Compact Disc and Players

3
COMPACT DISC AND PLAYERS
Introduction
Compact Disc (CD) is a digital audio storage medium. In appearance, it is similar to LP
disc but of smaller in size and made up of different material. As a digital medium, it
stores 1 and 0. A one is stored as pits and a zero is stored as flats! or no pits in t"e
disc medium. #ptical met"ods are used for $riting and readout process.
CD s%stem $as first introduced in 1&'0 b% a (oint )enture bet$een *on% and P"illips. It
is t"e CD t"at "as introduced most people to digital audio reproduction s%stem. +able 1
s"o$s main CD parameters.
Table 1 : CD Parameter
Dis, Diameter 1-0 mm
.otation *peed /0' 1 --' rpm (at 1.2 m3s)
2'0 1 1&0 rpm (at 1.- m3s)
Pla%ing time (ma4imum) 52 minutes
6o. of +rac,s -00-/
+rac,ing spacing 1.0 m
Lead in diameter 20 mm
Lead out diameter 110 mm
+otal trac, lengt" /700 m
+imer )elocit% 1.- or 1.2 m3s
Audio Processing
+"e analog audio signal is con)erted into digital signal b% Analog to Digital con)erters
$it" 10 bit linear 8uantization at a sampling fre8uenc% rate of 22.1 ,9z. During
recording, first order pre:emp"asis ma% be applied.
Pre:emp"asis standards agreed for CD format are /0 and 1/ s. In t"is case t"e pla%er
must appl% a similar de:emp"asis to t"e decoded signal to obtain a flat fre8uenc%
response. A specific control code recorded along $it" t"e audio signal on t"e compact
disc is used to inform t"e pla%er $"et"er pre:emp"asis is used and so t"e pla%er
s$itc"es on t"e corresponding de:emp"asis circuit.
*+I(+) Publication -& 0023IC(.adio)3-002
Induction Course (Radio)
;oreo)er, audio information on t"e CD ma% comprise four music c"annels instead of
t$o. +"is is also identified b% a control code to allo$ automatic s$itc"ing of pla%ers
e8uipped $it" a four c"annel pla% bac, facilit%.
Fig.1 Conversion of analog audio signal to digital audio signal
CD Cutting
CD cutting is similar to LP record cutting e4cept t"at t"e former emplo%s digital
tec"nolog% and uses laser beam for cutting p"oto resisti)e material for producing master
disc. CD production follo$s se)en main stages as illustrated in <ig. -.
A glass plate is polis"ed for optimum smoot"ness.
P"oto resist coating is applied to its surface. +"e roug"ness of glass surface and
t"e t"ic,ness of coating determine t"e dept" of t"e pit on CD.
P"oto:resist coating is t"en e4posed to a laser beam, t"e intensit% of $"ic" is
acousticall% modulated $it" digitized audio information.
+"e p"oto:resist la%er is de)eloped and t"en t"e pits of information are re)ealed.
+"e surface is sil)ered to protect t"e pits.
+"e surface is plated $it" nic,el to ma,e metal master.
+"e metal master is t"en used to ma,e mot"er plates. +"ese mot"ers are used
to ma,e furt"er metal masters or stammers.
+"e stamping process alt"oug" named li,e LP record production, is in fact, an
in(ection moulding, compression moulding or pol%merization process, producing
plastic disc.
+"e signal surface of eac" disc is t"en coated $it" a reflecti)e material
()aporized aluminium) to enable optical readout and furt"er protected $it" plastic
la%er, $"ic" also support t"e disc label.
