(A Case Study of Delhi Area) Dr. Neelam G. TIkkha Book title: Fire Management of High Rise Buildings (A Case Study of Delhi Area) Author : Dr. Neelam G. TIkkha ISBN -81-86067-12-4 Copyright @CFI 2013. Publishers: CF International, D903,Sarthak Tower , Ramdeo Cross Road Satellite Road , Ahmadabad - 380015. All legal Jurisdiction Nagpur. Price INR 950/- Face to Face Disasters due to their scale and extent are devastating calamities. The disaster aftermath is always sordid picture of large-scale loss of life property as well as severe shortages of relief material and medical aid. While disasters appear and sound horrific when they actually strike, the factors that are responsible for occurrence of disasters are generally side lined. The dying infrastructure, growing pressures of population growth, denuded forests, degraded environment, faulty urban planning, non adherence to building codes and land use zones are all symptomatic of a callous and short term approach to development which has intensified the fury of disasters. Among all disasters, building fires are perhaps the most commonplace but take a disproportionately large toll of lives and property. It is said that fire is a good servant but a bad master and once out of control spares none. Furthermore, fire loss is an absolute loss because what burns never returns. Most of the fires that take place are because of the neglect of norms and illegal development. It is believed that, Vikas aisa ho jo aafat se bachaya , vikas aisa na ho jo aafat ban jaaye. It is also true that disaster management leads to new opportunities for development in a bid to avoid future calamities. While enormous amount of money is being spent on disaster aftermath, not even a fraction of this goes toward disaster preparedness. The funds are diverted towards response and reconstruction rather than disaster mitigation and preparation. This book deals with nature of fire and response to fire in high rise buildings. For this as an illustration high rise buildings of Delhi area are considered. Author Dr. Neelam Tikkha Founder Director and Editor , CFTRA- Global (An international Platform for learning for Academicians & Scholars) Dedication The book Fire Management of High Rise Buildings A Case Study of Delhi Area has been dedicated to My parents, my brothers Nishith Tikkha and Dr. Abhijeet Tikkha, my daughter Ishita , Mr. Shamim, Director, National Fire Service College, Nagpur, who motivated me to write this book. Mr. Narendra Modi, Chief Minister of Gujarat, who has been a great source of inspiration and motivation Special thanks to Mr. SK Sharma, Delhi Fire Service, without whose help the work could not be completed. CONTENTS Chapter - I Introduction 01 Chapter II The Science of Fire 04 Chapter III High Rise Buildings and Fire Zones 07 Chapter IV GIS Technology and Applications for the Fire Service 12 Chapter V Case Studies: Major Fires in Delhi 17 Chapter - VI Famous Case Studies Inter National Case Studies 29 Chapter VII Conclusion 36 Bibliography 39 1 Fire Management of High Rise Buildings A Case Study of Delhi Area Chapter - I Introduction Fire is an integral part of our lives. There are few things that have done as much harm to humanity as fire, and few things that have done as much good. It is certainly one of the most important forces in human history. It is a boon without which life would be difficult. Fire is extraordinarily helpful. It has given humans the first form of portable lightand heat. It has also given the ability to cook food, forge metal tools, form pottery, harden bricks and drive power plants. Fire can be very useful if it is in our control but if it goes unleashed can create tremendous damage to all living human being, property and nature. We find some common hazards that take place because of fire. The most common ones in the household are due to gas leakage, careless in throwing of cigarette and bidi butts, crude heaters used in winter viz sigris or kangdis used in Kasmir , or short circuit due to poor electric wire quality and more recently fire taking place because of malfunctioning of Air conditioner and bursting of Chinese made cell phone batteries. A number of fire prone public places are train bogies, cinema theatre, malls, car accidents (rare kind) and Air crashes of Airplanes. This study aims to study fire in High rise building and measures to mitigate fire. Nature of Fire: There are three essential components of Fire Oxygen, Fuel, and Ignition temperature to start. If anyone is removed the fire will not start or continue. Refer to figure of Triangle of Fire : Fire can never take place if one of the elements is removed from the triangle of fire as seen in figure 2 below in the Triangle of fire to Put it Off. The nature of fire can be very well understood from the mundane household examples like matchstick. It is surprising that to ignite a matchstick ignition temperature required is 400 0 C. The cigarettes of butts to continue to burn requirement will be 460 0 C. The two examples are of controlled fire but if it is not controlled and one gets careless it can change to unleashed fire causing damage to human life and property. Kinds of Fire: There are three kinds of fire depending on the size of the fire: small, medium and huge. The third kind is very serious, dangerous and devastating and requires great effort to control it. Any fire is associated with Smoke and Heat. The Smoke rises very fast. It takes seconds for smoke to rise whereas temperature or heat increases in minutes. Smoke is more dangerous than Heat. Loss due to Fires are on the increase day by day due to combustible materials used in buildings constructions and handling of flammable materials. The fire when comes in contact with atmospheric oxygen occupies a mammoth size emitting great heat and light. 2 The front part of flame is a transition region that separates burnt gases from the un burnt gases. The light that we see is given out from this region. The fuel when combines with atmospheric oxygen leads to its oxidation which liberates enough energy on combustion and spreads the flame vertically and horizontally . The non ignited region of the mixture is called flammable since gradually it will also turn into flame. Flame: A flame is a mixture of reacting gases and solids emitting visible and infrared light, the frequency spectrum of which depends on the chemical composition of the burning material and intermediate reaction of the products. In many cases, such as the burning of organic matter, for example wood, or the complete combustion of gas, incandescent solid particles called soot. It has long been recognized that exposure to toxic smoke products is one of the major hazard confronting people in fires. Toxic chemical substances produced during fire results in the contamination of environment, injuries to human beings and animals which may lead to loss of life. The buildings may also get corroded and contaminated. It has been observed in experimental studies on compartment fire that the fire smoke contains a number of potentially toxic gases. Their quantity considerably depends upon the temperature and oxygen supply to the compartment. Toxic gases are composed of asphyxiating gases such as Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide that cause deficiency of Oxygen available for breathing. There are certain other chemical gases that have been added because of modern synthetic materials like hydrogen cyanide gases and irritants like acrolein and hydrogen chloride acid gas. The asphyxiating gases and irritants, singly or in combination lead to difficulty in breathing which causes suffocation and ultimately death of the person trapped in fire. Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most common fire toxicant. More than half of the fire fatalities occur due to its inhalation. The exposure of one hour to the Carbon monoxide concentrations as low as 4000 ppm (0.4% by volume) can be fatal. The different levels of Carbon monoxide has been found in different percentage in full scale compartment fires. A complete toxicity assessment should not only include the analysis of toxicity of CO but also the synergistic effects of other combustion products such as increase in CO 2 and deficiency in O 2 levels. Now a day, there is tremendous increase in injuries and casualties due to smoke and toxic fumes. It is probably due to: 1) The massive use of synthetic material like fiber in furniture and furnishings and upholstery in buildings. These materials generate combustible products, which are toxic even in very low concentration. 2) The rate of combustion is comparatively low of fire in the traditional materials such as wood, brick and mortar than modern combustibles that are used in modern world. It has become essential to mitigate toxic hazards in Fires to control modern day fire which is caused because of the widespread use of synthetic modern material. Hence factors such as ignition, spread of flame, and rate of smoke evolution need to be checked with more care and caution. Significance of the Study: Fire service comes in the category of emergency services and plays an important role in disaster preparedness and fire defense control. The study would highlight how effectively Fire services perform the role of the fire department in disaster control side by side it is consistent with its traditional role in the suppression of fire. Although the fire department more commonly is perceived as a fire suppression and fire protection 3 force, it is nonetheless the logical organization to respond to other disasters as well. Many similarities exist among disasters, fire situations, and other emergency responses of the fire department. In any community the fire department is poised and ready to swing into immediate action at the sound of an alarm. Its continual readiness makes it a logical organization to respond to emergencies other than fires. It tackles two issues effectively: Consequences of fire after outbreak (Postmortem of Fire). Role of surveillance (Reason of Fire and take action) activities for early detection of fire outbreaks. Objectives: To study the nature of fire and fuel so as to be prepared and limit disaster, by fire. As case study high rise building in Delhi area would be considered. Methodology & Data Source Collection Fire department plays a vital role in preparing and responding a community to a disaster and emergency situation. An effective planning can save valuable lives of people, and can promote the culture of prevention and mitigation through various activities. Now with the paradigm shift in the approach towards disaster, proactive approaches are gaining ground and more emphasis is being laid on pre-disaster activities, rather than response and rehabilitation. Methodology for data collection include visit to Delhi Fire Service to collect details of the actual fires in high rise buildings that have taken place in Delhi area. An extensive study of literature that is available on the website and blogs are referred. Reports of various fire departments in Nagpur, Goa and Karnataka have been referred. NGOs survey reports have also been studied in detail. Lectures at JNU on Disaster Management refresher course has also been considered for this study. Various techniques of Disaster preparedness in a workshop by Mr. S.K. Sharma, Fire officer Delhi Fire services at Confidence Spoken English Institute, Nagpur on 9 th March, 2013 and workshop at National Civil Defense College Nagpur was useful in this study. Data Source: Data was collected from internet, journals, publications, research papers, newspapers, departmental reports, libraries, official records of various agencies (like National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM), National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA). Consultations with experts in the field of mental health, GIS, school administration, fire service were also carried out. Chapter Scheme: The first chapter of this book is Introduction, the second Chapter is Science of Fire and would deal with nature of fire and fuel. Chapter three deals with parameters that determine a building to be considered as High Rise Building and would also deal with Fire zones.It would be titled High Rise Buildings and Fire Zones Chapter four is titled GIS Technology and Applications for the Fire Service. Chapter five would deal with major fires in Delhi city and requirements of preparedness and action by fire service department . It would be titled : Case Studies: Major Fires in Delhi Sixth chapter would deal with famous Case studies. It would be titled : Famous Case Studies -Inter National Case Studies. Last Chapter would be Conclusion followed by references and Bibliography. The time frame for data collection would be one month and one month for report writing. Conclusion: It is very important to study the types of fire and different types of fuels to understand to meter out fire, to control and to make it potable for maximum use of human beings advantage. Step-1 Step2 4 Chapter II The Science of Fire It is very important to understand the nature of fire to make fire our slaves rather than becoming its slaves. Fire can destroy houses and all possessions in less than an hour, and it can reduce an entire forest to a pile of ash and charred wood. It is also a horrifying weapon, with nearly unlimited destructive power. Fire kills more people every year than any other force of nature. The ancient Greeks considered fire one of the major elements in the universe alongside water, earth and air. This grouping was intuitively sensible: Fire can be felt, just like earth, water and air. It can be seen and smelled and