Orcalay Brochure

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OrcaLayManual
Version3.3a
OrcinaLtd.
Daltongate
Ulverston
Cumbria
LA127AJ
UK
Telephone: +44(0)1229584742
Fax: +44(0)1229587191
Email: orcina@orcina.com
WebSite: www.orcina.com
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Contents
3
CONTENTS
1 PROGRAMOVERVIEW 7
1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 What'sNew 7
1.3 InstallingtheSoftware 9
1.4 LayOperations 10
1.5 StagesofLayOperation 11
1.6 TheMathematicalModel 11
1.7 CoordinateSystems 11
1.8 DemonstrationVersion 11
1.9 Tutorial 12
1.10 Orcina 14
1.11 OrcaFlex 14
2 USERINTERFACE 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 DataForms 17
2.3 DataFields 17
2.4 DataFormEditing 18
2.5 3DView 19
2.6 Results 20
2.7 FilesandTemplates 20
2.8 ComparingData 21
2.9 StartingCalculations 21
2.10 Menus 22
2.10.1 FileMenu 22
2.10.2 EditMenu 22
2.10.3 DataMenu 23
2.10.4 ViewMenu 23
2.10.5 CalculationMenu 23
2.10.6 ToolsMenu 24
2.10.7 HelpMenu 24
3 BATCHPROCESSING 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 ScriptSyntax 25
3.3 ScriptCommands 26
3.4 ObtainingVariableNames 27
3.5 AutomatingScriptGeneration 28
Contents
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4
4 DATA 29
4.1 CommonData 29
4.1.1 Introduction 29
4.1.2 Environment 29
4.1.3 Wire 29
4.1.4 Analysis 29
4.1.5 Segmentation 30
4.1.6 Convergence 30
4.1.7 Drawing 31
4.2 VesselData 31
4.2.2 General 31
4.2.3 Positions 32
4.2.4 Configuration 32
4.2.5 Supports 33
4.2.6 Constraints 33
4.3 PipeData 34
4.3.2 Common 34
4.3.3 Main 35
4.3.4 CoatingsandLinings 36
4.3.5 PiggybackLine 36
4.3.6 InternalLines 36
4.4 UmbilicalData 37
4.5 InitiationData 37
4.5.2 Payout 38
4.5.3 SheaveInitiation 38
4.5.5 Current 38
4.5.6 Pipe 39
4.5.7 MidpointLoad 39
4.6 LayData 39
4.6.1 AnalysisCases 39
4.6.2 Current 40
4.6.3 Pipe 40
4.7 LaydownData 41
4.7.1 LaydownHead 41
4.7.2 Payout 41
4.7.4 LineLength 41
4.7.5 Current 41
4.7.6 Pipe 42
5 ANALYSIS 43
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Contents
5
5.1 AnalysisMethods 43
5.1.1 CalculationModes 43
5.1.2 AcceptanceCriteria 43
5.2 LayAnalysis 43
5.2.1 CompleteLayAnalysis 43
5.2.2 SingleCaseLayAnalysis 46
5.3 InitiationAnalysis 47
5.3.2 CompleteInitiationAnalysis 47
5.3.3 SingleCaseInitiationAnalysis 50
5.3.4 WireLengthCalculation 52
5.3.5 AnchorProofTest 52
5.4 LaydownAnalysis 53
5.4.2 CompleteLaydownAnalysis 53
5.4.3 SingleCaseLaydownAnalysis 55
5.4.4 AbandonmentandRecoveryAnalysis 56
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ProgramOverview,Introduction
7
1 PROGRAMOVERVIEW
1.1 INTRODUCTION
TheOrcaLaypipelaysoftwarepackageenablesyoutooptimisethelayproceduresforpipelinesandumbilicalsand
ensurethattheintegrityoftheproductisnotendangeredduringthelayoperation.
Thesoftwareanalysesthebehaviourofthesystemunderconditionsspecifiedbythepipelayengineer,andreports
pipe geometry and loads. The pipelay engineer will review the results and may then revise the system to improve
performance,repeatingtheanalysisasrequired.
When the pipelay engineer judges the system performance to be acceptable, the OrcaLay software package will be
usedtoproduceprintedtablesofkeyresultsforassemblyintothepipelaymanual.
All analysis carried out in OrcaLay is static. For dynamic analysis, facilities are provided for exporting data files to
OrcaFlex.
Copyrightnotice
CopyrightOrcinaLtd.19992008.Allrightsreserved.
1.2 WHAT'SNEW
NewInVersion3.3a
FacilitiesforautomatingOrcaLayusingasimplescriptlanguagearenowavailable.Thisbatchscriptlanguageis
essentiallyidenticaltothatusedbyOrcaFlex.
The Search for support liftoff feature of earlier versions has been extended and renamed as Reference Offsets.
This now allows the complete analysis calculations to search for offsets determined by specified values of top
endbendmoment,supportclearanceorpipelift.
NewInVersion3.2c
Bugfixes
SummaryresultsforSeabedSheaveInitiationwerenotbeingoutput.
The Anchor Proof Test was previously including the initiation pullhead. We have been advised that this is not
realisticandsothemodelnowusedforthiscalculationexcludesthepullheadandconsistsonlyofwire.
NewInVersion3.2b
Staticsconvergencehasbeenimprovedforcertaincases.
NewInVersion3.2a
Graphical output is now included in the results presentation. This allows you to graph any reported variable
againstanyotherreportedvariable.
SummaryresultstablesforInitiationandLaydownanalysescan nowincludeanytoptensionvalueratherthan
justonesthatappearedintheCompleteresultstables.
TheAcceptanceCriteriaarenowreportedonresultstables.
ThecaseswhicharereportedbyCompleteAnalysiscalculationscannowbecontrolledbytheAnalysisData.
CompleteInitiationandCompleteLaydownanalysescannowstartwithnonzeropayout.
Youcannowcontrolwhichcoloursareusedtodrawthevariousobjectsshowninthe3DView.
Buttons to reset convergence and segmentation parameters to their default values have been added to the
CommonDataform.
The Minimum allowable Tension for an umbilical can be specified. This can be used to prevent the software
fromsearchingforunrealisticslacksolutions.
AnewSupportPositionsWizardfacilityhasbeenaddedwhichallowsyoutospecifythesupportcoordinatesas
beingpointsfollowingaprescribedpath.Thepathisassumedtobeaninitialstraightlinesectionfollowedbya
circulararc.
ProgramOverview,What'sNew
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8
ThefacilitytooutputanOrcaFlexdatafileisnowavailablewhenusingtheSeabedSheaveInitiationmethod.
Thebollardpullcalculationnow accountsforrollerreactionforces.Theomissionoftheseinpreviousversions
wasconservativesincetherollerreactionforcesreducethebollardpull.
Bugfix
ThebollardpullcalculationforSeabedSheaveInitiationnowaccountsforthereturnwire.Inpreviousversionsthis
wasomittedfromcalculationswhichledtobollardpullbeingunderestimated.
NewinVersion3.1k
Thestaticsconvergencehasbeenimprovedforcertaininitiationcases.
NewinVersion3.1j
AnewPipeTopEndConnectionStiffnessdataitemhasbeenaddedtotheVesseldata.
TheCompleteInitiationandCompleteLayresultsforpipelines nowreportBendMomentofthepipeatthetop
end.
The Complete Lay results now report the Vessel Offset which is the horizontal distance between the
pipe/umbilicaltopendandthenominalanchor.
NewinVersion3.1i
Staticsconvergencehasbeenimproved.
Bug fix: The Common Results page was previously mislabelling some of the reported vessel coordinates.
Previouslycoordinateslabelledasbeingrelativetoglobalaxeswereinfactreportedrelativetovesselaxes.This
hasnowbeenfixed.
NewinVersion3.1h
Thestaticsconvergencewasimprovedforcaseswhichdonotuserollers.
NewinVersion3.1g
Thetemplatesfeaturewasbrokeninversion3.1f.Thishasnowbeenfixed.
NewinVersion3.1f
There was an error in the implementation of pipe transitions. Older versions of the program were incorrectly
usingdatafromtheupperpipewhencalculatingtheallowablestressandcodecheckacceptancecriteriaforthe
lowerpipe.
Piggybackpipecoatingweightswerebeingreportedincorrectly ontheCommonResultssheetoftheprogram's
results.Thecorrectvalueswereusedinthecalculationstheerroronlyaffectedthereportedvalues.
NewinVersion3.1e
There was an error in the implementation of the API RP 1111 code check. The Combined Load Design check
defines the specified minimum burst pressure to be P
b
= 0.45(S + U) ln(D / D
i
). However, previous versions of
OrcaLayerroneouslydefinedP
b
as0.45(S+U)ln(D.D
i
).
SeabedSheaveInitiationwasnotworkingwhenthepipelayvesselincludedrollers.
NewinVersion3.1c
Sometimescompleteanalyseswouldfailandreportanerrorofconvergencewheninfacttheprogramshouldhave
reportedthatnoallowablecasescouldbefound.Thishasnowbeenfixed.
NewinVersion3.1b
Vessel Origin is set to zero when opening data files saved by version 1 or 2. This ensures that results match
thosegeneratedbythesepreviousversions.
Errormessagesarenowechoedinthemessagewindow.
SeabedSheaveCompleteInitiationwassometimesfailingtofindanyallowablecaseswhensomedidexist.This
hasnowbeenfixed.
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ProgramOverview,InstallingtheSoftware
9
NewInVersion3.1a
Minimumtensionacceptancecriterionforpipesadded.
NewinVersion3.0j
In version 3.0h and 3.0i the Vessel length was not being written to or read from the data file. This has now been
fixed.
NewinVersion3.0i
Pipe lift was not calculated correctly when the lift sensor does not rotate with the ramp. This has now been
fixed.
Inversion3.0htheVesseloriginwasnotbeingwrittentoorreadfromthedatafile.Thishasnowbeenfixed.
Spreadsheetsheetnamesnolongerinclude":"characterssincetheyinterferewithExcelcrossreferencing.
NewinVersion3.0h
Thesignificantchangesfromversion2.0toversion3.0are:
A full validation has been carried out on the program. An independent spreadsheet was written which takes
OrcaLay data and produces an OrcaFlex data file. The results produced from this OrcaFlex data file were then
comparedwiththeOrcaLayresults.
Thedefinitionofvesselgeometryismuchimproved.
VesselTypedatacanbeimportedfromanOrcaFlexfileandthenstoredintheOrcaLaydatafile.Thismeansthat
whenOrcaLayexportsOrcaFlexdatafilestheyarereadyfordynamicanalysisinOrcaFlex.
Atemplatefacilityhasbeenaddedsimilartothatusedbywordprocessors.Thisallowsyoutopreparetemplate
datafilesandstartnewprojectsbasedonthesetemplates.
ContactbetweenrollersandthewinchwireusedinInitiationandLaydownanalysisisnowmodelled.
1.3 INSTALLINGTHESOFTWARE
HardwareRequirements
OrcaLaycanbeinstalledandrunonanyPCcompatiblecomputerthathas:
Windows98,ME,NT4,2000,XPorVista.
Atleast32MBofmemory.
Ascreenresolutionofatleast800x600(smallfonts).
Installation
ToinstallOrcaLay:
IfyouareusingWindowsNT4,2000orXPthenfirstlogonwithAdministratorprivileges.
IfinstallingfromCD,inserttheOrcaLayCDandruntheAutorun.exeprogramontheCD(onmanymachinesthis
programwillrunautomaticallywhenyouinserttheCD).Thenselect'Install'.
If you have received OrcaLay by email or from the web you should have the OrcaLay installation program
Setup.exe. You will also need licence files (*.lic) for each dongle that you want touse (if you have not received
themyoumightbeabletousethelicencefile(s)fromyourpreviousOrcaLayCD).Placethelicencefilesandthe
fileSetup.exetogetherinadirectoryonyourmachineandthenruntheSetup.exeprogram.
YouwillalsoneedtoinstalltheOrcaLaydonglesuppliedbyOrcinawhenyoupurchasedorleasedOrcaLay.See
belowfordetails.
Forfurtherdetails,includinginformationonnetworkandsilentinstallation,seetheReadMefileontheOrcaLayCD.
IfyouhaveanydifficultyinstallingOrcaLaypleasecontactOrcinaoryourOrcinaagent.
InstallingtheDongle
OrcaLay is supplied with a dongle, a small hardware device that must be attached to the machine, or else to the
networktowhichthemachineisattached.
ProgramOverview,LayOperations
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10
Note: The dongle is effectively your licence to run one copy (or more, if the dongle is enabled for more
copies) of OrcaLay. It is, in essence, what you have purchased or leased, and it should be treated
withappropriatecareandsecurity.IfyouloseyourdongleyoucannotrunOrcaLay.
Warning: Orcinacannormallyresupplydisksormanuals(achargebeingmadetocovercosts)iftheyarelost
ordamaged.Butwecanonlysupplyanewdongleinthecasewherethedonglehasfailedandthe
olddongleisfirstreturnedtous.
Dongles labelled 'Hxxx' (where xxx is the dongle number) must be plugged into the machine on which OrcaLay is
run. Dongles labelled 'Nxxx' can be used in the same way as Hxxx dongles, but they can also be used over a
computernetwork,allowingseveraluserstosharetheprogram. Inthelattercasethedongleshouldbeinstalledby
yournetworkadministrator;instructionscanbefoundintheDongledirectoryoftheOrcaLayCD.
TypesofDongle
DonglesareavailablefortwotypesofconnectorforconnectiontotheparallelportortoaUSBport,thetwotypes
haveexactlythesamefacilitiesbuttherearesomeprosandconsforeachtype:
The new USB port dongles may not suit if you are using older machines or operating systems. This is because
someoldermachinesmaynothaveaUSBport.Also,WindowsNT4andearlyversionsofWindows95(priorto
OSR 2.1) do not support USB devices without modification. Windows 98, ME and 2000, XP all support USB
devices(aswillfutureversionsofWindows).
OntheotherhandUSBportsareamoremodernandbettertechnologyandaretakingoverfromtheoldparallel
port.AllrecentmachineswehaveseenhaveUSBportsandindeedsomeportable/laptopcomputersnowhavea
USBportandnoparallelport.
USBportsaredesignedtobecapableofhavingmultipledevicesattachedtooneport,soyoucanplugintheUSB
dongleandotherdevices(printers,plotters,etc.)andtheywon'tinterferewitheachother.Theparallelport,on
the other hand, wasn't originally designed with multiple devices in mind, so dongle suppliers had to use non
standard interfacing methods to try to make the dongle transparent to other devices. This is not always
successful and we have seen a few cases where a printer could not be used on the same parallel port as the
dongle.ThisproblemwillnotarisewithUSBdongles.