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Compact Disc and Players
Fig. 2. Stages in Cutting of a Com!act Disc
"ef. Drg.#o:$STI%T&'(2) %DC*1+&
+"e bloc, sc"ematic of CD cutter and focus subs%stem are s"o$n in <ig. 7
Fig. *. Com!act Disc Cutter
"ef. Drg.#o:$STI%T&'(*)%DC*1'&
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Induction Course (Radio)
"eadout Process
In t"e readout process, a readout beam is applied from t"e opposite side of cutting. +"e
readout beam produces a spot size of 1.- m at t"e disc base. *ince t"is beam is
applied from t"e opposite side of cutting a =pit! is read as a =bump!. +"e beam enters
t"roug" t"e largest possible area of t"e surface appro4. 0.5 mm dia circle for a spot size
of 1.- m at t"e disc base. +"e size of entr% circle is a function of refracti)e inde4 of t"e
optical s%stem and t"e t"ic,ness of t"e disc. +"e necessar% dimensions are s"o$n in
fig. 2 (a) and 2(b).
Fig. +%a&
( <ig. 2(a)> +"e ob(ecti)e lens of a CD pic,up "as a numerical aperture (6A) of 0.2/? t"us t"e outermost ra%s $ill be
inclined at appro4imatel% -5 to t"e normal. .efraction at t"e air3dis, interface c"anges t"is to an appro4imatel% 15 $it"in
t"e dis,. +"us lig"t focused to a spot on t"e information la%er "as entered t"e dis, t"roug" a 0.5 mm diameter circle,
gi)ing good resistance to surface contamination.)
It is e)ident from t"e figure t"at t"e readout surface is t"ic,er t"an t"e label surface.
+"erefore, a minor scratc" on t"e readout surface is )er% $ell tolerated. *ince t"e label
side lac8uer coating is onl% 70 mm t"ic,, $riting on t"is side is not recommended.
Fig.+%b&
(<ig. 2(b)> CD readout principle. +"e presence of a bump causes destructi)e interference in t"e reflected lig"t.)
*+I(+) Publication 7- 0023IC(.adio)3-002
Compact Disc and Players
Fig. ' ,ec-anical s!ecification of CD. .et/een diameters of +( and 110 mm is a
s!iral trac1 '.0 1m long.
"ef. Drg.#o:$STI%T&*22)%DC23&
+"e base material of CD is a pol%carbonate plastic material, better ,no$n as macrolon.
It "as got t"e propert% of e4cellent mec"anical and optical stabilit% o)er a $ide range of
temperature. An alternati)e material is pol% met"%l met"acr%late (pmma), ,no$n b%
trade name of Perple4 and Ple4iglas.
+"e $a)elengt" of laser beam used for readout of bumps and flats is 5'0 nm in air.
@a)elengt" of lig"t in ot"er medium )aries in)ersel% $it" refracti)e inde4, $"en lig"t
passes t"roug" CD medium "a)ing refracti)e inde4 of 1.//? its $a)elengt" is reduced to
/00 nm (5'031.// A /00 nm or 0./ m). +"e "eig"t of bump is about 32 of laser beam
used for readout. @"ile reading CD, t"e laser spot of 1.- m dia mo)es along t"e trac,
$"ose bump $idt" is 0./ m and "eig"t is 0.17 m. (<ig.2(b)). @"en t"e laser beam
traces t"e bump, t"e p"ase of reflected lig"t $ill be 3- apart (bump "eig"t A 32) and
"ence $ill cancel out. @"en t"e laser traces t"e flat, t"e p"ases of reflected laser for flat
area as $ell as t"e ad(acent area $ill be t"e same and "ence $ill add up. @e can sa%
t"at, t"ere $ill be no output $"en laser traces t"e bump and t"ere $ill be output $"en
laser traces t"e flat and t"us B1B and B0B are identified.
Focus and Trac1ing ,ec-anism
+"e optical s%stem "as to pro)ide automatic focussing of t"e beam to compensate for
)ertical mo)ement of t"e disc. +"e focussing s%stem mo)es an ob(ecti)e lens if t"e
laser beam is not focussed precisel% ($it"in C 1 m) on t"e pits.