can be moved from one place to another. But, fire is absolutely different. Earth, water and air are all forms of matter they are made up of millions and millions ofatomscollected together. Fire cannot be considered a matter at all. Its a visible, tangible side effect of matterchanging form it is one part of achemical reaction. What exactly are those orange flames? Rolfo Rolf Brenner/Getty Images The heat can come from lots of different things When the wood gets heated to a very high temperature, from any source like -a match, focused light, friction,lightening, or something else that is already burning. When the wood reaches about 300 degrees Fahrenheit (150 degrees Celsius), the heat decomposes some of the cellulose material that makes up the wood. Some of the decomposed material is released as volatile gases (commonly perceived as smoke).Smoke is a compound of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. The rest of the material formschar, which is nearly pure carbon, andash, which is all of the unburnable minerals in the wood (calcium, potassium, and so on). The char is nothing else but the coal or the charcoal. Charcoal is wood that has been heated to remove nearly all of the volatile gases and leave behind the carbon. Hence, a charcoal fire burns with no smoke. The actual burning of wood then happens in two separate reactions: Refer Plate: 4 The volatile gases get hot enough and when reach about 500 degrees F (260 degrees C for wood), the compound molecules break apart, and the atoms recombine with the oxygen to form water, carbon dioxide and other products. In other words, theyburn. The carbon in the char combines with oxygen as well, and this is a much slower reaction. That is why charcoal in a BBQ (Barbecue) can stay hot for a long time. A side effect of these chemical reactions is generation of a lot of heat. The fact that the chemical reactions in a fire generate a lot of new heat is what sustains the fire. A number of fuel burn in one step for example, Gasoline which is vaporized by gasoline and it all burns as a volatile gas and leaves no char. Human being learned to meter out the fuel and control a fire for example; acandleis a tool for slowly vaporizing and burning wax. This heat produces light effect is called incandescence, and it is the similar to the light in alight bulb and leads to the visibleflame. The color of the flame varies depending on what fuel is burning and how hot it is. Color variation within in a flame is caused by uneven temperature. The hottest part of a flame is the base and it glows blue, and the cooler parts at the top glow orange or yellow. The rising carbon particles may collect on surrounding surfaces assoot in addition to emitting light. Refer Plate: 5 5 The dangerous thing about the chemical reactions in fire is the fact that they areself-perpetuating. The heat of the flame itself keeps the fuel at the ignition temperature, so it continues to burn as long as there is fuel and oxygen around it. The flame heats any surrounding fuel so it releases gases as well. When the flame ignites the gases, the fire spreads. On Earth,gravitydetermines how the flame burns. All the hot gases in the flame are much hotter (and less dense) than the surrounding air, so they move upward toward lower pressure. The fire always spreads upward, and it is also why flames are always pointed at the top. If fire was to be lighted in amicrogravity environment, say onboard thespace shuttle, it would form a sphere! Plate : 6 Ignition Sources: There are two kinds of ignition sources viz. high energy ignition and low energy ignition source. Fire retardant materials are being used to retard the speed of ignition when a material is exposed to a low-energy ignition source. A material may burn slowly or self-extinguish but does have capacity to burn in full fledge if exposed to high energy ignition source. The most common example is that of the matchstick which when comes in contact with domestic gas burns vibrantly. Similarly, any compartment fire also would vigorously develop when it comes in contact with high energy ignition source. Another. Valid common example is plywood which exhibits the ability to self-extinguish when exposed to a match flame, but it burns vigorously when exposed to a larger ignition source. Fire-retardant materials should not be confused with non-combustible materials. Fire retardants may inhibit ignition, but, once ignited, a material treated with fire retardant may produce more smoke and noxious gases. Fire retardant additives may lose their potency, be washed out, or leached out over time, an attribute that is particularly true of lumber impregnated with fire-retardant additive. The fire retardant wears out as the material ages and is exposed to the atmosphere. Manufacturers usually provide instructions for the care and cleaning of fire-treated materials to prolong the effectiveness of the fire retardant. Heat and Ignition Source: Heat required for ignition may come from several common sources. Any source of heat has the potential to be a source of ignition. Ignition sources should not, however, be confused with causes of fire. Frayed electrical wiring, a discarded cigarette butt, or a welders torch may be the source of ignition, but the root cause of most fires is people. Most fire prevention efforts are aimed at controlling the actions of the people responsible for controlling common sources of ignition. Heat sources can be classified as electrical, chemical, or nuclear. Electrical Heat Sources Electric energy can be an ignition source in several ways, including electric resistance heating, short circuiting in electrical wiring, induction, and electrical arcing. Electrical Resistance Heating Electric resistance heating is a common method of providing heat for a number of different processes. As electric current passes through a conductor, a natural resistance to the flow of the electric current occurs. This resistance to the flow of electric current generates heat and the amount of heat generated depends on the conductivity of the material and the amount of current it carries. A decrease in conductivity or an increase in current increases the heating. 