ParallelPortDongles
Thecomputersideofthedonglehasa25pinmaleconnectorwhichplugsintothestandardPCparallelport,which
has a female connector. Please take care not to insert the dongle into a serial port, which is sometimes a 25pin
male connector on the backofthecomputer; no harm should occur, butthe program will not be able to run.Ifthe
parallel port is also needed for another device such as a printer, then the dongle should be plugged into the
computer and the printer then plugged into the back of the dongle. The dongle is transparent and should not
interferewithsignalspassingthroughittootherdevices.
If you haveany difficulties fittingthe dongle, please double check that it isfitted to the rightportand that it is the
correctwayround.
DongleTroubleshooting
Included with OrcaLay we supply a dongle utility and troubleshooting program called OrcaDongle.exe. If OrcaLay
cannot find the dongle then you can use this program to help find the cause of the problem. The OrcaDongle
programanditshelpfilecanbefoundintheOrcaLayinstallationdirectory.TheyarealsointheDongledirectoryon
theOrcaLayCD,togetherwithotherlesscommonlyneededdonglefiles.OrcaDongleandotherdonglesoftwarecan
also be downloaded from the Dongle Support page on our website. If you need further help then please contact
Orcina.
1.4 LAYOPERATIONS
OrcaLayoffersachoiceofpipeandumbilicallay:
PipeLay
TheanalysisisapplicabletoallformsofpipelayincludingSlay,Jlayandreellay.TheOrcaLaymodelstartsfroma
pointoffixityonthelaybarge(typicallyapipetensionerorclamp).Fromthispoint,thepipepassesoveraseriesof
supports,thenoverthesternoftheshipanddowntotheseabed.Thenumberandlocationofsupportsisdefinedby
theuser.
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ProgramOverview,StagesofLayOperation
11
Onsomelaybarges,pipetensionisnotmeasureddirectlybutisinferredfrommeasurementsofthereactionforces
on the supports and from the distance of the pipe above a datum level at a specified point, measured by a pipe
sensor.
Some lay spreads incorporate a ramp whose angle to the horizontal can be varied. OrcaLay allows the user to
declarethatanyorallofthepipesupports,thepipesensorandreferencedatum,tensioner,clamp,etc.areattached
toandrotatewiththeramp.
Provisionismadeforconstraintswhichlimitthemovementofthepiperelativetothebargee.g.moonpooledges
orarollerboxatthebottomoftheramp.
UmbilicalLay(overachute)
Umbilicals are typically laid from a DSV in preference to a specialised pipelay vessel on cost grounds. OrcaLay
assumesthattheumbilicalislaidfromahorizontalcableengineontheaftdeckoftheDSV,passingoverachuteat
thestern.Theanalysisallowsforfrictionbetweentheumbilicalandthesternchute.
1.5 STAGESOFLAYOPERATION
Thelayoperationconsistsofthefollowingstages:
Initiation2options:AnchororSheave.Awirerunsfromaninitiationheadattheendofthepipeorumbilical
toafixedanchorpointontheseabedorthroughasheaveattheseabedandbacktoawinchontheship.
Lay the pipe or umbilical runs from the ship to an anchor on the seabed. The true anchor position is not
modelled since this may be a great distance along the seabed. Instead the pipe is modelled from the ship to a
nominalseabedanchoratapositionchosenbytheprogram.
Laydownthepipeorumbilicalfreeendisloweredtotheseabedbymeansofacablerunningfromtheendcap
totheHandlingSheaveontheship.
AbandonmentandRecovery(A&R)ifitbecomesnecessarytoabandonthelayoperationowingtoheavyweather,
the pipe or umbilical is cut, the end cap is attached and the free end is lowered to the seabed. From the analysis
standpoint, the abandonment operation is identical to the standard laydown operation. Recovery is the reverse of
abandonment. The analysis requirements are therefore covered by the Laydown analysis option, but reporting
requirementsmaydiffer.
1.6 THEMATHEMATICALMODEL
The software is based on calculation procedures as used in OrcaFlex, a well established commercial offshore
systemsmodellingpackagedevelopedbyOrcinaLtd.
In OrcaLay the model is 2dimensional in the plane of lay. If specific 3dimensional analysis is required, a data file
canbeexportedtoOrcaFlexwhichallowsfullygeneralmodelstobedeveloped.
1.7 COORDINATESYSTEMS
OrcaLayusesthreecoordinatesystems,allrighthanded:
Global:usedforreportingpipeorumbilicalpositionsinSingleCaseresultstables.
ForthePipelayoptiontheGlobaloriginisinthewatersurfaceintheplaneoftheRampPivot.
FortheUmbilicalLayoptiontheGlobaloriginisatthetopofthechute.
For both the Pipelay option and the Umbilical Lay option X is horizontal, positive forward and Z is vertical,
positiveup.
Vessel: used to define locations in the vessel, except for items rotating with the ramp. The origin is the Ramp
Pivot,Xishorizontal,positiveforwardandZisvertical,positiveup.
Ramp: used to define the locations of items which rotate with the ramp. x is measured positive up the ramp
fromthepivot;zisnormaltotheramp,positiveupwhentherampishorizontal;positiveaftwhentherampis
vertical.
1.8 DEMONSTRATIONVERSION
ThedemonstrationversionofOrcaLayisanactualworkingcopy ofOrcaLayexceptthatthedefaultdatacannotbe
editedandyoucannotsavefiles,print,exportorcopytotheclipboard.
ProgramOverview,Tutorial
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12
The demonstration version provides all the other facilities of the full version, so it allows you to explore the full
processofpipelayoptimisation.Foranintroductionseethetutorial.
1.9 TUTORIAL
OrcaLayisaspecialisedanalysistoolfortheoptimisationof offshorepipelayandumbilicalcablelayprocedures.It
hasfacilitiesforanalysing:
ThemainLayprocedure.
Initiation,usingeitherafixedanchororaseabedsheavepullin.
Laydownofthesecondend.
AbandonmentandRecovery.
OrcaLayhasacompletesetofdefaultdataandoptionsettingstheserepresentPipeLayfromareelbargewithfive
pipesupportsontheramp:weusethisasourexample.Inthis tutorial,wewillrunquicklythroughthedataforms,
the principal analysis options, and the results, but we will not cover every item in detail. For more detail, see the
followingsectionsofthisUserManual.
Data
WhenyourunOrcaLayyouwillseeascreenwithagroupofdataitemsatthetopleft.
OpentheCommonDatawithadoubleclickofthemouse.Thisiswhereyouchoosebetweenpipeandumbilicallay,
and between SI and US units. Leave the selection at Pipe and SI. There are three title strings (Project, Client, User
Name)foryourconvenienceinidentifyingthejob.Thesestringswillappearattheheadofallresultssheets.
Therearefourtabsbelow:ontheEnvironmenttabwedefinetheseawaterdensity;ontheWiretabwedefinethe
properties of the wire used for initiation and laydown. Ignore the two other tabs for now, and click on the Next
button.
TheVesselDataformhasaspacefortheVesselNamealsousedfortitlingoutput.Therearefivetabsbelow:
General: defines a number of parameters for the lay barge including the ramp angle to be used, maximum top
tension,shipbollardpull,etc.
Positions:namesanddefinesthecoordinatesofanumberoflocationsonthebarge,andwhetherornottheyrotate
withtheramp.
Configuration:thenspecifieswhichofthenamedPositionsareallocatedtowhichfunctions.
Note: YoucandefinePositionswhicharenotusedforexample,ifyoudecidetoreallocateaparticular
function,youdonthavetodeletetheoldpositionwhichyouarenolongerusing.Similarly,youcan
allocatemorethanonefunctionontheConfigurationtabtothesamePositionsetting.
Supports:definesthepositionsandpropertiesofthepipesupports,usingitemsfromthePositionstable.
Constraints: defines geometric constraints such as a roller box or moonpool edge, again using items from the
Positionstable.
Click the Next button to see the Pipe Data. The top left part of the form defines the pipe code to be used (API RP
1111inthisexample),andanumberofassociatedparameters.ThetoprightpartoftheformliststhevariousPipe
Typesdetailedinthedataset.Youcandefineasmanyasyouwish.
The lower part of the form has four tabs defining the pipe details. The Main tab defines the basic pipe properties
(OD,wallthickness,E,SMYS,etc.).TheremainingtabsprovideforaddingCoatingsandLinings,aPiggybackLine,
andoneormoreInternalLines.Inthisway,acomplexpipesystemsuchasapipeinpipecaneasilybeassembled.
Nowcheckthe Lay Data(OK the previous formand double clickonLay Data). We aregoing to lookat continuous
lay in a water depth of 120m with a horizontal seabed. (The program allows an unlimited number of cases to be
analysedwithpositiveornegativeseabedslope.)Theanalysiscanincludeaninlinecurrentprofile,(Currenttab)
eitheranexponentialformatorauserdefinedstepwiselinear profile,andthePipetaballowsforachangeofpipe
properties(e.g.wallthickness)and/oralocalconcentratedload.Theexamplecaserepresentslayofauniformpipe
inaheadcurrent.
MainLayProcedure
Nowtryrunningtheanalysis.ClosethedatawindowandselectLayinthetopmenubar.ClickonComplete.
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ProgramOverview,Tutorial
13
The main screen will show an elevation view of the lay. The program does repeated static analyses first
determining the requisite length of pipe for analysis, then searching for the near and far limits of acceptable
performance,andanalysingaselectionofintermediatecases.Wekeepyouinformedofwhatishappeningthrough
themessagingpanelbelowthemenubar.
Results
Results are presented in Excel compatible spreadsheets. You'll see two sheets a page of Common Results (these
echotheinputdataandderivesomeassociatedparameters)and asheetofresultsforthewaterdepthandseabed
slopeweaskedfor.
The tabulated results show a range of acceptable lay conditions. Of greatest importance are the top and bottom
entriesinthe table,whichshowthelimitsofacceptableperformance.Notethattheprogramisconsideringawide
rangeofpossibleconstraints:
Tensionmustnotexceedtensionercapacity.
Horizontaltensioncomponentmustnotexceedshipbollardpull.
Pipestressesmustnotexceedvaluesgivenintheselectedcode.
Localbucklingcriteriagiveninthecodemustnotbeinfringed.
Pipemustnotcontactdefinedobjects(e.g.moonpooledges,rollerboxes).
Amongstotherresults,thetableidentifiestheconditionatwhichthepipeliftsoffeachpipesupportanimportant
criterionformonitoringthelay.
An importantfeature is thetext whichtells you whichcriterion isthe limiting one in eachcase essentialto allow
rationalmodificationoftheproceduretoachievethedesiredlaycondition.
MoreDetail
If you need more detail about a specific lay condition, you can find it by running a Single case (choose Single from
the Lay menu). This creates an additional spreadsheet containing load and stress information as a function of arc
lengthalongthepipe.
Initiation
Nowwecantryrunninganinitiationanalysis.LookfirstattheInitiationData.Forthisexamplewearegoingtouse
theSeabedAnchormethod,thoughtheprogramalsohasfacilitiesforaSeabedSheaveinitiation.
Theprogramanalysesanumberofsnapshotsoftheprocedure.Wehavechosentoshowfoursnapshots,thoughina
realcasewewouldusuallyselectmanymore.
NowclosetheInitiationDataandselectInitiationinthetopmenubarandclickonComplete.
Again you will see the program doing repeated static analyses, paying out pipe from the vessel. For each length of
pipepaidout,theprogramdoesthesameanalysisasforthemainLay,findingtheacceptablelimits,thenfillingout
thetableofresults.Notethatthepipeisdrawninyellow,theinitiationheadinblue,andtheanchorwireingreen.
You may have wondered how we choose the length of wire to use a separate command (Calculate wire length)
allowsyoutodeterminethelengthofwirewhichwillavoidupliftontheanchor.
InitiationResults
You'll see another group of spreadsheets appear at the end of the initiation analysis, one for each snapshot. Again,
thetabulationallowsyoutochoosefromtheavailablerangeofacceptablescenarios.
Too much information! But the program can create a summary table at the top of the sheet you can select your
preferenceoftoptensionforthissnapshot(youmightchoosetominimisethepipestress,ortohavethemaximum
tolerance on tension). Do this for each snapshot, then select Initiation | Summary from the menu bar. You get a
summary sheet which is effectively the complete initiation procedure, ready to cut & paste into the vessel's lay
instructions.
AsforLay,ifyouwantmoredetailforaspecificInitiationcase,aSingleCaseanalysisoptionisavailableinthemenu.
Laydown
LaydownanalysisfollowsthesameprinciplesasInitiationanalysis.ThepropertiesoftheLaydownheadhavetobe
defined and the analysis then proceeds in a number of steps as for Initiation. Single Case and Summary table
facilitiesareprovided.
ProgramOverview,Orcina
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14
AbandonmentandRecovery
AbandonmentisthesameoperationasLaydown,butwithdifferentpropertiesforthepipeendcapandperhapsina
differentwaterdepthfromtheplannedlaydown.Recoveryissimplyabandonmentinreverse.Bothproceduresmay
bemodelledbysupplementaryLaydownanalyses.
LinkstoOrcaFlex
OrcaFlex is Orcina's general purpose offshore dynamics package. It is fully threedimensional and has powerful
facilitiesformodellingvesselmotionsinwaves.
WheneveryourunaSingleCaseinOrcaLay,whetherforLay,InitiationorLaydown,youareofferedacheckboxthat
allowsyoutochoosewhetherOrcaLaywritesoutanOrcaFlexdatafilecorrespondingtothisanalysiscase.Youcan
opensuchafileinOrcaFlexandrunadditionalloadcases,suchasoutofplanecurrentsorwavedynamics.
OrcaFlexcanalsoallowyoutomodelspecialsituations,using additionallines,winches,andbuoyancy.Itcanmodel
branchinglines,orevenmultipleshipoperations.
Development
OrcaLay is under active development, and we expect to add new features in the near future. We are very open to
clientsuggestions!
1.10 ORCINA
Orcina is a creative engineering software and consultancy company staffed by mechanical engineers, naval
architects, mathematicians and software engineers with long experience in such demanding environments as the
offshore, marine and nuclear industries. As well as developing engineering software, we offer a wide range of
analysis and design services with particular strength in dynamics, hydrodynamics, fluid mechanics and
mathematicalmodelling.
ContactDetails
OrcinaLtd.