A focus error s%stem is used to dri)e t"e ob(ecti)e lens. Different met"ods of detecting
focus error are a)ailable. In one met"od four p"oto:diodes are used. 9ere t"e main laser
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Induction Course (Radio)
is detected b% t"ese four e8uall% spaced p"oto:diode. If t"e main beam is properl%
focussed, t"e beam spot is round, and all four diodes recei)e t"e same amount of lig"t.
If t"e beam is not properl% focussed, t"e beam spot is elliptical (as s"o$n in <ig. 0) and
t"e four diodes recei)e different amount of lig"t. +"en t"e outputs from t"e four diodes
are summed in an error amplifiers. +"e error, if an% is fed to focus coil or actuator t"at
mo)es t"e ob(ecti)e lens up or do$n as necessar% to correct t"e focus.
Fig. ( Focus ,ec-anism
"ef. Drg.#o:$STI%T&'(+)%DC*1(&
+"e trac, pitc" is 1.0 m, and so a trac, follo$ing mec"anism is necessar% to ,eep t"e
spot centralized on t"e trac,. +"ere are se)eral $a%s in $"ic" a trac,ing error can be
deri)ed. In 7:spot met"od, t$o additional lig"t beams are focussed on t"e disc trac,,
one offset to eac" side of trac, central line as s"o$n in fig. 5. +"e amplitude of t"e side
spot c"anges differentiall% $it" trac,ing error. +"e laser "ead contains a diffraction
grating to produce t"e side spots, and t$o e4tra p"oto sensors on to $"ic" t"e
reflections of side spots are focussed. +"e side spots feed a differential amplifier. After
being reflected b% t"e disc, eac" laser beam is routed t"roug" t"e optical s%stem to
corresponding p"oto detectors. +"e error signal from t"e sub:beams is con)erted into
an electrical signal and t"en fed to an error:amplifier. As long as t"e trac,ing is precise,
t"e output of error:signal amplifier is zero. 9o$e)er, if t"ere is a radial trac,ing error, t"e
difference signal of side spot detector produce an output $"ic" is fed to radial trac,ing
ser)o and coil, $"ic" mo)es t"e ob(ecti)e lens as necessar% to correct t"e position of
t"e main laser beam.
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Compact Disc and Players
Fig. 0%a& T-ree !ossible trac1ing scenarios
Fig. 0%b& T-e various error signals obtained from t-e !-oto detectors
of t-e o!tical !ic1$u!
*+I(+) Publication 7/ 0023IC(.adio)3-002
Induction Course (Radio)
C-annel Coding and Disc Format
Defore being recorded, t"e digital audio signal must be e4tended $it" se)eral additional
items of data. +"ese include
a. Error correction data.
b. Control data (time, title, l%rics, grap"ics and information about t"e recording
format or emp"asis).
c. *%nc"ronization signals, used to detect beginning of eac" data bloc, and
d. ;erging bits (added bet$een eac" data s%mbol to reduce t"e d.c. component of
t"e output signal).
Cross Interleaved "eed Solomon Code %CI"C&
#ne of t"e important ad)antages of digital tec"nolog% is its abilit% to correct an% error in
t"e form of mutilation of bit due to )arious reasons. +"ere are )arious t%pes of error
correction codes. (CI.C) Cross:interlea)ed .eed *olomon Code : error:correcting
tec"ni8ue is used in CD s%stem. CI.C encoder "as been s"o$n in fig. '.
+"is tec"ni8ue is based mainl% on parit% c"ec, and interlea)ing met"od of error
corrections. +"e principle of operation is briefl% e4plained belo$
+"e stereo audio signal is sampled and digitized at t"e ADC and t"e 10 bit
samples are split into t$o ':bit $ords called s%mbols.
*i4 of t"e 10 bit samples from eac" c"annel i.e. -2:'bit s%mbols, are applied to
CI.C encoder and stored in a .A; memor%.
+"e first operation in BCI.CB encoder is called *crambling. +"e scrambling
operation consists of a t$o:s%mbol dela% for t"e e)en samples and a mi4ing up
of connections to t"e C- encoder.