6 Resistance heating has the capacity to easily create enough heat to ignite the insulation on wiring or cables and to ignite nearby combustibles substance through radiant heating or direct contact. Most hair dryers, for example, create heat through the use of the small resistance-heating coil. Forced convention by way of a small fan is used to transfer much of the heat from the coil to the air discharging from the nozzle on the hair dryer. Short Circuit A short circuit in electrical wiring can generate sufficient heat to ignite insulation or other combustible material in contact with the wiring. Improperly, installed and poorly maintained electrical wiring and appliances are the cause of many fires. Induction Electrical energy can also create heat through induction. Placing an electrical conductor close to the field generated by a large electric current flowing in another conductor or set of conductors causes an electric current to be induced in the conductor. This method of heating is used in some types of commercial heat-treating furnaces. Electrical Arcing, Arc flash and Arc faults: All of these can be defined as an uncontrolled intense luminous discharge of electrical energy that occurs when electric current flows across an insulating medium. In other words arcing occurs when electric current flows uncontrolled accompanied by ionization of the surrounding air from phase to ground, phase to neutral, and/or phase to phase. The intense light and heat energy at the point of the arc is called an arc flash. An ARC builds up in milliseconds and releases a vast amount of energy. Broad Classification Of Fire : Fire can be classified in four different types A, B, C, D as shown in the table below: Refer Plate 8 Types Of Fuel: Type of fire will determine the kind of fuel to be used to extinguish and it can be very hazardous if wrong type of fuel is used. It is therefore essential to understand the four different classifications of fuel. Classification of Fuels Refer Plate 9 D type of Fire can only be controlled by special extinguishing agents (Metal-X, foam) and such fire takes place in industries and laboratory. The in depth understanding of fire and fuel type helps in limiting fire and builds safety measures to keep fire in check and avoid fire hazards. Tom Harris, How Fire Works, http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/fire1.htm http://www.sc.edu/ehs/modules/Fire/02_fuels.htm , Downloaded on 3rd May,2013.) 7 Chapter III High Rise Buildings and Fire Zones A number of high rise buildings are coming up because of the reduction in geographical space, increase in the number of population and Globalization. A number of industries and organization are being set up as part of Globalization movement. The safety of high rise building is a matter of great concern since if there is any lapse in the fire safety measures of such buildings then there could be major mishap which may lead to a number of deaths of the occupant and of the neighboring areas will along with property. Definition of High Rise Building: Any building in Delhi which is above 15 meter but in Mumbai the building would qualify as high rise building if it is above 22 meter height of the building will be high rise building in Mumbai in Maharashtra. Reasons of Susceptibility of Fire in High Rise Buildings: The high rise buildings catch fire mostly due to the negligence due to following reasons: Smoking 25%, Electric short-circuit 35%, cooking gas 25%, chemical reaction - 10% and 5% are other miscellaneous reasons. It has become mandatory to have fire safety provisions for the safety of life and safety of the property, vide Fire Safety Act of Delhi 2007. The building must be fully equipped with both active and passive in-built systems of fire prevention and fire protection. The building will be thoroughly examined for various essential parameters by an expert in fire force. A series of Indian Standards covering fire safety of buildings in general principles of fire grading details of construction, exit requirements and exposure hazards have been formulated. This Indian Standard covers general principles of fire grading and classification, which has been adopted in various Indian standards in respect to fire safety aspects. This standard was first issued in 1960. Based on considerable research done on field of fire protection in the past 25 years in advanced countries like USA, UK and Canada, the method of classification of building has been revised and covered in this revision. Number and Designation of Fire Zones: Every city is divided into fire zones. The number of fire zones in a city or area under the jurisdiction of the fire authority depends upon the existing layout, types of building construction, classification of existing buildings based on occupancy and expected future development of the city or area. In large cities or areas, three fire zones may be necessary, while in smaller ones, one or two may be adequate. The fire zones help in demarcating land use development plan and shall be designated as follows: a) Fire Zone No.1:This shall comprise areas having residential (Group A), educational (Group B), institutional (Group C), and assembly (Group D), small business (Subdivisions E-I) and retail mercantile (Group F) buildings, or areas which are under development for such occupancies. b) Fire Zone No.2: This shall comprise business (Subdivisions B-2 to E-5) and industrial buildings (Subdivisions G-1 and G-2), except high hazard industrial buildings (Sub-division G-3) or areas which are under development for such occupancies. 8 c) Fire Zone No.3 : This shall, comprise areas having high hazard industrial buildings (Sub- division G-3), storage buildings (Group H) and buildings for hazardous used (Group J) or areas which are under development for such occupancies. Background and objectives of the Fire Prevention & Life Safety: The main protection and active measures in respect of Fire Prevention & Life Safety measures are as under: a) Fire Prevention Covering aspects of fire prevention pertaining to design and construction of buildings on passive fire protection measures, also describing the various types of building materials and their fire rating. b) Life Safety Covering life safety provisions in the event of fire and similar emergencies, also addressing construction and occupancy features that are necessary to minimize danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic. c) Fire Protection covering the significant appurtenances and their related components and guidelines for selecting the correct type of equipment and installation meant for fire protection of the building, depending upon the classification and type of the building. Classification of Building based on Occupancy Group A Residential Buildings Buildings and structures under Group A shall be further sub-divided as follows: Sub-division A-1 Lodging or rooming houses Sub-division A-2 One or two Family private dwellings Sub-division A-3 Dormitories Sub-division A-4 Apartment houses (Flats) Sub-division A-5 Hotels Sub-division A-6 Hotels (Starred) Group B Educational Buildings These shall include any building used for school, college, other training institutions for day-care purpose involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation for not less than 20 students. Buildings and structures under Group B shall be further sub-divided as follows: Sub-division B-1 Schools upto senior secondary level Sub-division B-2 All others/ training