracks whose
length 5.0 are
permissible
arc scratch Not allowed
Some arc scratches
are allowed
spatter Clean completely
Gap depth0.05t and
0.5
Gap depth0.1t and
1.0
Type of
disfigure
ment
Bad connection
Not
allowed
No more than 1 in 1000 welding lines
welding burl Not allowed
Surface roughness Not allowed
Depth0.2t
Length0.5t and
20.0
Surface pore Not allowed
For welding lines of
50.0, 2 pores of
diameter0.4t and
3.0 are allowed; the
distance between the
pores6 times pore
diameter
Remark 1: t is the thinnest board thickness of connecting part
Remark 2: This table is from GB50205-2001.

4.7.3 Permissible deviations of butt joint welding line and complete fuse welding should satisfy
the rules in Table 8

Table 8 Permissible deviations of butt joint welding line and complete fuse welding
Unit: mm
Number Item permissible deviation Figure
1
st
class and 2
nd

class
3
rd
class
1
Surplus height of
butt joint welding C B 20: 0~3.0 B
20: 0~4.0
B 20: 0 ~4.0
B20: 0 ~5.00

2
Height difference of
butt joint welding d
d0.15t and 2.0
Table 9 is the permissible deviation of partly fuse combinational welding lines and corner welding
lines

Table 9 Permissible deviation of partly fuse combinational welding lines and corner welding lines
Unit: mm

Number Item Permissible deviation Figure
f
h 6: 0~1.5
f
h size of welding root
1
f
h 6: 0~3.0

f
h 6: 0~1.5
2 Surplus height of corner welding C
f
h 6: 0~3.0
4.7.5 Welding disfigurement that can affect galvanizing quality should be repaired and welded
again. The repairing welding should have smooth connection with the original welding line.
4.7.6 The appearance of welding lines should be uniform and in good formation. The transition
from welding line to welding line and from welding line to base metal should be smooth. All the
broken bits and spattered dirt should be cleaned.

4.8 Tightening parts
4.8.1 The mechanical performance of bolts should be class 8.8 or below, and the mechanical
performance of nuts should be class 8 or below. They can satisfy the demands of GB/T 3098.1
GB/T3098.2 after galvanization.
4.8.2 Galvanization of tightening parts should satisfy the demands of GB/T 13912.
4.8.3 Other demands of tightening parts satisfy the related standards of China.

4.9 Correction
Permissible deviation of correction is in Table 10


Table 10 Permissible deviation of correction Unit: mm
Permissible
deviation
Figure Number Item
1 90 Right angel of angle iron 35
b80 1.3L/1000
Inner bending of the
plane of profiled bar and
steel board
2
b>80 L/1000
f
Main
material
1.3L/1000 Between
connecting
points
stuffing
material
1.5L/1000
Inner bending of the
plane of welded parts
3
f
whole plane L/1000
4.10 Hot soaking galvanization
4.10.1 Melted zinc is the main component for hot soaking galvanization, Total foreign substance
(except iron and stannum) of the melted zinc should not be over 1.5% of the total weight. See GB/
T 470 for description of foreign substances.
4.10.2 Appearance of zinc layer: the zinc layer should be continuous, complete and practically
smooth. There should be no disfigurements such as acid corrosion, un-galvanized parts, humps,
zinc accumulation and sharp points etc.
The color of zinc layer is normally gray or dark gray.
4.10. 3 Thickness and attachment of zinc layer should satisfy the demands of Table 11.

Table 11 Thickness and attachment of zinc layer
Thickness of galvanized part Minimum average thickness Minimum average attachment
m
mm g/m
2
t5 86 610
2t<5 65 460
4.10.4 Uniformity of zinc layer: the zinc layer should be uniform and it can endure no less than 4
times of corrosion when doing cupric sulphate test.
4.10.5 Adhesiveness of zinc layer: the zinc layer should be combined tightly with the metal. It
should be ensured that no shelling off or peeling should happen without external forces. In the
dropping hammer test, the zinc layer should have no heave and shelling off ( see appendix B).
4.10.6 Treatments after galvanization and testing methods should be discussed by the buyer and
seller.
4.10.7 Repairing: The repairing of un-galvanized parts should not be more than 0.5% of the total
galvanized area, and each of the repaired part should not be bigger than 10 cm
2
,
If the
un-galvanized area is too big, this part should be galvanized again.
The repairing method can be hot zinc spray or paint zinc-rich layers. The repaired part should be
at least 30 m thicker than the minimum thickness of the galvanized zinc layer.