+"e -2 $ord scrambled signals are t"en applied to t"e C- encoder $"ic"
generates 2:'bit parit% s%mbols called F $ords. +"e C- encoder inserts t"e F
$ords bet$een -2 incoming s%mbols, so t"at at t"e output of t"e encoder -'
s%mbols result.
Det$een C- and C1 encoder t"ere are -' eig"t:bit dela% lines $it" une8ual
dela%s. Due to different dela%s, t"e se8uence of s%mbols is c"anged completel%
according to a pre:determined pattern.
+"e C1 encoder generates furt"er 2:'bit parit% s%mbols ,no$n as p $ords,
resulting in a total of 7- eig"t bit s%mbols.
*+I(+) Publication 70 0023IC(.adio)3-002
Compact Disc and Players
After t"e C1 encoder, t"e e)en $ords are sub(ected to a one:s%mbol dela% and
all P and F control $ords are in)erted. +"e resultant se8uenced 7- eig"t bit
s%mbols is called a =frame! and is a CI.C encoded signal and t"is is applied to
E<; modulator. #n pla% bac,, CI.C decoding circuit restores t"e original 10 bit
samples $"ic" are t"en applied to a D3A con)erter.
+"e output of CI.C encoder t"us becomes . ;D* ''10 . 1
-2
7-
G 211- . 1 =
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Induction Course (Radio)
Fig. 4 CI"C 5ncoder
"ef. Drg. #o:$STI%T&'(')%DC*10&
Control 6ords
After CI.C, control $ord of ' bit is added for e)er% 7- s%mbol of bloc, data (frame) from
t"e encoder. <or &' frames &' eig"t:bit control $ords are added. +"e eig"t bits carr%
information of P, F, ., *, +, H, I and @ sub codes. +"is is e4plained in t"e fig. &(a).
#ut of t"ese onl% sub codes P and F are presentl% used and ot"er sub codes are for
future en"ancement.
Fig. 2%a&
"ef. Drg.#o:$STI%T&'(()%DC*14&
+"e P sub code is music trac, separator flag t"at is normall% zero during music and
lead:in:trac, but is one at t"e start of eac" selection. In t"e lead out trac,, it s$itc"es
from 0 to 1 in -9z r"%t"m to indicate t"e end of t"e disc.
+"e F sub code is used for more sop"isticated control purposes. It contains data suc"
as trac, number and time. #t"er codes are not used at present.
@it" t"e addition of control $ord (' bits) for eac" frame (7- $ord bloc,) t"e bit rate
increases to 1.''10 4 7737- A 1.&202 ;D*.
5ig-t to Fourteen ,odulation %5F,&
*+I(+) Publication 7' 0023IC(.adio)3-002
Compact Disc and Players
E<;, or eig"t to fourteen modulation, is a tec"ni8ue $"ic" con)erts eac" ':bit s%mbol
into a 12:bit s%mbol, $it" t"e purpose of
a) reducing re8uired band$idt"
b) reducing signalJs d.c. content and
c) adding e4tra s%nc"ronization information.
Fig. 2 %b& Conversion of 4$bit data after 5F, to #"7I format.
*tudies "a)e s"o$n t"at an optimal matc"ing to t"e transmission c"annel =CD:*%stem!
$ill be gained, if in a transferred data $ord a certain condition for t"e se8uence of 0:1
c"angeo)er is fulfilled > bet$een t$o binar% 1:)alues at least t$o (7+), but not more t"an
ten binar% 0 (11+) )alues "a)e to appear. +"is condition cannot be fulfilled b% a ':bit
data $ord $it" its -/0 possible combinations but $it" a 12 bit data $ord $it" its 107'2
possible bit combinations.
+"e procedure is to use 12:bit code $ords to present all possible combinations of t"e ':
bit code. #ut of 107'2, 12:bit code $ords, onl% -/0 are selected "a)ing combinations
$"ic" aid processing of t"e signal.