institutions a) Sub-division B-1 Schools up to senior secondary level This sub-division shall include any building or a group of buildings under single management which is used for students not less than 20 in number. b) Sub-division B-2 All others/ training institutions This sub-division shall include any building or a group of buildings under single management which is used for students not less than 100 in number. Group C Institution Buildings These shall include any building or part thereof, which is used for purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease or infirmity; 9 care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal or correctional detention in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants. Building and structures under Group C shall be further sub-divided as follows: Sub-division C-1 Hospitals and sanatoria Sub-division C-2 Custodial Institutions Sub-division C-3 Penal and mental institutions Group D Assembly Buildings These shall include any building or part of a building, where number of persons not less than 50 congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar purposes, for example, theaters, motion picture houses, assembly halls, auditoria, exhibition halls, museums, skating rings, gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship, dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations and terminals of air, surface and marine public transportation services, recreation piers and stadia, etc. Buildings under Group D shall be further sub-divided as follows: Sub-division D-1 Buildings having a theatrical and motion picture or any other stage and fixed seats for over 1000 persons. Sub-division D-2 Buildings having a theatrical or motion picture or any other stage and fixed seats upto 1000 persons. Sub-division D-3 Buildings without a permanent stage having accommodation for 300 or more persons but no permanent seating arrangement. Sub-division D-4 Buildings without a permanent stage having accommodation for less than 300 persons with no permanent seating arrangements. Sub-division D-5 All other structures including temporary structures designed for assembly of people not covered by sub-divisions D-1 to D-4, at ground level. Sub-division D-6 Buildings having mixed occupancies providing facilities such as shopping, cinema theaters, and restaurants. Sub-division D-7 All other structures, elevated or underground, for assembly of people not covered by sub-divisions D-1 to D-6. Group E Business Buildings These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for transaction of business (other than that covered by Group F and part of buildings covered) for keeping of accounts and records and similar purposes, professional establishments, services facilities, etc. City halls, town halls, court houses and libraries shall be classified in this group so far as the principal function of these is transaction of public business and keeping of books and records. Business buildings shall be further sub-divided as follows: Sub-divisions E-1 Offices, banks, professional establishments, like offices of architects, engineers, doctors, lawyers and police stations. Sub-division E-2 Laboratories, research establishments, libraries and test houses. Sub-division E-3 Computer installations. Sub-division E-4 Telephone Exchange. Sub-division E-5 Broadcasting Stations and T.V. Stations. 10 Group F Mercantile Buildings These shall include any building or part of a building, which is used as shops, stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail. Mercantile buildings shall be further sub-divided as follows: Sub-division F-1 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area upto 500 m 2 . Sub-division F-2 Shops, stores, departmental stores markets with area more than 500 m 2 . Sub-division F-3 Underground Shopping centers. Storage and service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in same building shall be included under this group. Group G industrial Buildings These shall include any building or part of a building or structure, in which products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, manufactured or processed, for example, assembly plants, industrial laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants, generating units, pumping stations, fumigation chambers, laundries, buildings or structures in gas plants, refineries, dairies and saw-mills, etc. Buildings under Group G shall be further sub-divided as follows: Sub-division G-1 Buildings used for low hazard industries. Sub-division G-2 Buildings used for moderate hazard industries. Sub-division G-3 Buildings used for high hazard industries. Group H Storage Buildings These shall include any building or part of a building used primarily for storage or sheltering (including services, processing or repairs incidental to storage) of goods, ware or merchandise (except those that involve highly combustible or explosive products or materials) vehicles or animals, for example, ware houses, cold storage, freight depots, transit sheds, storehouses, truck and marine terminals, garages, hangers, grain elevators, barns and stables. Storage properties are characterized by the presence of relatively small number of persons in proportion to the area. Any new use which increases the number of occupants to a figure comparable with other classes of occupancy shall change the classification of the building to that of the new use, for example, hangers used for assembly purposes, warehouses used for office purposes, garages used for manufacturing. Group J Hazardous Buildings These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and or which may produce poisonous fumes oe explosions for storage, handling, manufacturing or processing which involve highly corrosive, toxic or noxious alkalis, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flame, fumes and explosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases; and for the storage, handling or processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division of matter into fine particles subject to spontaneous ignition. Examples of buildings in this class are those buildings which are used for: a) Storage, under pressure of more than 0.1 N/mm 2 and in quantities exceeding 70 m 3 , of acetylene, hydrogen, illuminating and natural gases, ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, sulphur dioxide, methyl oxide and all gases subject to explosion, fume or toxic hazard, cryogenic gases, etc. 11 b) Storage and handling of hazardous and highly flammable liquids, liquefiable gases like LPO, rocket propellants, etc. c) Storage and handling of hazardous and highly flammable or explosive materials (other than liquids); and d) Manufacture of article flowers, synthetic leather, ammunition, explosives and fireworks. Types of Construction Type I Construction: Type I construction, which was known as fire-resistive construction for many years, uses totally non-combustible materials, such as reinforced concrete, brick, stone, concrete block, and structural steel that is protected with concrete and other material to provide a specified fire resistance rating. The walls, roof, and all structural supports must meet established fire resistance criteria. Type I construction provides the greatest fire resistance (from 2 to 4 hours) of any of the construction types. Type II Construction: Type II construction, formerly known as noncombustible construction, makes use of noncombustible or limited-combustible materials in all walls, floor, roof, and ceiling construction. It does not, however, meet the criteria for fire-resistive construction, usually because steel structural members may be exposed or have not been protected to meet the same criteria established for fire-resistive construction. Type III Construction: Type III construction, formerly known as ordinary construction, has noncombustible or limited-combustible walls with all or part of the interior structural elements being of combustible materials. Because of the wooden structural elements in this type of construction, the structural elements are subject to ignition during a fire. Type IV Construction: Type IV construction, formerly known as heavy timber construction, uses exterior walls of masonry. However, the other structural members are basically unprotected wooden timbers that measure 8 in. by 8 in. (200 mm by 200 mm) or larger and thus have large cross-sectional areas. The mass of these large timbers provides an inherent fire resistance, making ignition and structural failure from fire less likely than is the case for other smaller wood construction elements. Although the walls of this type of construction offer a high level of fire resistance, wooden supporting columns, floors, and the roof can absorb heat and eventually burn and fail during a fire. The wooden construction materials can also provide additional fuel for the fires growth and potential avenues for fire spread. The fire resistance of a building or its structural and non structural elements is expressed in hours against a specified fuel load which is expressed in kcallm 2 , and against a certain intensity of fire. The fire resistance test for structural element shall be done in accordance with good practice. Once the type of building is assessed it is easy to follow the norms for building up safety of the building and deciding the control measures. 12 Chapter IV GIS Technology and Applications for the Fire Service ave taken on new importance with challenges facing the fire service today. Effective response cannot be continually achieved without adequate planning and preparedness. One of the emerging tools that helps the fire service optimize its emergency services delivery is geographic information system (GIS) technology. GIS supports planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and incident management. GIS extends the capability of mapsintelligent, interactive maps with access to all types of information, analysis, and data. More important, GIS provides the required information when, where, and how it is needed. When a fire occurs, any delay of responding fire companies can make the difference between the rescue of occupants versus serious injury or death. The critical time between fire containment and flashover can be measured in seconds. Fast access to critical information is essential. Tools that help firefighters pinpoint the emergency call location, assess the potential consequences, and determine the most efficient strategy will minimize property damage and better protect the safety of occupants and fire service personnel. Historically, first responders have relied on experience, good equipment, communication, and teamwork to achieve successful emergency response. However, with all the challenges confronting emergency crews today, effective response requires good planning, risk management, comprehensive training, and intelligent deployment through preparation. GIS technology has become a powerful tool for improving all aspects of fire service delivery systems. As populations and building development increase, the role of the fire service becomes more demanding and complex. As never before, fire departments are being called upon to deliver services with greater efficiency and economy. Citizen tax-reduction initiatives, burgeoning needs for different kinds of local government services, and a host of other factors have brought new demands to the desks of fire chiefsmost notably, the demands to do more with less and to do it better, faster, and cheaper. GIS technology brings additional power to the process whereby hazards are evaluated, service demands are analyzed, and resources are deployed. In addition, GIS contributes to the speed with which emergency responders are able to locate, respond, size up, and deploy to an emergency. The fire service mission is to protect life and property from fire and other natural or manmade emergencies through planning and preparedness, incident response, public education, and code enforcement. To accomplish this mission, GIS is rapidly becoming an essential tool to analyze, define, clarify, and visualize community fire problems in the development and execution of fire protection policy. GIS can model a community or landscape; analyze and display features important to the fire service mission; and provide access to important documents, photographs, drawings, data tables, and so forth, associated with features on the GIS map display. GIS can analyze and measure response time capabilities; identify incident hot spots by time and day of week; and target hazards, hydrants, and other information important for deployment analysis. First responders can have immediate access to critical information for emergency incident locations or best route and detailed information concerning the building or facility to which they are responding. Incident commanders can maintain better scene control with detailed maps and imagery of the emergency location as well as the exposures and features around the incident. GIS is essential for the management of large-scale emergencies or disasters where large numbers of public safety resources are deployed, 13 with various resource assignments during a dynamic incident. Resource status, event prediction, incident facility identification, public information dissemination, and incident status are all more effectively and efficiently performed using GIS. Use of GIS to reduce risk and vulnerability The reason being simple: right information at the right time in the right form and GIS could be the possible way in the absence of a comprehensive out of box GIS solution in place and faced with realities, there