4.11 Test assembling
4.11.1 Test assembling can be horizontal or vertical.
4.11.2 During testing assembling, all the parts and components should be in a free state, no
forceful assembling should be done. The number of bolts should satisfy the demands of
positioning, and for each group of holes at least 30% of the holes should be bolted. Hole testers
should be used to check the through-hole rate of the piled boards. Hole testers whose diameter is
0.3mm plus diameter of bolt should be used to check the holes. Through-hole rate of each hole
group should be 100%.
4.11.3 The tower should satisfy the demands of the blueprint after test assembling.
4.12 The first foot nail at the lower end should be at least 2.0 m above the ground (if there are no
specific demands in the design)

5. Checking rules
5.1 Before the product is transferred, the product provider checks, approves and signs the product
quality certificate with production permission number.
5.2 Checking items
The checking items include component size (including severing, remarks, bending, drilling, base
cleaning, back shoveling, slope cutting and assembling etc.) adhesive mount, adhesion, uniformity
of the zinc layer, welding line quality and test assembling.
5.3 Testing methods
5.3.1 Component size test
Component sizes are measured with tapeline, steel ruler, angle ruler and caliper etc.
5.3.2 surface quality checking of welding lines
Magnifying glass and welding line checking ruler should be used to check surface quality of
welding lines.
5.3.3 Galvanization quality checking
Use human eyes to check surface quality. Cupric sulphate test is used to check uniformity of the
zinc layer (see appendix A and appendix E). Hammer dropping test is used to check adhesion (see
Appendix B). The thickness and accreted amount of zinc layer are measured with metal layer
thickness measuring instruments (see Appendix C). If there is a dispute, method of dissolution and
weighing (see Appendix D and Appendix E) can be used to measure accreted zinc of the zinc layer
as the arbitration test.
5.3.4 Quality checking of horizontal assembling
Human eyes are used to see the positioning of the parts. Through-hole rate can be checked with
hole tester. Other sizes can be measured with rulers.

6. Package, mark, transportation and storage
6.1 General rules of packaging
6.1.1 Package for angle iron
6.1.1.1 Package length, number of bindings and package weight should be made easy for
packaging, transportation and mark.
6.1.1.2 Those that are not easy to package such as bended angle iron and welded parts etc. can be
fixed in a special frame or packaged with galvanized iron wire.
6.1.1.3 Special frames and bolts that have gone through anti-corrosion treatments are used to fix
the angle iron packages.
6.1.2 Bolts are generally used to package the connection boards.
6.1.3 Packages should be tight to ensure safety during transportation. Frictions among angle irons
and between angle iron and packaging materials should be avoided to protect the zinc layer.

6.2 Mark
Besides satisfying the demands of the contracts, project code, tower type, height, and package
number should be marked on the appropriate position of the package to satisfy the demands of
transportation departments.
6.3 Transportation and storage
Storage places should be chosen carefully to avoid damages to the package and product such as
distortion and zinc layer damages.














Appendix A
(Normative appendix)
Hot soaking galvanization uniformity test (cupric sulphate test)

This appendix shows the testing method of soaking the galvanized zinc layer into cupric sulphate
solution to test uniformity of the galvanized zinc layer.
A1 Preparation of cupric sulphate solution and using amount
A1.1 Preparation of cupric sulphate: put 36g cupric sulphate CuSO
4
5H
2
Ointo distilled water
of 100ml. Heat it up till it is dissolved and then cool it down to room temperature, put 1g of [Cu
OH
2
or CuCO
3
OH
2
] for each liter of the solution, put the liquid there without disturbance
for at least 24 hours, filter or absorb the upper layer of clean solution for future use. The density of
cupric sulphate solution should be 1.1.8g/cm
3
when the temperature is 18. Otherwise, cupric
sulphate solution or distilled water should be used to adjust.
A1.2 The using amount of cupric sulphate solution: According to the sample area,
no less than 8mL/cm
2
.
A1.3 The cupric sulphate solution prepared can be used in future tests. The maximum number of
tests is 15.


A2 Sample preparation
Follow the rules of Appendix E
A3 Testing condition
A3.1 The containers used to do test should not have chemical reaction with cupric sulphate, and it
should be big enough to submerge the sample in the solution. The sides of sample should be at
least 25mm away from container walls.
A3.2 The temperature of cupric sulphate solution should be kept at 182 during the test.


A4 Testing procedure
A4.1 Sample surface treatment: Use organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and benzene to
clean the sample. Wash it with flowing water and then dry it with a piece of clean cloth. Spread
paint or olefin on the exposed metal surface of the sample to finish the preparation.
A4.2 Soaking test: soak the treated sample in the cupric sulphate solution, dont stir, dont move
the container, take out the sample 1 min later, clean the sediments on the sample surface with a
brush, wash it with flowing water, dry it with a piece of clean cloth, do the next soaking
immediately till the end point of corrosion.