A .#;:based loo, up table is used to assign all -/0 possible ':bit input combinations to
t"e -/0 c"osen combinations $it"in t"e 12:bit code.
In addition to E<; modulation, t"ree e4tra bits, ,no$n as =merging bits! are added to
eac" 12:bit s%mbol, $it" t"e purpose of furt"er lo$ering d.c. content of t"e signal.
<inall% t"e data bits are c"anged from 6.K to 6.KI (non return to zero in)erted) format,
b% con)erting eac" positi)e:going pulse of t"e 6.K signal into a single transition. +"e
resultant signal "as a minimum lengt" of 7 + (t"ree cloc, period) and a ma4imum of 11+
(ele)en cloc, periods) as s"o$n in fig. &(b).
+"e bit rate is no$
1.&202 4 153' A 2.1-77/ 4 10
0
bits3sec.
*+I(+) Publication 7& 0023IC(.adio)3-002
Induction Course (Radio)
S8nc 6ord
@it" t"e 77 s%mbols comprising of 15 bit eac" (77 4 15 A /01 bits), a s%nc $ord of -2
bits and 7 merging bits are added t"us ma,ing t"e total /'' (/01 C -2C 7 A /'') bits per
frame (.efer to <ig. &(a) ). +"e s%nc $ord "as t$o functions. #ne is t"at t"e% indicate
t"e start of eac" frame and t"e second is, s%nc $ord fre8uenc% is used to control t"e
pla%er motor speed. <ig. &(c) s"o$s structure of one CD data bloc,.
9ence t"e final bit rate is A 2.1-77/ 4 /''3/01 A 2.7-1' ;D*.
+"e frame fre8uenc% is 2.7-1'3/'' A 57/0 9z. As mentioned alread%, eac" of t"e ' sub
codes P, F, ., *, +, H, I and @ are e4tended &' frames and so t"e sub code fre8uenc%
is 57/03&' A 5/ 9z. +"is fre8uenc% can be used to run t"e pla%ing time displa%.
Fig. 2%c&
"ef. Drg.#o:$STI%T&'(()%DC*14&
(<ig. &(b)> #ne CD data bloc, begins $it" a uni8ue s%nc pattern, one subcode b%te, follo$ed
b% -2 audio b%tes and eig"t redundanc% b%tes. 6ote t"at eac" b%te re8uires 12+ in E<; $it"
7+ pac,ing bet$een s%mbols ma,ing 15+.)
+"e number of bits re8uired to be recorded for one "our programme on CD A 2.7-1' 4
00 4 00 A 07/.02 Lb%tes and t"e rest are used for CI.C redundant bits, sub code, E<;
c"annel coding, s%nc and merging bits. +"is is )er% "ig" storage capacit% and so CD
also used as .#; in computers.
+"e step b% step increase in bit rate is e4plained in fig. 10.
*+I(+) Publication 20 0023IC(.adio)3-002
Compact Disc and Players
Fig. 13
CD Pla8er
A bloc, diagram gi)ing essential components of a CD Pla%er is s"o$n in <ig. 11. Po$er
loading is usuall% implemented on t"e pla%ers $"ere t"e disc is placed in a dra$er.