can be no doubt on the need for a GIS based FMIS in place GIS can be used quickly to locate the place of hazard, nearer to a given fire station and identifying a hospital location on a GIS based map of Delhi City. GIS map based interface, a linkage of database of the fire station and the base map of Delhi. Thereby creating a searchable interface for fire affected area. It also showcases how clustering technique can be used along with GIS to reduce the precious time lost in prioritizing, which fire station to connect. The primary objective of this project is to develop a GIS & GPS based fire management system for high rise building in Delhi and planning with spatial emphasis on the following To highlight the need for the study by establishing the magnitude of life, property and effort involved in fire safety and mitigation To determine the risk zones based on the land use, building and activity in tune with the National Building Code guidelines. To come up with an Emergency Response Management System for the city using GIS as a decision making tool. Effective coordination and efficient utilization of resources in case of emergency Maintain fire resources database of the city. Maintain a detail geo socio- economic database of the district. A user interactive modal broad based information retrieval and quarry on natural and a spatial database. Extraction of information based on user specifies criteria. Providing the user interface to customize the package of different database. Use of GIS in Fire Hazards 1:25,000 scale map of Delhi city used for creating the digital base map of the area. The point feature (fire stations) that have been included in the base map have been geo positioned by locating the number of the fire station and its position from the control room. This is very much essential for accurately locating the position of fire station on the base map to the possible extent, to route the study of networks and generation of shortest path for the Delhi fire service as a mere demonstration of the efficiency of a Geographical Information system. The emphasis was to display each and every building and street so as to create a database, which could be used by the Delhi Fire service to plan for an emergency. Creating a spatial database for the Delhi Fire service by using a GIS and RS techniques. The list that has been included in the base map includes road railway, water bodies, railway station, bus terminus, hospital, educational institution, all there along with the location of prospective 14 of fire stations. The other base map feature is essential to serve as landmarks and quickly locate the fire stations. To develop a database on:- High rise buildings, Fire stations, Nearby hospitals, Water tanks ,Police stations. Road network, Park / Open areas.(For rehabilitation) Input layers:- Sports venues initially for C.P., Fire stations, Nearby hospitals. Water tanks, Police stations, Road network, Park/Open areas, Above map shows all included layers and symbols. Development of the model (Fire support system) The model is able to analyze the following queries. Display information of various fire safety parameters of the affected building. Calculating point to point distances. Analyzing the nearest feature of interest with respect to the affected area. Advantages of the system Instant display of all the fire safety parameters of the concerned building. Find the best path between locations, for the movements of resources. Nearest fire station, hospitals, water tank etc. Efficient management of resources available at the nearest fire stations. Perform distance and cost-of-travel analysis, to determine the best course of action by analyzing the alternatives Perform statistical analysis, for decision making and documentation purposes. Generate new data using simple image processing tool This also helps to plan the safe routes and the escape routes for emergency planning. This image shows the instant display of all details and parameters. Response and Recovery GIS Technology vastly improves the efficiency of fire operations, including response, planning, and ground command, through a comprehensive understanding of the location of the fire, Successful fire operations depend on obtaining information about the location of fire quickly, establishing priorities and implementing a response plan. GIS is used to rapidly locate and visually display incident locations. GIS selects the closest available response units and with appropriate data, display transportation routes for responding equipment. These feature become increasingly valuable when multiple incidents begin to occur or when mutual aid units are utilized. Valuable data about location can be gathered while responding to the incident through GIS Floor plans, Hazardous materials, fire fighting equipment available, occupancy, and so on. Responding units can also receive information on traffic congestion or best possible route. Access to Library and to Internet website may help to collect information and related data as it is proposed to rely upon the secondary data for preparation of dissertation. The study material 15 distributed by faculty in persuasion of the Post Graduate Diploma course in disaster preparedness and rehabilitation would also be taken into consideration. The important data source would be listed in the reference section at the end of the dissertation. Preventive and safety measures for fire: Many of the problems are attributable to the lack of awareness and knowledge about the concept of safety: Database and comprehensive evaluation of risks of each single area, its vulnerability to particular Disaster and available equipment, personal and foolproof communication system is not available. Adequate resources for the services and coordination with the cities is not there. It is recognized that problem of access inside the jhuggi clusters will take time to resolve, and may be dependent on relocation in new settlement colonies, for which many of the JJ residents may not be eligible. Also it may not be possible to provide in the master plan for relocation of all jj colonies, and in the alternatives, it may be necessary for in situ up gradation in many cases. It was therefore felt that provision for adequate water supply for fire fighting vehicles should be made to all JJ colonies. Very large number of fires in JJ cluster were caused due to electric short circuiting, and in most cases such electric power supply was conveyed by overhead wires through theft of electricity. In such cases it was decided that BSES and NDPL should identify the most dangerous/ critical area in JJ clusters, and issue notices asking persons living in the JJ clusters to take individual connection within a time frame, after which in case of defaulter, existing electricity connection would be dismantled with police protection, and prosecution launched under the concerned laws for theft of electricity and even obstruction of public servants on duty, in the event of such a contingency. Safety measure for industrial Unit Use of top quality insulation material and heat resistant cables to reduce the propensity to fire; Use of electronic rodent repellants in the cable galleries. Non-combustible substitute for the glass wool insulation for air-conditioners and wooden partitions. Provision for smoke and heat sensors and other modern electronic aids in the sensitive and fire prone areas; Ban on entry of match boxes, lighters and such other inflammable items into installations handling oil/gas; Provision for a dedicated communication system for fire-fighting/fire station; Installation of an integrated CCTV system to monitor and untoward happening in the cable gallery and other fire prone areas; Periodical inspections of electrical wiring and equipment by an independent and qualified body of electrical engineers. 