Daltongate
Ulverston
Cumbria
LA127AJ
UK
Telephone:+44(0)1229584742
Fax:+44(0)1229587191
Email:orcina@orcina.com
WebSite:www.orcina.com
OrcinaAgents
Wehaveagentsinmanypartsoftheworld.Fordetailspleaserefertoourwebsite:www.orcina.com/ContactOrcina.
1.11 ORCAFLEX
OrcaFlex is a marine dynamics program developed by Orcina for static and dynamic analysis of a wide range of
offshoresystems,includingalltypesofmarinerisers(rigidandflexible),globalanalysis,moorings,installationand
towedsystems.
OrcaFlexprovidesfastandaccurateanalysisofcatenarysystemssuchasflexiblerisersandumbilicalcablesunder
wave and current loads and externally imposed motions. OrcaFlex makes extensive use of graphics to assist
understanding. The program can be operated in batch mode for routine analysis work and there are also special
facilitiesforpostprocessingyourresultsincludingfullyintegratedfatigueanalysiscapabilities.
OrcaFlex is a fully 3D nonlinear time domain finite element program capable of dealing with arbitrarily large
deflectionsoftheflexiblefromtheinitialconfiguration.Alumpedmasselementisusedwhichgreatlysimplifiesthe
mathematical formulation and allows quick and efficient development of the program to include additional force
termsandconstraintsonthesysteminresponsetonewengineeringrequirements.
In addition to the time domain features, modal analysis can be performed for individual lines and RAOs can be
calculatedforanyresultsvariableusingtheSpectralResponseAnalysisfeature.
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ProgramOverview,OrcaFlex
15
OrcaFlexisalsousedforapplicationsintheDefence,OceanographyandRenewableenergysectors.OrcaFlexisfully
3D and can handle multiline systems, floating lines, line dynamics after release, etc. Inputs include ship motions,
regularandrandomwaves.Resultsoutputincludesanimatedreplayplusfullgraphicalandnumericalpresentation.
ForfurtherdetailsofOrcaFlexandourothersoftware,pleasecontactOrcinaoryourOrcinaagent.
Copyrightnotice
CopyrightOrcinaLtd.19872007.Allrightsreserved.
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UserInterface,Introduction
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2 USERINTERFACE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
TheOrcaLaywindowhas3mainareas:
TheDatalist(topleft)showsthedataforms.Doubleclickonanitemtoopentheformandvieworeditthedata.
TheTitlearea(topright)displaystheProjectinformation.
The Results area (below) shows the currently selected results. As each analysis is performed, OrcaLay
accumulatesitsresultsasasequenceofspreadsheets.Inaddition,itdisplaysa3DViewofthesystem,including
astylisedrepresentationofthelayvessel,andaMessagepagewhichcarriesacomprehensivelogofcalculations
performed.
In addition there is a conventional Windows menu bar, a tool bar, and a status bar, which is used to indicate the
progressofeachanalysisthroughitsvariousstages.
2.2 DATAFORMS
Data are input manually using a series of forms designed for the purpose. The data forms are largely self
explanatory, and realistic default values are provided where possible. It is the responsibility of the User to ensure
thatanydefaultvaluesusedareappropriate.
OncedataitemshavebeenusedinacalculationtheycannotbechangeduntilthemodelisReset.
ControlButtons
OK
CLICKING the OK button accepts all the changes made while the EditForm has been displayed and then closes the
form.
Cancel
CLICKING theCancel button (or equivalently pressing Escape) cancels all thechanges made while the EditForm has
beendisplayedandthenclosestheform.
Next
CLICKING the Next buttonacceptsthe current form and then displays the next form in sequence. Holdingthe SHIFT
keydownwhileCLICKINGtheNextbuttoncausesthepreviousformtobedisplayed.
Printing,CopyingandExportingData
Thedataformcanbeprinted,copiedtotheclipboardorexportedtoafile,byusingthepopupmenu.Thedatafor
thewholemodelmaybeprintedusingtheFile|PrintDatamenuitem.
2.3 DATAFIELDS
DataitemsoneachDataFormaredisplayedinFields,generallywithrelatedfieldsorganisedintoGroupsorTables.
You can select afield withthe mouse, or use the keyboard to navigatearound the form. TABmoves fromgroup to
group,andthearrowkeysmoveacrossthefieldsinagroup.
Wheredataarecomplextheformhaspagesofatabindexthatchoosebetweenanumberofdistinctsectionsofthe
data.
Wheretabulardataareshownonthedataform,thereisusuallyaseparatefieldthatspecifiesthenumberofentries
inthetable,andifnecessaryscrollbarsareshownusethesetonavigatethroughthewholetable.Pleasenotethatif
scrollbarsarepresent,thenonlypartofthedataiscurrentlybeingdisplayed.
Thefollowingtypesoffieldsareused:
Text
Ageneralstringoftext,usedforexamplefortitlesandcomments.
UserInterface,DataFormEditing
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18
Name
Someobjectsisgivenaname,whichyoucanedit.Objectnamesmustbeuniqueyoucannothavetwoobjectswith
thesamename.Theobjectnamesarethenusedasreferencesbyotherpartsofthedata.
Numeric
Numbers can be entered in a number of formats such as 3, 3.0, 0.3, .3 or 3.0E6. It is possible to enter more digits
than those shown in the field, but beware that it will not be possible to see them again without editing again and
usingthearrowkeystoexaminetherestoffield.
Forsomenumericdataitemsthevalue'~'ispermitted.Forexamplethisissometimesusedtomean'defaultvalue'.
Detailsaregiveninthedescriptionsoftherelevantdataitems.
SpinButtons
These are small buttons with up and down arrows, used for incrementing and decrementing the associated field
(such as the number of entries in a table). Using the mouse, CLICK on the upper or lower parts of the button to
incrementordecrementtheassociatedcounter.
MultichoiceButtons
Theseareusedwhenanumberofoptionsareavailable.Activatethebuttontostepontothenextavailableoption.
CheckBoxes
Theseshowatick,meaningselected,orareblank,meaningnotselected.CLICKorpressRETURNtochange.
ColourSelection
These show as a block of colour. DOUBLE CLICK or press RETURN to open the ColourSelection dialogue box. The
desiredcolourmaynowbeselected.
ListBoxes
Theseshowthecurrentselection,suchasthenameofanotherobjectthatthisobjectisconnectedto.DOUBLECLICK
orpressRETURNtoshowaListBox,andthenselectanotheritemandRETURNtoacceptthenewchoice.
2.4 DATAFORMEDITING
TheTAB,SHIFT+TAB,HOME,ENDandARROWkeysandthemousecanbeusedtonavigatearoundtheEditForm.
EditingmodeisenteredbyDOUBLECLICKINGacellwiththemouse,orbystartingtotypealphanumericcharacters,
which are entered into the field as they are typed. The characters that have been typed can be edited by using the
arrowkeystomovearound(nowwithinthefield)andtheBACKSPACEandDELETEkeys.
Editingmodeisended,andthenewvaluetakeseffect,whenyoupressRETURNorselectanotherfieldorbuttonon
theform.Toendeditingmodebutrejecttheedit(andsokeeptheoldvalue)pressESC.
Many numeric fields have limits on the range of values that can be entered, for example an object's mass must
alwaysbegreaterthanzero.Warningsaregivenifinvalidvaluesaretyped.
Input can also be from the Windows clipboard. CTRL+C copies the selected field or block of fields to the clipboard
whilst CTRL+V pastes from the clipboard into the selected field. In this way data can be easily transferred to and
fromSpreadsheets,WordProcessors,etc.
MouseActions
CLICK SelectField
CLICK+DRAG,
SHIFT+CLICK
Selectablockoffields
DOUBLECLICK StartEditModeinthisfield(pleasealsoseeDataFields)
RIGHTBUTTON
CLICK
Context sensitive popup menu for copying, exporting and printing the form and, for some model
objects,viewingadditionalproperties
GroupMovement
TAB NextGroup
SHIFT+TAB PreviousGroup
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UserInterface,3DView
19
ALT+... Movetothegroupwiththisletterunderlinedinitsheading
FieldMovement
Gotoadjacentroworcolumn
HOME Gotoleftmostcolumn
END Gotorightmostcolumn
PAGEUP Gototoprow
PAGEDOWN Gotobottomrow
TableEditing
INS,DEL Insertordeletearowofatable
StartEditing
0..9,A..Z Edit(replace)
DuringEditing
,
HOME,END
Movewithinfield
EndEditing
ESC Canceledit
Accepteditandmovetoprevious/nextrow
RETURN Acceptedit
Copy/Paste
CTRL+C Copyselectedfield/blocktoclipboard
CTRL+V Pastefromclipboardintoselectedfield
CTRL+D Fillselectionfromtop(ie.copydown)
CTRL+R Fillselectionfromleft(ie.copyright)
CTRL+U
CTRL+SHIFT+D
Fillselectionfrombottom(ie.copyup)
CTRL+L
CTRL+SHIFT+R
Fillselectionfromright(ie.copyleft)
INSERT Insertnewrowintable
DELETE Deleteselectedrowoftable
2.5 3DVIEW
The 3D View is a window showing an isometric projection of the threedimensional model, and it may be rotated,
zoomed and panned to allow any aspect of the system to be viewed. The view is controlled by a number of View
ParameterswhileascalebarintheviewindicatesthecurrentViewSize.
The3DViewcanbeprintedorexportedtoafile,orcutorpastedtotheWindowsclipboard,usingthepopupmenu
(clickthesecondarymousekey).
ViewParameters
Theviewshownina3Dviewwindowisdeterminedbythefollowingparameters,whichcanbeadjustedusingthe
view control buttons at the top left corner of the view window, or the Edit View Parameters item on the View
menu:
ViewCentre
Definesthe3Dglobalcoordinatesofthepointthatisshownatthecentreofthewindow.
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20
ViewSize
Thediameteroftheviewarea.Itequalsthedistancerepresentedbythesmallerofthe2sidesoftheviewwindow.
Thisparametermustbegreaterthanzero.
InteractiveViewControl
Youcanalsoadjusttheviewina3Dviewwindowusingtheviewcontrolbuttons,inthetopleftcorneroftheview:
Button Action EquivalentMenuItem
ZoomIn View|ZoomIn
EditViewParameters View|EditViewParameters
CLICKINGtheZoomInbuttonwhileholdingtheSHIFTkeydowncausesaZoomOutaction.
Finally,3DviewscanalsobecontrolledusingvarioushotkeysthisarelistedontheViewmenu.
ZoomingViews
Youcanzoominonaparticularregionofinterestina3Dviewbydefiningarectanglearounditonscreenusingthe
mouse. To dothis, hold the ALT key down, place the mouse in one corner of the desired rectangle and press down
the leftmouse button while dragging the mouse tothe opposite corner. When you release, the region selected will
beexpandedtofillthewindow.
To zoom out, repeat the operation holding down the SHIFT and ALT keys the region shown in the window will
shrinktofitintotherectangledrawn.
You can also zoom in and out by a fixed amount, keeping the same view centre, by using ALT+CLICK and
SHIFT+ALT+CLICK.
2.6 RESULTS
ResultsTables
All data and associated results are output as worksheets in the Results Spreadsheet. The spreadsheet can be
exportedinExcelcompatibleformforprintingorfurtherprocessing.
Printing,CopyingandExportingSpreadsheets
To print the spreadsheet right click and select Print. However, for control over how the spreadsheet is printed we
wouldrecommendsavingtofile(asdescribedbelow)andthenprintingfromExcel.
Youcanalsoeasilytransfertheresultstootherapplicationsbyeither:
Copy and paste via the Windowsclipboard. Select the block to be transferred andpress CTRL+C or select Copy
fromtheEditmenu.
Savingtofile.RightclickthemouseandchooseExportorselectExportResultsfromtheFilemenu.
ResultsGraphs
InadditiontothetabularresultsOrcaLaycanproducegraphsofallresultsreportedinthetables.Freeselectionof
variablesforxandyaxesisallowed.
2.7 FILESANDTEMPLATES
Datafiles
OrcaLaydatafileshavefilenameswithextension".oly".ThesecontainallthedataforInitiation,LayandLaydownas
enteredonthevariousdataforms.
Templates
Templatesgivequickaccesstopreprepareddatafilesstoredinatemplatesdirectory.Theyareintendedtobeused
tostoredatawhichdoesnotchangebetweendifferentprojects.
Note: UnlikeMicrosoftOfficeatemplateissimplyanormalOrcaLaydatafile.
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UserInterface,ComparingData
21
For example, suppose that you always use OrcaLay with the same lay vessel. You can set up a data file which
containsalltheappropriatevesseldataandusethisasatemplatewheneveryoustartanewproject.
Templatedirectory
OrcaLaylooksfortemplatesinthetemplatedirectory.Thisisdefinedinthefollowingway:
1. OrcaLaystartslookingforthetemplatedirectoryintheOrcaLayprogramdirectory.Thisisthedirectorywhere
theOrcaLay.exefileisinstalled.BydefaultthisisC:\ProgramFiles\Orcina\OrcaLay.
2. Ifthisdirectorycontainsasubdirectorycalled"Templates"thenthisisthetemplatedirectory.
3. If this directory contains a shortcut called "Templates" then the template directory is the directory which the
shortcutpointsto.
4. If no template directory is found, then the search is repeated in the parent directory. The search terminates
whenthetopleveldirectoryisreached.
For example, assume that the OrcaLay program directory is the default of C:\Program Files\Orcina\OrcaLay. If a
directory called "C:\Program Files\Orcina\OrcaLay\Templates" exists then it would be the template directory.
Alternatively, suppose that there was a shortcut "C:\Program Files\Orcina\Templates" which pointed to a shared
networkdirectorythenthisnetworkdirectorywouldbethetemplatedirectory.
Creatingatemplate
Tocreateatemplateyousimplysaveorcopyadatafiletothetemplatedirectory.
Usingatemplate
OnceyouhavecreatedatemplatedirectoryandsometemplatesyoucanuseoneofthesetemplatesfromtheFile|
Newmenuitem.ThishasasubmenucontainingDefaultModelandthenamesofeachavailabletemplate.Selecting
DefaultModelsetsthedatatothestandardOrcaLaydefaultvalues.Selectingatemplatesetsthedatatotemplate's
datathisisequivalenttoopeningthetemplatedatafile.
Note: Ifnotemplatedirectoryisfound,orifthetemplatedirectoryisempty,thenthetemplatesubmenu
doesnotappear.InthiscaseFile|NewsetsthedatatothestandardOrcaLaydefaultvalues.