A5 End point of corrosion and number of corrosions
After the tests above, when red copper appears on the sample, it is the end point of corrosion
except the following situations:
a) copper is accreted within 25 mm from the ends of the sample
b) copper is accreted at the corners of the sample.
c) Because of damages or scratches of the sample, some copper is accreted around those areas.
d) After scraping off the copper with sharp knives, there is still zinc.
The last time that reaches the end point of corrosion doesnt count into the number of corrosions.
A6. All the reagents used in the tests are chemically pure.
Appendix B
(Normative appendix)
Adhesion test of hot soaking galvanized zinc layer (Hammer dropping test)

This appendix describes the test method to test adhesion of galvanized zinc layer.
B.1 Testing device
See Figure B1 for the testing device, the testing hammer should be put on a fixed wooden platform.
The testing surface should be kept at the same height as that of the hammer base.

B2 Testing procedure
Testing sample is put horizontally. Adjust the sample to keep the hitting point at least 10mm from
sides, corners and ends. Hammerhead will face the platform center. When the hammer handle is
perpendicular to the base plane, it drops freely. Hit 5 parallel points that are 4mm away from the
next point. Check the surface of the zinc layer. Dont hit the same point.
1) No. 45 steel is used to make hammerhead, and its weight is 210g, the rigidity of hammer
blade is over 40.
2) Oakwood is used to make hammer handle, and its weight is about 70g.
3) The thickness of base steel board is 15mm, its length and width are 250250mm. Material
Q235-A.
Figure B.1 Testing device of hammer test

Appendix C
(Normative appendix)
Thickness measurement of hot soaking galvanized zinc layer (using metal layer thickness
measurement instrument)

This appendix is the testing method of using metal layer thickness measurement instrument to
measure the thickness of the galvanized zinc layer.

C1 Calibrate the metal layer thickness measurement instrument with standard thickness samples
before it is used to measure the thickness of testing samples.
C2. During the test, the testing points should be distributed uniformly and at least 10 mm from the
sides. The number of testing points is as follows:
a) For angle iron samples, 3 places for each side, 1 point for each place, 12 points for 4 sides.
b) For steel board samples, 6 places for each side, 1 point for each place, 12 points for 2 sides.



C3 After thickness measurement of the galvanized zinc layer, use the following formula to
calculate adhesive amount:
P
A
=
In which,
A
P adhesive amount of the galvanized zinc layerg/m
2

m thickness of the galvanized zinc layer
density of zinc =7.2 g/cm
3



Appendix D
(Normative appendix)
Adhesive amount test of hot soaking galvanized zinc layer (dissolving and weighing test)

This appendix provides the testing method to dissolve and weigh the zinc layer. It can be used to
measure the adhesive amount of galvanized zinc layers.
D1 Preparation of solvent and using amount.
D1.1 Preparation of solvent: put 3.5 g of Urotropine in 500 ml of high-concentration hydrochloric
acid with density of 1.1.9g/cm
3
. Use distilled water to dilute it to 1000ml.
D1.3 Using amount of solvent: according to surface area of the sample, no less than 10 mL/cm
2
.
D2 Sample preparation
Accord with Appendix E.

D3 Testing conditions
D3.1 The testing container cannot have chemical reaction with the solvent, and it should be big
enough to let the sample soak into the solvent completely.
D3.2 The solvent temperature cannot be over 38 during the test.

D4 Testing procedure
D4.1 Weighing before surface treatment and dissolution: Use organic solvents such as carbon
tetrachloride and benzene to clean the sample. Wash it with flowing water and then dry it with a
piece of clean cloth. Clean the sample with ethanol again and let it dry completely before
weighing (accuracy to 1% of the zinc layer weight of the sample).
D4.2 Sample dissolution and weighing after dissolution: Put the treated sample into the solvent
and observe the surface hydrogen producing reaction. When the hydrogen producing is steady, it is
considered end point of the zinc layer dissolution. Take out the sample and wash it with flowing
water, use hard brush to clean the accreted matters on the surface, and then clean it with ethanol
and let it dry before weighing (accuracy is the same as B4.1). Surface area should be measured
after dissolution (accuracy to 1% of the surface area of the sample).

D5 Result calculation
Adhesive amount should be calculated using the following formula:
6 1
1 2
( )10
A
P m m A

=
in which,
A
P adhesive amountg/m
2

1
m weight before and after dissolutiong
2
m
Asurface area of the sample after dissolutionmm
2

Thickness of the galvanized zinc layer is calculated using the following formula:
1
A
P

=
in which,
m Thickness of the galvanized zinc layer ( )
A
P Adhesive amount of the galvanized zinc layerg/m
2

Density of zinc =7.2 g/cm
3


D6 All the reagents used are chemically pure.

Appendix E
(Normative appendix)
Uniformity test of hot soaking galvanized zinc layer (sample collection method)

This appendix provides sample collection method to do uniformity test of hot soaking
galvanized zinc layer.

E1 Sample size
Measurement area of sample should be no smaller than 100cm
2
.
E2 Sample collection
Cut 5cm away at both ends of the sample part, and then cut 3 sample segments from the two ends
and the middle. The galvanized surface of the sample should not be damaged in the processing.