Fig. 11 .loc1 Diagram of CD Pla8er S-o/ing t-e Data Pat- %.oard Arro/& and
Control 9 Servo S8stem
"ef. Drg.#o:$STI%T&'(0)%DC*12&
+"en t"e dra$er is pulled into t"e mac"ine, t"e disc is lo$ered on to t"e dri)e spindle
and clamped at t"e center and t"is process is ,no$n as =c"uc,ing!. In simpler top
loading mac"ines, t"e disc is placed on t"e spindle b% "and, and clamp is attac"ed to
t"e lid so t"at it operates as t"e lid is closed. +"e lid or dra$er mec"anism "as safet%
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Induction Course (Radio)
s$itc" to pre)ent t"e lo$er operating $"en t"e mac"ine is open. Actuall%, t"ere is )er%
little "azard in a CD pic, up. +"is is because t"e beam is focussed a fe$ milli meters
a$a% from t"e ob(ecti)e lens, and be%ond t"e focal point t"e beam di)erges and t"e
intensit% falls rapidl%. It is almost impossible to position an e%e at t"e focal point $"en
t"e pic, up is mounted in t"e pla%er. +"e data pat" consists of t"e data separator, time
base correction and de:interlea)ing and error:correction process follo$ed b% error:
concealment mec"anism. +"e data separator, $"ic" con)erts t"e read out $a)eform
into data, is L*I c"ip de)eloped b% *on% and also b% P"illips. +"e separated output
consists of sub code b%tes, audio samples, redundanc% and a cloc,. +"e data stream
and t"e cloc, $ill contain speed )ariations due to disc run out and c"uc,ing tolerances,
and t"ese "a)e to be remo)ed b% a time base corrector.
+"e time base corrector is a memor% addressed b% counters $"ic" are arranged to
o)erflo$, gi)ing t"e memor% a ring structure as s"o$n belo$ in fig. 1-.
Fig. 12
@riting into t"e memor% is done using cloc,s from t"e data separator $"ose fre8uenc%
rises or falls $it" run:outs, $"ere as reading is done using a cr%stal controlled cloc,,
$"ic" remo)es speed )ariations from t"e samples, and ma,es $o$ and flutter un:
measurable. If t"e time base corrector functions properl%, t"e long:term data rate from
disc is e8ual to t"e cr%stal:cloc, rate. +o ensure t"is, t"e disc speed is controlled. +"e
disc speed can be controlled b% t$o met"ods.
In one met"od, t"e data separator cloc, counts samples off t"e disc. D% p"ase
comparing t"is cloc, $it" t"e cr%stal reference, t"e p"ase error can be used to dri)e t"e
spindle motor. +"e s%stem is used in *on% CDP:101, $"ere t"e principle is implemented
$it" a CG:1&7 c"ip.
+"e alternati)e approac" is to anal%ze t"e address relations"ip of t"e time base
corrector. If t"e disc is turning too fast, t"e $rite address $ill mo)e to$ards t"e read
address. *ubtraction of t"ese t$o addresses produces an error signal t"at can be fed to
t"e motor. +"e +DC (time base corrector) .A; in P"illips pla%ers, $"ic" also ser)es as
*+I(+) Publication 2- 0023IC(.adio)3-002
Compact Disc and Players
t"e de:interlea)e memor%, is a -Mb%te, **D -010, and t"is is controlled b% t"e *AA
50-0, $"ic" produces t"e motor control signal.
+"e de:interlea)e process is ac"ie)ed b% $riting se8uentiall% into a memor% and reading
out using a se8uencer. +"e .A; can perform t"e function of time base corrector also.
+"e memor% capacit% s"ould be -02' b%tes. C1 decoder corrects random errors before
de:interlea)ing and C- decoder corrects after de:interlea)ing. After de:interlea)ing,
error correction, interpolation and muting, t"e signal is fed to DAC and subse8uentl% to
analog amplifier $"ic" gi)es out about 0 dD output.
CD 32A Professional CD Pla8er designed and develo!ed b8 5" : DC.
AI. "as introduced CD pla%ers in t"e net$or, for last couple of %ears. +"e general
specification is same as t"at of *on% or P"illips (AE*3EDH) standard e4cepting some
special features li,e fader start and memor% for t"e retaining t"e last selection $"en
po$er failure occurs during transmission so as to resume from t"e same spot $"ere
po$er failure "as occurred. A bloc, sc"ematic of diagram of C-0 -A pla%er is gi)en
belo$. (<ig. 17)
*+I(+) Publication 27 0023IC(.adio)3-002
Induction Course (Radio)
Fig. 1* .loc1 Diagram Com!act Disc Pla8er CD32A
"ef. Drg.#o:$STI%T&'(4%DC*23&
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