2.8 COMPARINGDATA
The Compare Data menu item allows you to find differences between 2 data files. The comparison is performed in
thefollowingstages:
Specifythe2fileswhichyouwishtocompare.
ClicktheComparebutton.
OrcaLaythensavesthedatafromeachfileastextfilesinyoursystem'stemporarydirectory.
Finally,OrcaLayrunstheuserspecifiedCompareprogramtocomparethe2textfiles.
Configuration
OrcaLay needs a user specified Compare program to perform the comparison of the 2 text files. You will need to
specifyaprogramtoperformthecomparisonandthecommandlineparametersforthisprogram.
CompareProgram
This is the Compare program's executable filename. This can be either the full path, or just the filename if the
executablefileresidesinadirectorywhichisonyoursystempath.
CommandLineParameters
This defines the command line parameters that are passed to the Compare program. OrcaLay replaces the special
strings%1and%2withthefilenamesofthetemporarytextfiles.Formostcompareprogramsthedefaultsettingof
"%1%2"willbesufficient.Otherwiseyouwillneedtoconsultthedocumentationofyourcompareprogram.
2.9 STARTINGCALCULATIONS
OrcaLayCalculations
CalculationsareactionedbyselectingtheappropriateitemfromtheCalculationmenu.
UserInterface,Menus
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22
2.10 MENUS
OrcaLayhasthefollowingmenus:
The File menu has the file opening and saving commands, plus commands for printing or exporting data or
results.
TheEditmenuhasclipboardfacilities.
TheDatamenuallowsyoutoopenthevariousdataforms.
TheViewmenuprovidesviewcontrol.
TheCalculationmenuhascommandstoperformcalculations.
TheToolsmenuallowsyoutoadjustpreferences.
TheHelpmenuleadstothevarioushelpdocumentationthatisavailable.
2.10.1 FileMenu
New
Eitherresetsalldatatodefaultvaluesoropensdatafromatemplate.
Open
Opensapreviouslysaveddatafile.
Save,SaveAs
Savesadatafile.
CompareData
Comparesthedatafrom2datafiles.SeeComparingDatafordetails.
PrintData
Printsthedatatothecurrentlyselectedprinter.
ExportResults
SavetheresultsasanExcelspreadsheet.
SelectedPrinter
Allowsyoutochangetheselectedprinter.
PrinterSetup
Calls up the Printer Setup dialogue. This standard Windows dialogue is used to select which printer to use, and
allows you to control the way that it is used the details vary from printer to printer, and depend on the printer
manufacturer's device driver currently installed. Please refer to the manuals for your printer as well as the
Microsoftdocumentation.
Recentlyusedfiles
Listofthemostrecentlyusedfiles.Selectinganitemonthelistcausesthefiletobeloaded.
Exit
ClosesOrcaLay.
2.10.2 EditMenu
Cut
Copiesthecurrentselectiontotheclipboardandthendeletesit.
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UserInterface,Menus
23
Copy
Copiesthecurrentselectiontotheclipboard.
Paste
Pastesthecurrentcontentsoftheclipboard.
Delete
Deletesthecurrentselection.
SelectAll
Selectsallthetextinthemessagewindoworallthecellsintheresultsspreadsheet.
2.10.3 DataMenu
Common
ShowstheCommondataform.
Vessel
ShowstheVesseldataform.
Pipe
ShowsthePipedataform.
Umbilical
ShowstheUmbilicaldataform.
Initiation
ShowstheInitiationdataform.
Lay
ShowstheLaydataform.
Laydown
ShowstheLaydowndataform.
2.10.4 ViewMenu
EditViewParameters
AdjusttheViewParametersforthe3DView.Youcanadjusttheviewcentrepositionandviewsize.
ZoomIn/ZoomOut
Clickthezoombuttontozoomin(decreaseviewsize)orSHIFT+CLICKittozoomout(increaseviewsize).
2.10.5 CalculationMenu
InitiationSingle
StartstheInitiationSingleCaseAnalysis.
InitiationComplete
StartstheInitiationCompleteAnalysis.
CalculateWireLength
StarttheautomaticInitiationWireLengthCalculation.
UserInterface,Menus
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24
AnchorProofTest
StarttheInitiationAnchorProofTest.
InitiationSummary
DisplaystheInitiationResultsSummary.
LaySingle
StartstheLaySingleCaseAnalysis.
LayComplete
StartstheLayCompleteAnalysis.
LaydownSingle
StartstheLaydownSingleCaseAnalysis.
LaydownComplete
StartstheLaydownCompleteAnalysis.
LaydownSummary
DisplaystheLaydownResultsSummary.
Stop
Stopsthecurrentlyactivecalculationandkeepstheresultsfromallpreviouscalculations.
Reset
Stops the currently active calculation and discards the results from all previous calculations. This is needed if you
needtomodifydataitemsthatwereusedbypreviouscalculations.
BatchProcessing
Opensthebatchprocessingform.
2.10.6 ToolsMenu
Preferences
Opensthepreferencesform.Atthemomentthisonlyallowsyoutoadjusttheprintermargins.
2.10.7 HelpMenu
ContentsandIndex
OpentheContents/Index/Findintheonlinehelp.
What'sNew
OpensthehelpattheWhat'sNewtopic.
Tutorial
OpensthehelpattheTutorialtopic.
OrcinaHomePage
OpenstheOrcinahomepageinyoursystem'sdefaultwebbrowser.
About
Displays a window giving the program version and details about Orcina Ltd. In addition, the window reports the
amountofdiskspace,memoryandWindowsresourcesthatarecurrentlyfree.
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BatchProcessing,Introduction
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3 BATCHPROCESSING
3.1 INTRODUCTION
OrcaLay provides batch processing facilities by means of a simple, textbased script language. Script files can be
submitted to the batch form and then processed in unattended mode. The output of the script is a series of Excel
workbookscontainingresultsforalltheanalysesspecifiedinthescript.
Scriptsareusuallyusedtorunaseriesofvariationsonabasedatafile.Ascriptcontainsasequenceofcommandsto
read a data file, make modifications to it, perform calculations and store the results. The script can also include
comments.Thesyntaxfortheinstructionsisdescribedinthenexttopic.
Script files can be written using any text editor. Alternatively, there are facilities in the OrcaFlex Spreadsheet for
automaticallygeneratingscriptfilesforregularsetsofcases.
ThebatchformisopenedbyusingtheCalculation|BatchProcessingmenuitem.Thiscommandopensaformthat
allows you to build a list of scripts to be run. Then, when you run the job, OrcaLay opens and runs each script in
turn.
BatchFormUserInterface
Close
DismissestheBatchform.
AddFile
Files are added to the file list by CLICKING on the Add button. The Open File dialogue box is displayed, where you
select one or more files to be entered in the Files To Run list. To select a group of files, use SHIFT+CLICK and
CTRL+CLICK.
Files can also be added by drag and drop. That is if you are browsing your file system then you can highlight files
anddragthemontotheFilesToRunlistonthebatchform.
RemoveFile
Thisbuttonremovesanyfileshighlightedinthefilelist.
RunBatch
Startrunningthelistedfiles.Eachfileisopenedandruninturn,andthefilethatiscurrentlybeingrunishighlighted
inthefilelist.Ifanyfilefailsduetoerrorsthenthatfileisabandonedandthebatchjobcontinueswiththenextfile.
Ifanyerrorsoccurtheyarereportedattheendofthebatchjob.
PauseBatch
Pausesthecurrentlyrunningbatchjob.
This can be useful if you temporarily want another process on your machine to have the processor resource that
OrcaLay is using. For example suppose that you have OrcaLay and another program both performing processor
intensive calculations. The operating system will typically assign 50% of the available processor resource to each
process. If you want the other program to finish its calculations quicker then the Pause facility allows you to give
100%oftheresourcetothatotherprogram.
StopBatch
Terminatethebatchjob.
CloseprogramwhenBatchcompletes
IfthisischeckedthenOrcaLaywillbeclosedoncethebatchofrunsiscomplete.Thisfeatureisintendedprincipally
foruserswithnetworkedlicences.ItallowsyoutoreleaseyourclaimonanOrcaLaylicenceassoonasthebatchof
runsiscomplete.
3.2 SCRIPTSYNTAX
AnOrcaLaybatchscriptismadeupofcommands,whichareobeyedsequentially,andcomments,whichareignored.
Acommentisalinethatiseitherblankoronwhichthefirstnonblankcharactersare"//".Acommandcanbe:
BatchProcessing,ScriptCommands
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26
1. A directive followed by one or more arguments, optionally separated by white space (one or more spaces or
tabs). For example: LoadData c:\temp\test.oly where LoadData is the directive and
c:\temp\test.olyistheargument.
2. AnassignmentoftheformVariableName=value,againwithoptionalwhitespaceseparators.Forexample:
Length = 55.0.
Notethat:
Directives,variablenames,andmodelobjectnamesareallcaseindependent.
If your script includes a relative file name then it is taken to be relative to the directory from which the script
wasloaded.
Filenames,arguments,variablesorvaluescontainingspacesornonalphanumericcharactersmustbeenclosed
insingleordoublequotesandtheymustnotcontainthesamequotecharacterasisusedtoenclosethem.For
example'6"pipe'and"200'riser"arevalid,butthefollowingarenotvalid:
6inchpipecontainsspaces,soneedstobeenclosedinquotes;
6"pipecontainsadoublequote,soneedstobeenclosedinsinglequotes;
'6' pipe'containsasinglequote,soneedstobeenclosedindoublequotesinsteadofsingle.
3.3 SCRIPTCOMMANDS
The following batch script commands are currently available. You need to put quotes round file names or other
parametersthatincludespacesornonalphanumericcharacters.
LoadData<FileName>
OpenstheOrcaLayfilenamed<FileName>.
SaveData<FileName>
Savethecurrentmodelto<FileName>.
SaveResults<FileName>
SaveresultstoanExcelworkbookcalled<FileName>.
Reset
Resetsthecurrentmodel.ThiscommandisequivalenttotheCalculation|Resetmenuitem.
New
Deletesallobjectsfromthecurrentmodelandresetsdatatodefaultvalues.ThiscommandisequivalenttotheFile|
Newmenuitem.
Assignment
Assignmentcommandstaketheform
VariableName = Value
TheVariableNameonthelefthandsidemustbeoneoftherecognisedvariablenames.TheValueontherighthand
sidemustbeintheappropriateformforthatvariable(i.e.numericortext)anditmustbegiveninthesameunitsas
usedinthecurrentmodel.
Forexample:
VesselName = "My Barge"
RampAngle = 30
MaxTopTension = 220
IfVariableNameisthenameofavariablethatappearsinacheckboxinOrcaLaythentheValueshouldbeTrueor
False.Forexample:
SearchForSupportLiftoff = False
IfVariableNameisthenameofavariablethatappearsinatableinOrcaLay,thenitsrownumbermustbegiven.The
rownumberisgivenasanindexenclosedbyeithersquareorroundbrackets(don'tmixthemonthesameline),and
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BatchProcessing,ObtainingVariableNames
27
isalways1basedi.e.[1]isthefirstrowofthetable.Notethatthissometimesrequirescare,sinceinOrcaLaythe
tablemightnotbe1based.Forexample,whensettingtheinitiationpayoutdata,thecommand:
InitiationPayoutUserStep[2] = 35.0
sets the payout in the 2nd row of the table, but in this case the first row of the table is step 0 so this command
(slightlyconfusingly)setsthepayoutforstep1.
Pipedatarequiresalittleextraworktoset.Iftherearemorethanonepipetypedefinedinthemodelthenyoumust
specifywhichpipetypeanyassignmentsreferto,asfollows:
SelectedPipe = Pipe1
PipeOD = 180.0
PipeWallThickness = 12.3
IfthedatacontainsonlyasinglepipetypethentheSelectedPipeassignmentcanbeomitted.
InitiationSingle[<FileName>]
PerformstheSingleInitiationcalculation.
The FileName parameter is optional. If it is included then an OrcaFlex data file is written after the calculation is
complete,otherwisenoOrcaFlexdatafileiswritten.
InitiationComplete
PerformstheCompleteInitiationcalculation.
InitiationSummary
PerformstheInitiationResultsSummarycalculation.
AnchorProofTest
PerformstheAnchorProofTest.
CalcWireLength
PerformstheWireLengthcalculation.
LaySingle[<FileName>]
PerformstheSingleLaycalculation.
LayComplete
PerformstheCompleteLaycalculation.
LayDownSingle[<FileName>]
PerformstheSingleLaydowncalculation.
LaydownComplete
PerformstheCompleteLaydowncalculation.
LaydownSummary
PerformstheLaydownResultsSummarycalculation.
3.4 OBTAININGVARIABLENAMES
Each OrcaLay data item has its own name that is usedto specify it in a script file. The names of the data items are
basedonthecorrespondinglabelsusedonthedataform.Tofindoutthenameofadataitem,opentheappropriate
data form, select the data item, and then open (e.g. by right click) the popup menu and select the Batch Script
Names command (or press F7). This displays the variable name of the selected data item and you can select and
copy+pastethenamedirectlyintoyourbatchscript.
BatchProcessing,AutomatingScriptGeneration
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28
Ifthedataitemisinatable(orgroup)ofdataitemsthentheBatchScriptNamesformdisplaysthenamesofallthe
dataitemsinthetable.Thedifferentcolumnsinthetableeachhavetheirownnames;youthenneedtoaddanindex
tospecifywhichrowyouwant.
3.5 AUTOMATINGSCRIPTGENERATION
The OrcaFlex Spreadsheet has facilities for automating the generation of a script file for a regular set of cases.
AlthoughthiswasdesignedprimarilyforusewithOrcaFlex,it worksperfectlywellwithOrcaLaytoo.Ifyoudonot
haveaccesstoOrcaFlexandwouldlikethisspreadsheetthenpleasecontactus.
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Data,CommonData
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4 DATA
4.1 COMMONDATA
4.1.1 Introduction
TheCommonDataitemsarecommontoalltypesofanalysis.
Project,Client,Username
Freeformatuserdefinedstringswhichareusedsolelyforlabelling.
Operation
PipeorUmbilical.
Units
These may be SI or US (imperial). If the units are changed, the program automatically converts all the data in the
modelintothenewunits.
4.1.2 Environment
SeaDensity
Densityoftheseawater.
4.1.3 Wire
ThesamewiredataareassumedtoapplyforInitiation,LaydownandA&Ranalyses.
Type
Twopredefinedwiresareavailable,2"and2".A"UserDefined"optionisalsoavailable.
DataitemsforUserDefinedwire
OutsideDiameter
Mass
Axialstiffness(EA)
HandlingWinchCapacity
ThislimitsthetensionwhichmaybeappliedtothewireinLaydownandA&R.
DragCoefficient
Thisisthenormaldragcoefficient,relatingtothecomponentofflowwhichisatrightanglestothewire.
4.1.4 Analysis
ThesedatacontrolwhichcasesarereportedforCompleteAnalyses.
Targetnumberofcasestoanalyse
TheCompleteAnalysiscalculationsareperformedin3stages:
1. FirsttheprogramsearchesfortheextremenearandfarcasesasdeterminedbytheAcceptanceCriteria.
2. Theprogramsearchesforanyreferenceoffsetsspecifiedinthedatabelow.
3. Casesintermediatetothosefoundinstages1and2areanalysed.TheTargetnumberofcasestoanalysedata
itemdeterminesthetotalnumberofcasesthatwillbereported.
IncludeReferenceOffsets
Thecompleteanalysisfirstdeterminestheworkingrangeandthensearchesforanumberofreferenceoffsetcases
asspecifiedbythedatabelow.
Note: The search to determine reference offsets can be time consuming and so you should only include
referenceoffsetsthatareofparticularinterest.
Data,CommonData
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30
Searchforsupportliftoff
IfthisischeckedandthevesselhassupportsdefinedthenCompleteAnalysiscalculationswillsearchforandreport
cases corresponding to pipe liftoff from each support. Pipe liftoff is deemed to occur when the support reaction
equals0.1kN.
Topendbendmoment
IfthisischeckedthenCompleteAnalysiscalculationswillsearchforandreportcasescorrespondingtothespecified
valueoftopendbendmoment.
Supportclearance
valueofclearanceatthespecifiedsupport.
Pipelift
valueofpipelift.
4.1.5 Segmentation
ThesedatadefinethewayinwhichtheOrcaLaymodelofthepipeissubdividedforanalysispurposes.Fourlevelsof
segmentationaredefined:Fine,Medium,CoarseandTouchdown.
ThesenumbersarerelativetothenominallineOD.ForapipethisistheuppercarrierpipeODandforanumbilical
this is the umbilical OD. This means that for a pipe it ignores coatings and piggyback lines. So, for example, Fine
segmentationmeanssegmentlengthsof(FineSegmentationValue)*(nominalOD).
Thissegmentlengthcannotalwaysbeachievedexactlysoitshouldbeviewedasatargetsegmentlength.Whenthe
segmentlengthcannotbeachievedexactly,thenearestpossibleshortersegmentlengthischosen.
Weapplythesesegmentationvaluesasfollows:
1. Foreachsectionchange(MPL,pullhead,pipetransition)weusefinesegmentationfor10*ODeithersideofthe
sectionchange.Weusemediumsegmentationfor40*ODeithersideofthefinesegmentation.
2. Weusefinesegmentationfrombetweenthetopendand10*ODbeyondthelastsupport(ortopendifthereare
nosupports).Weusemediumsegmentationfor40*ODbeyondthat.
3. We define the vertical range to be the vertical distance from the top end and the seabed. We use touchdown
segmentationforarclengthsbeyondtheverticalrange.
4. 4.Allotherareas,togetherwithallwire,MPLandpullheadsectionsusecoarsesegmentation.
ResettoDefault
Clickthisbuttontoresetthesegmentationparameterstotheirdefaultvalues.
4.1.6 Convergence
The convergence parameters control the way in which OrcaLay finds the pipe equilibrium shape. The following
parameterscanbecontrolledbytheuser:
MaxIterations
Tolerance
The nondimensional accuracy to which the calculation is done, before the calculation is treated as having
converged.Increasingthetoleranceincreasesthechancesofconvergencebutreducestheaccuracy.
Mindamping
Itwillgenerallybesufficienttoleavetheseparametersattheirdefaultvalues,butifconvergenceisdifficultorfails
to occur, then the convergence parameters may be adjusted to assist. If adjustment is needed, then the following
sequenceissuggested:
1. IncreaseMinDampingto2.0or5.0,say.
2. IfthisfailsthenincreaseMaxIterationsto5000.
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Data,VesselData
31
ResettoDefault
Clickthisbuttontoresettheconvergenceparameterstotheirdefaultvalues.
4.1.7 Drawing
Colours
Thesedatadeterminewhichcoloursareusedtodrawthevariousobjectsshowninthe3DView.
NodeThickness
This determines the thickness of the pen used to draw nodes on the pipe or umbilical. To suppress node drawing
useavalueof0.
4.2 VESSELDATA
4.2.1 Introduction
TheVesselDataitemsareusedtodefinethegeometryofthelayvessel.
VesselName
Afreeformatuserdefinedstringwhichisusedsolelyforlabelling.
4.2.2 General
VesselOrigin
LocationofthevesseloriginintheVesselcoordinatesystem. ForLayanalysesthewaterdepthismeasuredatthis
point.Inaddition,theVesselOffsetforSheaveInitiationismeasuredrelativetothispoint.
When OrcaLay writes out a data file for further analysis in OrcaFlex this is the origin of the vessel in the OrcaFlex
model.FormoredetailsseetheOrcaFlexprogramdocumentation.
VesselLength
Nominal vessel length, used to scale Vessel Type data. A value of ~ means use the same value asthe Vessel Type.
WhenOrcaLaywritesoutadatafileforfurtheranalysisinOrcaFlexthisisvessellengthintheOrcaFlexmodel.For
moredetailsseetheOrcaFlexprogramdocumentation.
ImportVesselType
Allows the user to import Vessel Type information from an existing OrcaFlex file. This includes the OrcaFlex
drawingofthevesselwhichisusedintheOrcaLay3Dview.
OrcaLay only uses the drawing data for the Vessel Type. However, the other Vessel Type data (eg. RAOs) is
rememberedbyOrcaLay.IfyouchoosetoexportanOrcaFlexfilethenallVesselTypedataiswrittentotheexported
OrcaFlexfile.
DataItemsusedinPipelayoption
RampAngle
Degreesfromhorizontal.
Note: Wherethereisnorampassuch,thisangleisusedtodefinetheangleatwhichthetopendofthe
pipeisfixedandshouldbesetaccordingly.
Forexample,ifyouaremodellingan'S'layoperationwithahorizontalfiringlinethentheRamp
Angleshouldbe0.
MaximumTopTension
Determined by the capacity of the pipe tensioner. This value is used for the acceptance criteria in Complete
InitiationandCompleteLayanalyses.
BollardPull
Limitshorizontalcomponentofpipetension.ThisvalueisusedfortheacceptancecriteriainCompleteanalyses.
HeightofRampPivotPointAbovetheWaterLine
Therampistreatedasrotatingintheplaneoftheshipaboutthispoint.
Data,VesselData
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32
DataItemsusedinUmbilicalLayoption
HeightofChuteTopAboveWaterLine,ChuteIncludedAngle
Thechuteisassumedtoformacirculararc,horizontalatthetop.Theanglerequiredisfromthetopofthechuteto
theendofthearc.TheumbilicalisnotpermittedtowrapbeyondthispointinCompleteanalysesseeacceptance
criteria.
4.2.3 Positions
Thistableallowstheuserto:
Defineanarbitrarynumberofpositionsontheship.
Assignanappropriatenametoeachposition.
Determinewhetherthepositionrotateswiththerampornot.
The positions given here are used to define the lay spread geometry, but it is not necessary for every entry in the
Positions table to be used. For example, the ship may be fitted with two handling winches, only one of which is in
useduringaspecificlayoperation.Itmaybeconvenienttodefinethepositionsofboth,thenselecttheonerequired
intheConfigurationpage.
Positions are defined by x, z coordinates. If a specific position is declared as rotating with the ramp, then the x, z
coordinatesareinterpretedintheRampcoordinatesystem;ifnot,thenthecoordinatesareinterpretedintheVessel
coordinatesystem.
4.2.4 Configuration
These data items define the positions of various points used in the analysis. The coordinates are defined on the
Positionspage.
PipeTopEnd,PipeTopEndzadjustment
Thepipeismodelledfromthispoint.
ForReellay,itwillbethetensionerexit.
ForJlay,itwillbethefixedpipeclamp.
ForSlay,itshouldbeaconvenientpointoffixityneartheaftendofthefiringline,e.g.thelastfiringstation.
The z coordinateatthe Pipe TopEnd isthe heightto the lower edge of the pipeand may varywith pipediameter.
Theloweredgeofthepipeissetatazvaluegivenby
z=PTE
z
+a.D
wherePTE
z
isthezcoordinateofthePipeTopEndposition,aisthePipeTopEndzadjustmentandDisthepipeOD
includingcoatings(ifany).
Note: If the z coordinate at the Pipe Top End does not vary with pipe diameter then Pipe Top End z
adjustmentshouldbesetto0.
PipeTopEndConnectionStiffness
The connection stiffness at the pipe top end. A value of "Infinity" will result in the pipe top end connection being
modelledasarigidconnection.
DistancetoUpperPipeHangoff
Used for analysis of J lay only. After a new stand of pipe has been welded in place, the pipe is supported from a
temporary hangoff whilst the clamp is released, the pipe is lowered, and the ship moves forward. This data item
definesthedistanceofthetemporaryhangofffromtheclamp,measuredalongthepipe.
Note: Ifyouarenotanalysing'J'laythenthedefaultvalueof0shouldbeused.
HandlingSheave
ForLaydownanalysisthewireisconnectedatthispoint.
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Data,VesselData
33
PipeSensorPosition
This defines the location of the sensor used to measure pipe lift. Positive values of pipe lift mean that the pipe is
aboveoraftofthedatum.
If the sensor rotates with the ramp then pipe lift is measured normal tothe ramp, from the sensor tothe pipe
underside.
Ifthesensordoesnotrotatewiththerampthenpipeliftismeasuredhorizontally,fromthesensortothepipe
underside.
InitiationPayoutOrigin
ThereferencepointfromwhichPipeLength(i.e.payout)ismeasuredforInitiation.
LaydownPayoutOrigin
ThereferencepointfromwhichWireLength(i.e.payout)ismeasuredforLaydown.
SuspendedLengthOrigin
The reference point from which Suspended Length, Horizontal Projection, Vertical Projection, Projection Growth
andDistancetoTargetaremeasured.
4.2.5 Supports
Thesedataitemsdefinethepositionsandcharacteristicsofthepipesupports,ifany.Thepipesupportsareassumed
to take the form of horizontal rollers. The position defines the roller centre and OrcaLay adds in the roller radius.
Dataitemsare:
RollerDiameter
Measuredatthepointofcontactwiththepipe.
SupportStiffness
Thisisthetotaleffectivestiffnessofthesupport,includingtheeffectsofpipeovalisation.
x,z,Rotateswithramp
Thecoordinatesofthesupportaredefinedbyxandz.Ifasupportisdeclaredasrotatingwiththeramp,thenthese
coordinatesareinterpretedintheRampcoordinatesystem;ifnot,thentheyareinterpretedintheVesselcoordinate
system.
SupportPositionsWizard
This facility allows you to specify the support coordinates as being points following a prescribed path. The path is
assumedtobeaninitialstraightlinesectionfollowedbyacirculararc.Thesupportsareallassumedtorotatewith
theramp.
RadiustoPipeUnderside,DistanceofStraightSectionfromPipeTopEnd
Thesedatadeterminethegeometryofthecirculararcandthestraightsectionrespectively.
PipeReferenceOD
Thediameterofthecarrierpipe.
Arclength,DistancealongRampxaxis,Angle
These data items specify where each support is placed on the circular arc. Note that each data item is related so
changingonevaluewillresultintheothertwovaluesbeingupdated.
Arclength and Distance along Ramp xaxis are measured from the end of the straight section. Likewise an angle of
zerocorrespondstotheendofthestraightsection.
4.2.6 Constraints
Thesedataitemsdefinethepositionsofobjectswhichconstrainthemovementofthepipe.Examplesmightinclude
arollerbox,ortheedgesofamoonpool.
Dataitemsare:
Data,PipeData
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34
Name
Userdefinedtitlestring.
x,z,Rotateswithramp
Thecoordinatesoftheconstraintaredefinedbyxandz.Ifa constraintisdeclaredasrotatingwiththeramp,then
these coordinates are interpreted in the Ramp coordinate system; if not, then they are interpreted in the Vessel
coordinatesystem.
ConstraintSense
Foreachconstraint,specifywhethertheconstraintisForwardorAft.
ConstraintistotheBelow/Fwdmeansthatthepipeisnotpermittedtopassforwardoforbelowtheconstraint
(e.g.theforwardedgeofthemoonpool).
ConstraintistotheAbove/Aftmeansthepipeisnotpermittedtopassaftoforabovetheconstraint(e.g.theaft
edgeofthemoonpool,orthetoprollerinarollerbox).
Note: The constraints are part of the acceptance criteria when performing a complete analysis. For a
single analysis, the acceptance criteria do not apply and the distance to each constraint will be
reported.
4.3 PIPEDATA
4.3.1 Introduction
ThePipeDataisonlyusedwhenusingthePipeLayoption.
ThePipeDataformisdividedintothreeareas:
1. Datacommontoallpipesconsideredintheanalysis(topleft).
2. Numberofpipetypesdetailedinthisdatafile(topright).
3. Propertiesspecifictoeachpipetype(lowerpart).
PipeTypes
Each Pipe Type defines a complete pipe assembly. Besides details of the main pipe structure (diameter, wall
thickness,materialproperties),thePipeTypeincludesdetailsofcoatingsandliningsappliedtothemainpipe,plus
detailsofanexternalpiggybackline(includingitsowncoatingsandliningsifany)andmultipleinternallines,allof
whichcontributetotheoverallmechanicalandstructuralpropertiesoftheline.
Propertiescanbespecifiedformorethanonepipesection,e.g.toallowanalysisofapipewherethewallthickness
changes.SpecifythenumberofPipeTypesrequiredandallocateanametoeach.Notethatthedatafilemaycontain
definitionsofmorePipeTypesthanareusedintheanalysis.
NumberofPipeTypes
ThereisnolimitonthetotalnumberofPipeTypeswhichmaybedefined.
PipeTypeName
UsedtoidentifythePipeTypeelsewhereinthedata.
4.3.2 Common
Commonpipedataitemsareasfollows:
CodeCheck
OptionsareBS8010,DnV1981,DnV1996,DnV2000(OSF101),APIRP1111.Theimplementationofeachcodeis
documentedinthecodecheckdocument.
Note: Differentpipecodesrequiredifferentdatafortheirapplication,sothelayoutofthePipeDataform
changesasthecodecheckselectionchanges.SomeofthesedataitemsappearintheCommonData
section,othersinthePropertiesofPipeTypessection.
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Data,PipeData
35
StressLimits
Maximum percent of specified minimum yield stress (SMYS) for controlled and uncontrolled bending (also known
as position controlled and load controlled bending respectively). Sections of pipe above the last support (if any
present) are treated as supported when the pipe is in sagbend. In all other circumstances the pipe is treated as
unsupported.Differentlevelscanbespecifiedforsupportedandunsupportedbending.
MinimumTension
Minimum allowable tension value for the pipe. This value is used for the acceptance criteria. This acceptance
criteriondoesnotapplywhenthevalueissetto'~'.
ContentsDensity
Thedensityofthepipecontents.
ContentsState
Twooptionsareavailable:
Fluid:Internalpressureincreaseshydrostaticallywithdepth.
Solid: Internal pressure is set to zero throughout. The "Solid" option is provided primarily for use when
modelling a pipeinpipe system in which the annulus between the inner and outer pipes contains a solid
(commonlyfoam)insulatingmaterial.
Note: For a pipeinpipe system, this data item defines the density of the contents of the annular space
between the carrier pipe and the inner pipe. The contents density for the inner pipe is specified
separately.
SupplementaryRequirementU(DnV2000)
Check this box if Supplementary Requirement U applies see DnV 2000 pipe code in the code check document for
details.
BendingStrainSafetyFactorf1(APIRP1111)
SeeAPIRP1111pipecodeinthecodecheckdocumentfordetails.
PipeConstruction(DnV2000andAPIRP1111)
Selectappropriatepipeconstructionprocessseetheappropriatepipecodeinthecodecheckdocumentfordetails.
PipeType
Propertiescanbespecifiedformorethanonepipesection,e.g.toallowanalysisofapipewherethewallthickness
changes.SpecifythenumberofPipeTypesrequiredandallocateanametoeach.
4.3.3 Main
OutsideDiameter
WallThickness
MaterialE
Youngsmodulusforthepipematerial.
MaterialYieldStressSMYS
SpecifiedMinimumYieldStressforthepipematerial.
TensileStrengthSMTS(DnV2000[OSF101]andAPIRP1111)
SpecifiedMinimumTensileStrengthforthepipematerial.
DnVOvalityandAPIOvality
Data items used for DnV 1996, DnV 2000 and API RP 1111 code checks. The DnV codes define ovality as (OD
max

OD
min
)/OD
mean
.TheAPIcodedefinesovalityas(OD
max
OD
min
)/(OD
max
+OD
min
).Thereforethe2valuesarerelated
bytheequationDnVOvality=2.APIOvality.
Note: Ovality values are reported as percentages. This means that you should multiply values from the
aboveequationsby100beforeinputtingthem.
Data,PipeData
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36
Note: BS8010alsoincludesovality,butthedefinitionisdifferentandtheprogramusesaconstantvalue.
PoissonRatio
MaterialDensity
DragCoefficient
Normaldragcoefficient,usedforcurrentdragcalculation.
4.3.4 CoatingsandLinings
Coatings are applied sequentially from the pipe wall outwards. Buoyancy is determined according to the pipe
diameterovertheoutermostcoating.
Linings are applied sequentially from the pipe wall inwards. Weight of pipe contents is determined according to
pipediameterinsidetheinnermostlining.
NumberofExternalCoatingLayers,NumberofInternalLiningLayers
Foreachcoatingorlining:
Name
Thickness,MaterialDensity
4.3.5 PiggybackLine
Asinglepiggybacklinemaybedefined,Thelinemaybeeitherapipeoranumbilical.Thepiggybacklinecontributes
tothemass,buoyancy,bendstiffnessandhydrodynamicdragofthetotalpipestructuremodel.Thepiggybacklineis
assumedtocarryzerotension.
PiggybackPipeData
OutsideDiameter
WallThickness
MaterialE
MaterialDensity
ContentsDensity
DragCoefficient
CoatingsandLiningsmaybedefinedasforthemainpipe.
PiggybackUmbilicalData
OutsideDiameter
MassIncludingContents
EI(BendStiffness)
DragCoefficient
4.3.6 InternalLines
Arbitrary numbers of internal pipes and umbilicals may be defined. Note that it is the users responsibility to
confirm that the specified internal lines will fit in the space available: the program returns an error if the annular
spaceislessthanzero(i.e.thetotalvolumeofthespecifiedinternallinesexceedstheinternalvolumeofthecarrier
pipe)butdoesnotcarryoutamoredetailedgeometriccheck.
Internal lines contribute to the mass andbend stiffness of the total pipe structure model butare assumed to carry
zerotension.
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Data,UmbilicalData
37
InternalPipeData
Name
OutsideDiameter
WallThickness
MaterialE
MaterialDensity
ContentsDensity
Noprovisionismadeforcoatingsandliningsoninternalpipes.
InternalUmbilicalData
Name
OutsideDiameter
EI(BendStiffness)
4.4 UMBILICALDATA
TheUmbilicalDataisonlyusedwhenusingtheUmbilicalLayoption.
Name
OutsideDiameter
EA(AxialStiffness)
EI(BendStiffness)
Minimumallowablebendradius,MaximumallowableTension,MinimumallowableTension
UsedintheacceptancecriteriaforCompleteanalyses.
FrictionCoefficient
Betweenumbilicalandchute.
DragCoefficient
Normaldragcoefficient,usedforcurrentdragcalculation.
4.5 INITIATIONDATA
4.5.1 Introduction
InitiationMethod
Twomethodsofpipelayinitiationareoffered:
In the Seabed Anchor system, an anchor is located at a fixed point on the seabed. A constant length wire is
connectedbetweentheInitiationHeadandtheanchor,andtheshipmovesawayaspipeispaidout.
In the Seabed Sheave system, a fixed sheave is located on the seabed and a wire is connected from the
Initiation Head, through the seabed sheave and back to a winch on the ship. The ship stands off a specified
distance horizontally from the sheave and the pipe is paid out under tension from the winch wire. Tension in
thewireisadjustedtopreventthepipebecomingoverstressed.
Data,InitiationData
w
38
InitiationHead
Mass,VolumeandLength
TheInitiationHeadismodelledasacylinderofthelengthdefinedinthedataandoutsidediameterchosentogive
thecorrectvolume.Themassistreatedasuniformlydistributed.
WireData(SeabedAnchorInitiationonly)
WireLength
Note: The wire length to be used for the Anchor Initiation analysis is input by the user. A wire length
calculationisprovidedforguidance,buttheuserisfreetoacceptoradjustthislengthashewishes.
Otherwireproperties(mass,diameter,etc.)aregivenintheCommonData.
4.5.2 Payout
PayoutMode
ThiscanbeAutomaticorUserDefined.
NumberofPayoutSteps
ThenumberofdiscretestepsusedtomodelthepipepayoutduringtheInitiationoperation.
LengthofPipelinetoPayout
If Payout Mode is set to Automatic the total Length to Payout is defined by the user and the table below
showingpayoutlengthateachstepisfilledoutautomaticallybytheprogram.
If Payout Mode is set to User Defined the Length of Pipeline to Payout is defined individually for each step. A
listofdefaultvaluesisprovided,buttheusershouldadjustthesetomeettheprojectrequirements.
TopTensionforsummary
The top tension value used to produce the summary results output. A value of '~' results in the payout step being
omittedfromthetable.
4.5.3 SheaveInitiation
SheaveEfficiency
Ameasureofthelossintensionroundthesheaveduetofriction.Tensioninthehauldownwireonthepipesideof
thesheaveistimestensiononthewinchsidewhereissheaveefficiency.
VesselOffset
Horizontaldistancefromthesheavetothevesselorigin.Anappropriatevaluemaybeestimatedfromtheresultsof
theLayanalysis.
Note: ThesedataitemsonlyapplywhenyouareusingSheaveInitiation.
4.5.4 Environment
WaterDepth
For Seabed Anchor Initiation this is defined at the target point, i.e. the point at which the Initiation Head will
touchdown.
ForSeabedSheaveInitiationthisisdefinedatthevesselorigin.
Note: Waterdepthatthetouchdownpointwilldifferifseabedslopeisnonzero.
SeabedSlope
Apositivevaluemeanstheseabedslopesdownwardsfromtouchdowntowardstheship.
4.5.5 Current
CurrentMethodandProfile
Acurrentprofilecanbedefinedinoneoftwoways:
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Data,LayData
39
Power Law: the current speed at the surface and seabed are specified; current speeds at intermediate depths
aredefinedbya
1
/7
powerlaw.
Profile:thecurrentspeedataseriesofdepthsarespecifiedandtheprograminterpolateslinearly.Thecurrent
at the greatest depth specified is applied to any depth below this, for example when a sloping seabed is
specified.Similarly,thecurrentattheleastdepthspecifiedisappliedtoanydepthabovethis.
CurrentDirection
Aheadorastern.
4.5.6 Pipe
ModelTransition,andOptionalMidpointLoad
Check this box if you wish to model initiation of a pipe made up of two sections with different properties (e.g. a
changeofwallthickness),orwithamidpointload.
Pipe
Ifnotransitionistobemodelled,thisdataitemspecifiesthePipeTypetobeusedfortheanalysis.
ModelTransitionData
Ifatransitionistobemodelled,theUserspecifies:
TheTransitionArclengthfromInitiationHeadmeasuredpositivetowardstheLayVessel.
ThePipeTypetobeusedfortheupperpartofthepipe,adjacenttotheLayVessel.
ThePipeTypetobeusedforthelowerpartofthepipe,adjacenttotheInitiationHead.
Note: Thesamepipetypemaybeusedforbothupperandlowersectionsifrequired.Thiswillusuallybe
thecasewhereamidpointloadistobemodelled.
4.5.7 MidpointLoad
ModelMidpointLoad
Checkthisboxiftheanalysisistobecarriedoutincludingamidlineload.Notethatinordertomodelamidpoint
load,aTransitionmustbespecifiedinthePipedata.
MidpointLoadOffsetfromTransitionPointtowardsVessel
The offset from the pipe transition to the end of the midpoint load closest to the Initiation Head. A positive value
meansthemidpointloadisclosertotheLayVesselthanthepipetransition.
MidpointLoaddetails
Mass,VolumeandLengthofthemidpointload.Midpointloadsarerepresentedasshort,stiffsectionsofPipewith
theappropriateOD(i.e.volume),massandlength.
4.6 LAYDATA
4.6.1 AnalysisCases
NumberofCasestoAnalyse
Theprogramallowsyoutoselectanumberofdifferentwaterdepthsforanalysis.
WaterDepth
Definedatthevesselorigin.
Note: Waterdepthatthetouchdownpointwilldifferiftheseabedslopeisnonzero.
SeabedSlope
Data,LayData
w
40
LineLengthCalculation
ForLayandLaydownanalysestheline(pipeorumbilical)ismodelledfromthevesseltotheseabed.Inrealitythe
line would continue some distance along the seabed as far as the anchor. Modelling all of this line would be very
timeconsumingandunnecessary.Insteadtheprogramterminatesthelineoncetouchdownisreached.Wereferto
thisterminationpointasthenominalanchor.
Thesedatadeterminethelengthoflinebetweenthevesseland thenominalanchor.Thecriteriausedtodetermine
thelinelengthisthatthereshouldbenoupliftatthenominalanchor.
UsuallytheModefieldshouldbesettoAuto.Forthissettingtheprogramusesaniterativemethodtochoosealine
lengthwhichhasnoupliftatthenominalanchorfortherangeofacceptabletoptensions.
However,sometimetheautomaticmodefails.InthesecasesyoushouldusetheUsersettingandinputtherequired
linelengthintheValuefield.Inthiscaseyouwouldtypicallyfindasuitablelinelengthbytrialanderror.
4.6.2 Current
aredefinedbya
1
/7
powerlaw.
CurrentDirection
Aheadorastern.
4.6.3 Pipe
Pipe
ModelTransitionData
TheTransitionArclengthfromVesselmeasuredpositivetowardstheAnchor.
ThePipeTypetobeusedfortheupperpartofthepipe,adjacenttotheLayVessel.
ThePipeTypetobeusedforthelowerpartofthepipe,adjacenttotheAnchor.
NumberofConfigurationstoAnalyseandArclengthfromVesseltoPipeTransition
Eachenvironmentalcasewillberepeatedforeachofthepipetransitionarclengthsspecified.
4.6.4 MidpointLoad
ModelMidpointLoad
MidpointLoadOffsetfromTransitionPointtowardsAnchor
TheoffsetfromtheendofthemidpointloadclosesttotheLayVesseltothepipetransition.Apositivevaluemeans
towardstheAnchor.
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Data,LaydownData
41
MidpointLoaddetails
4.7 LAYDOWNDATA
4.7.1 LaydownHead
Mass,VolumeandLength
TheLaydownHeadismodelledasacylinderofthelengthdefinedinthedataandoutsidediameterchosentogive
thecorrectvolume.Themassistreatedasuniformlydistributed.
4.7.2 Payout
PayoutMode
ThiscanbeAutomaticorUserDefined.
NumberofPayoutSteps
ThenumberofdiscretestepsusedtomodelthewirepayoutduringtheLaydownoperation.
LengthofPipelinetoPayout
If Payout Mode is set to Automatic the total Length to Payout is defined by the user and the table below
showingpayoutlengthateachstepisfilledoutautomaticallybytheprogram.
IfPayoutModeissettoUserDefinedtheLengthofWiretoPayoutisdefinedindividuallyforeachstep.Alistof
defaultvaluesisprovided,buttheusershouldadjustthesetomeettheprojectrequirements.
TopTensionforsummary
The top tension value used to produce the summary results output. A value of '~' results in the payout step being
omittedfromthetable.
4.7.3 Environment
WaterDepth
Thisisdefinedatthetargetpoint,i.e.thepointatwhichtheLaydownHeadwilltouchdown.
Note: Waterdepthatthetouchdownpointwilldifferiftheseabedslopeisnonzero.
SeabedSlope
4.7.4 LineLength
LineLengthCalculation
ThesedataitemsareusedinthesamewayastheequivalentLayDataitems.
4.7.5 Current
aredefinedbya
1
/7
powerlaw.
CurrentDirection
Aheadorastern.
Data,LaydownData
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42
4.7.6 Pipe
Pipe
ModelTransitionData
TheTransitionArclengthfromLaydownHeadmeasuredpositivetowardstheAnchor.
ThePipeTypetobeusedfortheupperpartofthepipe,adjacenttotheLaydownHead.
ThePipeTypetobeusedforthelowerpartofthepipe,adjacenttotheAnchor.
NumberofConfigurationstoAnalyseandArclengthfromVesseltoPipeTransition
Eachenvironmentalcasewillberepeatedforeachofthepipetransitionarclengthsspecified.
4.7.7 MidpointLoad
ModelMidpointLoad
MidpointLoadOffsetfromTransitionPointtowardsAnchor
TheoffsetfromtheendofthemidpointloadclosesttotheLayVesseltothepipetransition.Apositivevaluemeans
towardstheAnchor.
MidpointLoaddetails
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Analysis,AnalysisMethods
43
5 ANALYSIS
5.1 ANALYSISMETHODS
5.1.1 CalculationModes
ForInitiation,LayandLaydowntheprogramofferstwobasiccalculationmodes:
CompleteAnalysis
Theobjectofthisanalysisistodeterminetherangeofvaluesoftoptensionwithinwhichtheoperationcanproceed.
Thisisassessedwithreferencetoselectedpipelaycodeandtoanumberofotheracceptancecriteria.
Theanalysisdeterminesthemaximumpermissibletensioncasebyincreasingthepipe/umbilicalspanfromshipto
touchdown until one or more of the acceptance criteria is infringed. The minimum tension case is determined
similarly by reducing the span until one or more of the acceptance criteria is again infringed. This defines the
working range. The software then analyses and reports results for a range of intermediate cases. Which
intermediatecasesareanalysedisdeterminedbytheAnalysisData.
SingleCaseAnalysis
Thismodegivesaccesstomoredetailedresultsforaspecificanalysiscasespecifiedbythetoptension.
5.1.2 AcceptanceCriteria
Pipelines
ThefollowingacceptancecriteriaareappliedwhenusingthePipeLayoption:
Nolocalbucklingasdefinedbytheselecteddesigncode.
Stressesnottoexceedlevelssetbytheuser.TheselevelsarespecifiedaspercentagesofYieldStress(SMYS).A
distinction is made between regions of supported and unsupported bending. Sections of pipe above the last
support (if any present) are treated as supported when the pipe is in sagbend. In all other circumstances the
pipe is treated as unsupported. Different levels can be specified for supported and unsupported bending (also
knownaspositioncontrolledandloadcontrolledbendingrespectively).
ToptensionnottoexceedMaximumtoptension(InitiationandLayonly).
ToptensionnottoexceedHandlingwinchcapacity(Laydownonly).
Horizontalcomponentofforceappliedtovesselnottoexceedvesselbollardpull.
Pipenottocontactanyconstraints.
TensioninpipenottoinfringeMinimumtension.NotethatthiscriteriondoesnotapplywhenMinimumtension
is'~'.
Umbilicals
ThefollowingacceptancecriteriaareappliedwhenusingtheUmbilicalLayoption:
Minimumallowablebendradiusspecifiedinthedatanottobeinfringed.
TensionnottoinfringeMaximumallowableTension.
Tension in umbilical not to infringe Minimum allowable Tension. Note that this criterion does not apply when
Minimumtensionis'~'.
UmbilicalmustnotwrapbeyondtheendofthechuteasdeterminedbytheChuteIncludedAngle.
5.2 LAYANALYSIS
5.2.1 CompleteLayAnalysis
CalculationProcedure
Theautomaticcalculationprocedureisasfollows:
Analysis,LayAnalysis
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1. For the first selected water depth, determine the pipe/umbilical length required for analysis: the length is
selected such that there is always a length of pipe/umbilical on the seabed for any load case which meets the
acceptancecriteria.
2. Setupthesystemmodel.
3. TheshipistreatedasfixedatX=0withthepipeintheXZ plane.Theseabedendofthepipe/umbilicalwillbe
positionedatX<0.
4. AdjusttheXpositionoftheseabedendofthepipe/umbilicaltoidentifythemaximumspanconsistentwiththe
acceptancecriteria.
5. AdjusttheXpositionoftheseabedendofthepipe/umbilicaltoidentifytheminimumspanconsistentwiththe
acceptancecriteria.
6. Wherepipesupportsaredefined:AdjusttheXpositionoftheseabedendofthepipe/umbilicaltoidentifypoints
where successive supports leave contactwith the pipe. Analyse for additional X positions of the seabed end of
the pipe to give 3 load cases in each interval between maximum pipe span and contact with support #1,
betweensupport#1contactandsupport#2contact,andsoon.
7. Where no pipe supports are defined: Analyse for 20 additional X positions at equal increments of top tension
betweenmaximumandminimumspans.
8. Whereatransitionormidpointloadisspecified,repeattheanalysisforeachcasespecified.
9. Repeatforotherwaterdepthsasspecified.
Results
The Common Data and a number of derived parameters are collected in the Common Results sheet, available
followingsuccessfulcompletionofanyanalysis.
In addition to the common results, one results worksheet is produced for each water depth and transition/mid
point load position. Each sheet gives the input data and computed results specific to that water depth. The data
itemsareselfexplanatory.ResultsitemsaregivenforPipelinesandUmbilicals.
Notethatineachcase,atableofresultsispresentedrunningfromthelowesttothehighesttoptensioncompatible
withthespecifiedacceptancecriteria.
PipelineResults
ThePipelineresultsoutputforCompleteLayAnalysisispresentedasasummaryoftheloadcasedetailsfollowedby
atableofresultsfromthelowesttothehighesttoptensioncompatiblewiththespecifiedconstraints.Thetabulated
resultsitemsareasfollows:
VesselOffset
Thehorizontaldistancebetweenthepipetopendandthenominalanchor.
SupportReactions
Reactionforceateachpipesupport.
SupportClearance
Distanceofpipeundersidetothepipesupportspecifiedasareferenceoffset.
PipeLift
Distance of pipe underside from datum at the Pipe Sensor Position defined in the data. Positive values of pipe lift
meanthatthepipeisaboveoraftofthedatum.
underside.
underside.
Tension;TopandBottom
TensioninthepipeatthePipeTopEndandattouchdownrespectively.
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45
TopBendMoment
ThebendmomentatthePipeTopEnd.
SuspendedLength
LengthofpipefromSuspendedLengthOrigintotouchdownpoint.
HorizontalProjection
HorizontaldistancefromSuspendedLengthOrigintotouchdownpoint.
ProjectionGrowth
Suspendedlengthminushorizontalprojection.
MaximumStressesinOverbendandSagbend
Theequivalentstress,alsoknownasvonMisesstress.
Thepipeisinoverbendifthepipe'sdeclinationfrom verticalincreasesasyoumove downthepipe.Thepipeisin
sagbendwhenitisnotinoverbend,ie.ifthepipe'sdeclinationfromverticaldecreasesasyoumovedownthepipe.
Note: Thevaluereportedisthemaximumvaluebetweenthetopendandthetouchdownpoint.
DepartureAngle
Thepipeangletothehorizontalatsealevel.
ConstraintClearance
Minimumclearancebetweenpipeoutersurfaceandanyconstraint.Anegativevaluemeansthattheconstrainthas
beeninfringed.
UmbilicalResults
TheUmbilicalresultsoutputforCompleteLayAnalysisispresentedasasummaryoftheloadcasedetailsfollowed
by a table of results from the lowest to the highest top tension compatible with the specified constraints. The
tabulatedresultsitemsareasfollows:
VesselOffset
Thehorizontaldistancebetweentheumbilicaltopendandthenominalanchor.
MaximumTension
Tensionintheumbilicalatliftoff.Liftoffisthepointatwhichtheumbilicalliftsoffthechute.
TopTension
Tensionatthetopofthechute.Thedifferencebetweenthisandmaximumtensionisduetochutefriction.
BottomTension
Tensionintheumbilicalattouchdown.
MinimumBendRadius
Theminimumbendradiusoftheumbilicalbetweenliftoffandtouchdown.
LiftoffAngle
Thedeclinationfromthehorizontalatliftoff.
SuspendedLength
Lengthofumbilicalfromliftofftotouchdownpoint.
HorizontalProjection
Horizontaldistancefromliftofftotouchdownpoint.
ProjectionGrowth
Suspendedlengthminushorizontalprojection.
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5.2.2 SingleCaseLayAnalysis
AdditionalData
Environment,LineLength,Current,PipeandMidpointload
ThesedatacanbedifferentfromthatusedintheCompleteLayAnalysis.
RequiredTopTension
TheSingleAnalysiswillreportresultsfortheentirelinecorrespondingtothisvalueoftoptension.
TopEndCondition
IftheDistancetoUpperPipeHangoffiszerothenthisdataitemisnotrequiredandthetopendconditionisbuiltin
atthePipeTopEnd.
Otherwise, the Top End Conditioncan be Builtin atPipeTop End or Pinnedat UpperHangoff defines thetop
end condition for the analysis as a built in condition at the Pipe Top End or a pinned condition at the Upper Pipe
Hangoffrespectively.ThePinnedatUpperHangoffconditionwouldbeusedwhenanalysinga'J'layoperation.
WriteOrcaFlexFile
IfthisischeckedthenanOrcaFlexdatafileissavedaftertheanalysisiscomplete.
PipelineResults
ThePipelineresultsoutputforSingleCaseLayAnalysisispresentedasasummaryoftheloadcasedetailsfollowed
bydetailedresultsforeachpointalongtheline.
LoadCaseSummary
SupportReactions,orClearanceBetweenPipeandSupportwherereactioniszero
ConstraintClearances
Minimumclearancebetweenpipeoutersurfaceandeachconstraint.Anegativevaluemeansthattheconstrainthas
beeninfringed.
PipeLength
Totallengthofpipeconsideredintheanalysis.
SuspendedLength.
LengthofpipefromSuspendedLengthOrigintotouchdownpoint.
MidPointLoadData(whereapplicable)
DetailedResults
Arclength
LengthalongthepipemeasuredfromthePipeTopEnd.
SegmentType
PipeorMPL(midpointload).
PositionX,Z
Coordinatesinthevesselaxesoflocationsonthepipeforwhichresultsarereported.
AngletoHorizontal
Tension,Shear,Curvature,BendMoment
Forcesandmomentsatthelocationinquestion.
CarrierPipeShearandBendMoment
These are only presented when a piggyback line or internal lines are analysed. These loads exclude the shear and
bendmomentloadsinthepiggybacklineandinternallines.
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Analysis,InitiationAnalysis
47
StressComponents,EquivalentStress,%Allowable,CodeCheckResults
Calculatedaccordingtothespecifieddesigncode.Theimplementationofeachcodeisdocumentedinthecodecheck
document.
UmbilicalResults
TheUmbilicalresultsoutputforSingleCaseLayAnalysisispresentedasasummaryoftheloadcasedetailsfollowed
bydetailedresults.
LoadCaseSummary
UmbilicalLength
Totallengthofumbilicalconsideredintheanalysis.
SuspendedLength
Lengthofumbilicalfromliftofftotouchdownpoint.
UmbilicalLiftoffAngle
Anglebelowhorizontaltothepointatwhichtheumbilicalleavescontactwiththechute.
TopTension
DetailedResults
Arclength
Lengthalongthepipemeasuredfromliftoff.
SegmentType
PositionX,Z
Coordinatesinthevesselaxesoflocationsontheumbilicalforwhichresultsarereported.
AngletoHorizontal
Tension,Shear,Curvature,BendMomentandBendRadius
Valuesatthelocationinquestion.
5.3 INITIATIONANALYSIS
5.3.1 Introduction
AswellasCompleteandSingleCaseanalysestwoadditionalanalysesareofferedforSeabedAnchorInitiationonly:
Calculate wire length: determines the minimum wire length required to avoid uplift at the Anchor during
initiation.
Anchorprooftest:determinestheminimumwirelengthrequiredtoavoidupliftattheAnchorduringprooftest.
5.3.2 CompleteInitiationAnalysis
The analysis is carried out for a series of steps corresponding to increasing lengths of pipe paid out. The first step
has the Initiation Head at the Initiation Payout Origin specified in the Vessel data, and pipe length is increased at
each subsequent step as defined in the inputdata. Thenumber ofstepsandcorresponding pipelengthscan be set
manuallybytheuser,ortheprogramwillsetthemautomatically.
PayoutMode:Automatic
Theusersetsthenumberofstepstobeanalysedandthetotal lengthofpipetobepaidout.Thelengthofpipepaid
outatsuccessivestepsisdeterminedautomaticallybytheprogram.
Thetotallengthofpipetobepaidoutshouldnormallybesuchthat,forthelaststepofthecalculation,theInitiation
Headlieshorizontalontheseabed.Anappropriatelengthcanbeestimatedfromtheresultsofalayanalysis.
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PayoutMode:UserDefined
Theuserdefinesthenumberofstepstobeanalysedandthelengthofpipepaidoutateachstep.
Foreachstepintheinitiationprocedure,theanalysisisthensimilartothatforCompleteLayanalysis.Notethat:
ForAnchorInitiationanalysis,theAnchoristreatedasfixedandtheXpositionoftheshipisadjusted
For Sheave Initiation analysis, both Anchor (i.e. the seabed sheave) and the ship are fixed and the pulldown
wirelengthisadjusted.
Note: Whenthepipelengthoverhangingtherollersisshort,reducingtensionmaynotcauseoverstressin
the pipe so there may be no minimum tension case. To avoid computing difficulties, the analysis
stopswhenthehorizontalcomponentoftensionfallstoavalueof10kN.
When the analysis is complete, the user selects the condition preferred at each step and these preferred cases are
reportedinasummarytable.ThesummarytableisobtainedbyselectingtheCalculation|InitiationSummarymenu.
Results
In addition to the common results, one results worksheet is produced for each step in the initiation sequence.
Results are output for maximum and minimum tension cases and all intermediate cases in a form similar to the
pipelayresults.
CompleteInitiationanalysisresultsitemsforPipelinesandUmbilicalsarereported.
ResultsSummary
Thisoptionbuildsatableofresultscontainingoneentryforeachpayoutstepoftheinitiationanalysis.Theseentries
arespecifiedintermsofatoptensionvalue.ThetoptensioncanbespecifiedeitherontheInitiationdataformoron
thecompleteinitiationresultsworksheetforthecorrespondingpayoutstep.Avalueof'~'resultsinthepayoutstep
beingomittedfromthetable.
ThesummarytableisobtainedbyselectingtheCalculation|InitiationSummarymenu.
PipelineResults
The Pipeline results output for Complete Initiation Analysis is presented as a summary of the load case details
followed by a table of results from the lowest to the highest top tension compatible with the specified constraints.
Thetabulatedresultsitemsareasfollows:
SupportReactions
Reactionforceateachpipesupport.
SupportClearance
Distanceofpipeundersidetothepipesupportspecifiedasareferenceoffset.
PipeLift
DistanceofpipefromdatumatthePipeSensorPositiondefinedinthedata.Positivevaluesofpipeliftmeanthatthe
pipeisaboveoraftofthedatum.
underside.
underside.
DistancetoTarget(SeabedSheaveInitiation)
HorizontaldistancefromSuspendedLengthOrigintoTarget.TheTargetisdefinedastheplaceontheseabedwhere
theInitiationheadwillland.
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WireLength(SeabedSheaveInitiation)
FromtheInitiationHeadtotheAnchorandbacktotheHandlingSheave.
InitiationHeadAngle
Tohorizontal.
AnchorUplift(SeabedAnchorInitiation)
Wireangletoseabed.
SheaveResults(SeabedSheaveInitiation)
Vertical,horizontalandtotal(resultant)forceappliedtothesheavebythewire(bothcatenaries),andthedirection
oftheresultant(angletohorizontal).
TopTension
PipetensionatthePipeTopEnd.
AnchorTension(SeabedAnchorInitiation)
WiretensionattheAnchor.
ReturnTension(SeabedSheaveInitiation)
WiretensionattheHandlingSheave.
TopBendMoment
ThebendmomentatthePipeTopEnd.
PipeandWireCombinedSuspendedLength
LengthfromSuspendedLengthOrigintotouchdownpoint.
PipeandWireCombinedHorizontalProjection
HorizontaldistancefromSuspendedLengthOrigintotouchdownpoint.
PipeandWireCombinedProjectionGrowth
PipeandWireCombinedSuspendedLengthminusPipeandWireCombinedHorizontalProjection.
PipeSuspendedLength
LengthofpipefromSuspendedLengthOrigintoInitiationHead.
PipeHorizontalProjection
HorizontaldistancefromSuspendedLengthOrigintoInitiationHead.
PipeVerticalProjection
VerticaldistancefromSuspendedLengthOrigintoInitiationHead.
WireSuspendedLength
LengthofwirefromInitiationHeadtotouchdownpoint.
WireHorizontalProjection
HorizontaldistancefromInitiationHeadtotouchdownpoint.
WireVerticalProjection
VerticaldistancefromInitiationHeadtotouchdownpoint.
MaximumStress
DepartureAngle
Pipeangletothehorizontalatsealevel.
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50
ConstraintClearance
beeninfringed.
UmbilicalResults
The Umbilical results output for Complete Initiation Analysis is presented as a summary of the load case details
DistancetoTarget
Horizontaldistancefromliftofftotarget.Liftoffisthepointatwhichtheumbilicalliftsoffthechute.
MaximumTension
Tensionintheumbilicalatliftoff.
TopTension
BottomTension
MinimumBendRadius
LiftoffAngle
UmbilicalSuspendedLength
LengthofumbilicalfromSuspendedLengthOrigintoInitiationHead.
UmbilicalHorizontalProjection
HorizontaldistancefromSuspendedLengthOrigintoInitiationHead.
UmbilicalVerticalProjection
VerticaldistancefromSuspendedLengthOrigintoInitiationHead.
WireSuspendedLength
LengthofwirefromInitiationHeadtotouchdownpoint.
HorizontaldistancefromInitiationHeadtotouchdownpoint.
VerticaldistancefromInitiationHeadtotouchdownpoint.
5.3.3 SingleCaseInitiationAnalysis
AdditionalData
PipeandMidpointload
ThesedatacanbedifferentfromthatusedintheCompleteInitiationAnalysis.
RequiredTopTension
PipeorUmbilicallength
The length of pipe required for the analysis. This is measured from the Initiation Payout Origin to the Initiation
Head.ThisvaluecorrespondstothePayoutvalueoftheCompleteAnalysis.
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TopEndCondition
IftheDistancetoUpperPipeHangoffiszerothenthisdataitemisnotrequiredandthetopendconditionisbuiltin
atthePipeTopEnd.
Otherwise, the Top End Conditioncan be Builtin atPipeTop End or Pinnedat UpperHangoff defines thetop
end condition for the analysis as a built in condition at the Pipe Top End or a pinned condition at the Upper Pipe
Hangoffrespectively.ThePinnedatUpperHangoffconditionwouldbeusedwhenanalysinga'J'layoperation.
WriteOrcaFlexFile
PipelineResults
The Pipeline results output for Single Case Initiation Analysis is presented as a summary of the load case details
followedbydetailedresults.
LoadCaseSummary
beeninfringed.
PipeLength
Thelengthofpipeusedintheanalysis,measuredfromtheInitiationPayoutOrigintotheInitiationHead.
WireLength(SeabedAnchorInitiation)
AnchorUplift(SeabedAnchorInitiation)
Wireangletohorizontalattheanchor.
TotalWireLengthincludingreturnwire(SeabedSheaveInitiation)
ReturnLineTopTension(SeabedSheaveInitiation)
SheaveResults:VerticalForce,HorizontalForce,ResultantForce,ResultantAngle(SeabedSheaveInitiation)
MidpointLoadandInitiationHeaddetails(SeabedSheaveInitiation)
DetailedResults
Arclength
SegmentType
Pipe,InitiationHeadorwire.
PositionX,Z
AngletoHorizontal
document.
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SheaveInitiationReturnLine
ForSheaveInitiation,thisisfollowedbyafurthertablegivingthegeometryofandtensioninthereturnwire.
UmbilicalResults
The Umbilical results output for Single Case Initiation Analysis is presented as a summary of the load case details
LoadCaseSummary
UmbilicalLength
Totallengthofumbilicalconsideredintheanalysis.
WireLength
Totallengthofwireconsideredintheanalysis.
AnchorUplift
UpliftangleatAnchor.
UmbilicalLiftoffAngle
TopTension
DetailedResults
Arclength
SegmentType
Umbilical,InitiationHeadorwire.
PositionX,Z
AngletoHorizontal
5.3.4 WireLengthCalculation
Thepipeisassumedtobefullypreparedforlayinitiation,withtheflangeconnectingthepipetotheInitiationHead
attheInitiationPayoutOrigin,andtheinitiationwireconnected.Acalculationisthencarriedouttodeterminethe
wire length to the anchor point such that when the Initiation Head is parallel to the ramp, the wire touches down
justinfrontoftheAnchorsothattheAnchordoesnotexperienceuplift.Wirelengthisreported.
Note: Thiswirelengthisnotautomaticallypassedtotheinitiationanalysismodulesastheusermaywish
toadjustthewirelengthforpracticalreasons.
5.3.5 AnchorProofTest
The Anchor is proof tested to a specified load before installation commences. The wire length for the proof test is
chosensuchthattherewillbenoupliftontheAnchorduringthetest.
InadditiontotheInitiationData,onemoredataitemisrequested:
RequiredBottomTension
Typically1.5timesthemaximumanchorloaddeterminedinaninstallationanalysis.
Thewirelengthandshippositionareadjustedsuchthatwhenthetensionattheseabedisasspecifiedthereisjust
noupliftontheAnchor.
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Analysis,LaydownAnalysis
53
The wire length required to ensure zero uplift at the anchor, and the corresponding top tension in the wire are
reported.
5.4 LAYDOWNANALYSIS
5.4.1 Introduction
Forlaydown,awireisconnectedfromtheHandlingSheaveontheshiptothepipeendcap.Theshipmovesforward
paying out the wire until the whole of the pipe lies on the seabed. Analysis is carried out for a series of steps
correspondingtoincreasinglengthsofwirepaidout.
At the start of the operation, the pipe is clamped at a point near the end of the ramp while the pipe is cut and the
LaydownHeadweldedinplace.ThelaydownwireisthenconnectedtotheLaydownHeadandtensioned.Theclamp
isthenreleasedandthelaydownoperationproceeds.
Formodellingpurposes,thepipeisrepresenteduptoanarbitraryanchorpointontheseabed,beyondthepointat
whichthepipewillliftundermaximumtension.
5.4.2 CompleteLaydownAnalysis
The laydown analysis is carried out for a series of steps corresponding to increasing lengths of wire paid out. The
firststephastheLaydownHeadattheLaydownPayoutOrigin.Wirelengthispayedoutateachsubsequentstepas
definedintheinputdata.
ThetotallengthofwiretobepaidoutshouldnormallybesuchthatforthelaststepofthecalculationtheLaydown
Headlieshorizontallyontheseabed.Thewirelengthcorrespondingtothisconditiondependsonthetensioninthe
wire, and the user is asked to specify the maximum wire length to be considered in the analysis. An appropriate
length can be estimated by rerunning the Anchor Proof Test calculation for the maximum value of wire tension
expectedattheseabed.
Having determined the wire lengths corresponding to the first and last steps, we now have to decide how many
intermediate steps should be analysed, and what wire lengths to use for each one. The number of steps and
correspondingwirelengthscanbesetmanuallybytheuser,ortheprogramwillsetthemautomatically.
Foreachstepinthelaydownprocedure,theanalysisisthensimilartothatforCompleteLayAnalysis,withthetop
tensionlimitedbytheHandlingWinchCapacityratherthantheMaximumTopTension.
When the analysis is complete, the user selects the condition preferred at each step and these preferred cases are
reportedinasummarytable.ThesummarytableisobtainedbyselectingtheCalculation|LaydownSummarymenu.
Results
In addition to the common results, one results worksheet is produced for each step in the initiation sequence.
Results are output for maximum and minimum tension cases and all intermediate cases in a form similar to the
pipelayresults.
CompleteLaydownanalysisresultsitemsforPipelinesandUmbilicalsarereported.
One results worksheet is produced for each step in the laydown sequence. Results are output for maximum and
minimum tension cases and all intermediate cases in a form similar to the pipelay results. The data items are self
explanatory.ResultsitemsarereportedforPipelinesandUmbilicals.
ResultsSummary
Thisoptionbuildsatableofresultscontainingoneentryforeachpayoutstepofthelaydownanalysis.Theseentries
arespecifiedintermsofatoptensionvalue.ThetoptensioncanbespecifiedeitherontheLaydowndataformoron
thecompletelaydownresultsworksheetforthecorrespondingpayoutstep.Avalueof'~'resultsinthepayoutstep
beingomittedfromthetable.
ThesummarytableisobtainedbyselectingtheCalculation|LaydownSummarymenu.Asecondsummarytableis
alsocreatedtorepresentRecovery.
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PipelineResults
The Pipeline results output for Complete Laydown Analysis is presented as a summary of the load case details
DistancetoTarget
HorizontaldistancefromSuspendedLengthOrigintoTarget.TheTargetisdefinedastheplaceontheseabedwhere
theLaydownheadwillland.
LaydownHeadAngle
Tohorizontal.
Tension,TopandBottom
WiretensionattheHandlingSheave,andpipetensionattouchdownrespectively.
PipeandWireCombinedSuspendedLength
LengthfromHandlingSheavetotouchdownpoint.
PipeandWireCombinedHorizontalProjection
HorizontaldistancefromHandlingSheavetotouchdownpoint.
PipeandWireCombinedProjectionGrowth
PipeandWireCombinedSuspendedLengthminusPipeandWireCombinedHorizontalProjection.
PipeSuspendedLength
PipelengthfromtouchdowntoLaydownHead.
PipeHorizontalProjection
HorizontaldistancefromtouchdowntoLaydownHead.
PipeVerticalProjection
VerticaldistancefromtouchdowntoLaydownHead.
WireSuspendedLength
WirelengthfromLaydownHeadtoHandlingSheave.
HorizontaldistancefromLaydownHeadtoHandlingSheave.
VerticaldistancefromLaydownHeadtoHandlingSheave.
ConstraintClearance
beeninfringed.
MaximumStress
UmbilicalResults
The Umbilical results output for Complete Laydown Analysis is presented as a summary of the load case details
DistancetoTarget
Horizontaldistancefromliftofftotarget.
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TopTension
Tensionatthetopofthechute.
BottomTension
MinimumBendRadius
LiftoffAngle
UmbilicalSuspendedLength
UmbilicallengthfromtouchdowntoLaydownHead.
UmbilicalHorizontalProjection
HorizontaldistancefromtouchdowntoLaydownHead.
UmbilicalVerticalProjection
VerticaldistancefromtouchdowntoLaydownHead.
WireSuspendedLength
WirelengthfromLaydownHeadtoSuspendedLengthOrigin.
HorizontaldistancefromLaydownHeadtoSuspendedLengthOrigin.
VerticaldistancefromLaydownHeadtoSuspendedLengthOrigin.
5.4.3 SingleCaseLaydownAnalysis
AdditionalData
PipeandMidpointload
ThesedatacanbedifferentfromthatusedintheCompleteLaydownAnalysis.
RequiredTopTension
WirePayout
The length of wire required for the analysis. This is measured from the Laydown Payout Origin to the Laydown
Head.ThisvaluecorrespondstothePayoutvalueoftheCompleteAnalysis.
WriteOrcaFlexFile
PipelineResults
The Pipeline results output for Single Case Laydown Analysis is presented as a summary of the load case details
LoadCaseSummary
beeninfringed.
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WireLength,PipeLength
MidpointLoadandInitiationHeaddetails
DetailedResults
Arclength
SegmentType
Pipe,LaydownHeadorwire.
PositionX,Z
AngletoHorizontal
document.
UmbilicalResults
The Umbilical results output for Single Case Laydown Analysis is presented as a summary of the load case details
LoadCaseSummary
WireLength,UmbilicalLength
MidpointLoadandInitiationHeaddetails
DetailedResults
Arclength
SegmentType
Umbilical,LaydownHeadorwire.
PositionX,Z
AngletoHorizontal
5.4.4 AbandonmentandRecoveryAnalysis
AbandonmentanalysisisthesameasLaydownanalysisbutmayhavedifferentpropertiesforthepipeendcapand
wire, and may take place at a location where the water depth differs from that at the planned termination point.
Abandonment analysis is carried out in OrcaLay by rerunning the Laydown analysis with data amended as
necessary.
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57
Recovery is the reverse of abandonment and the same quasistatic analysis applies. For convenience, after each
Laydown analysis, OrcaLay provides a Recovery Output table showing the same results as for
Laydown/Abandonmentbutwiththestepsinreverseorder.

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