16 Regular checking of fire headers and fire alarms. Provisions of portable fire extinguishers at fire prone places. Periodic review of the firefighting arrangements by an independent and qualified authority to plug loopholes, if any; Identification and display of escape routes Provision of proper forced ventilation in the fire area. Safety measures for chemical disaster The chemical markets at Tilak Bazar and Lal Kuan are concerned, it was recommended that DDA would arrange for allotment of land as alternate location. The vacated area actually leads to decongestion and not to fresh unauthorized occupation. Chawadi Bazar and Sadar Bazar markets, the alternate sites had been identified and were being developed at Gazipur. Vacated land should be safe and prevent misuse of the same and also take steps for their redevelopment and authorize their proper use. Near about 685 chemicals considered hazardous figured in the concerned scheduled of the rules framed under the Delhi Municiple Corporation Act. In view of this, it was stated that there were difficulties in inspecting such a large number of godowns and determining wheather particular chemicals were stored in the same , and a suitable site for shifting of many godowns had been identified at holambi Kalan. Emergency light with battery back up: Lights provided in the common areas in the building to come into operation in case of failure of electric supply to keep the escape routes illuminated. Electric wiring: type of layout, current carrying capacity, metarial of conductor and safety devices such as miniature circuit breaker as prescribed by Indian Electricity Rules for the specific premises depending upon the voltage. Means of escape: Means such as doors, corridors, staircase provided in the building for use by the occupants to walk/run away from the fire area. Smoke venting: A mechanical system comprising of exhaust fans connected to the smoke ducts that runs on the ceiling through the area under protection and automatically operated with the operation of the automatic detection system to remove smoke and hot gases from the to facilitate evacuation of the occupants. Sprinkler system : If covered area is more than 1500m2 or seating capacity more than 1000 persons. Illuminated Exit sign., Underground water tank: 150000 litrs, Terrace Tank : 5000 litres for hose reel & 10,000 litre if sprinkler is provided, Access in case there is a boundary wall in the plot 17 Chapter V Case Studies: Major Fires in Delhi 1- Punjab Kesri Press and Wazirpur Depot, Delhi. On 13/10/2008 at 0715 hrs. fire call was received at Delhi Fire Service Control Room through Mr Tazid Khan from Mb. No. 65515312 on EFT 101 stating that there is a fire in a factory at above mentioned address. Immediately, at 0716 hrs 02 Water Tenders and 01 Water Bousers with Station Officer as In-charge were responded. On reaching the site and assessing the situation, the Officer-in-charge started fire-fighting operations. At 0725 hrs. Officer-in-charge upgraded the fire as of Make 4 Category and accordingly at 0726 hrs, additional 03 Water Tenders with Assistant Divisional Officer was responded. At 0730 hrs. Officer-in-charge upgraded the fire as of Make 6 Category and accordingly at 0731 hrs, additional 01 Water Tenders, 02 Water Bouser and 01 Motor pump with Divisional Officer was responded. At 0732 hrs. category was upgraded as Medium and accordingly at 0733 hrs, additional 03 Water Tenders, 03 Water Bousers, 02 Motor pumps and 01 Hose Tender were sent to the fire scene along with 01 Divisional Officer and 02 Asstt. Divisional Officers. At 0733 hrs Dy. C.F.O.-III also rushed to the scene of fire.At 0750 hrs. category was upgraded as Serious and accordingly at 0751 hrs, additional 04 Water Tenders, 01 Water Bousers and 01 CCL Van were sent to the fire scene alongwith 02 Asstt. Divisional Officers. At 0751hrs; Chief Fire Officer, Dy. C.F.O.-I and Dy. C.F.O.-II also rushed to the scene of fire. Informative message of fire Surrounded was received at 0900 hrs The fire was brought Under Control at 09.35 hrs. Stop Message was received at 1010 hrs with cooling operation to continue. The fire was in the Print Man Pvt. Ltd factory at Plot No. 08, Printing Press Area, near Wazirpur Bus Depot, comprising of ground, First Floor and second floors in an area approx. 1000 Sq. Yard, involving paper, packing and plastic material used in calendar making. One Charred Body recovered and handed over to PCR and S T O Bhoop Singh got injured and removed to Babu Jagjeevan Ram Hospital and admitted in emergency Ward. 2- The Grand Hotel, Vasant Kunj II, Nelson Mandela Marg, New Delhi. On 26/1/2008 at 1251 Hrs, a fire call was received at Delhi Fire Service Control Room through Mr Vijay from telephone No. 41668430 stating that there is a fire in Restaurant at above mentioned address. Immediately, at 1252 Hrs 04 Water Tenders, 01 Water Bousers, 01 Motor Pump and 01 Bronto Skylift with Divisional Officer as In-charge were responded. On receiving several calls, at 1255 Hrs, 02 Water Bousers, 01 Motor Pump with additional B A Set and Thermal Image Camera were also responded. At 1315 Hrs, Officer-in-charge informed that fire is in basement of the hotel. At 1331 Hrs, Dy Chief Fire Officer III rushed to the fire scene. At 1340 hrs. category was upgraded as Medium Fire and accordingly at 1341 hrs, additional 06 Water Tenders, 05 Water Bousers, 02 Foam Tenders, 02 Hose Tender, 01 Motor Pump and 01 Rescue Tender were sent to the fire scene alongwith 01 Divisional Officers and 2 Asstt. Divisional Officers and Dy Chief Fire Officer II as In-Charge also rushed to the scene of fire. At 1341 hrs, The CATS Ambulance was also informed for further action. At 1345 Hrs, Officer-in-charge further upgraded the fire to Serious Category and accordingly at 1346 Hrs, additional 06 Water 18 Tenders, 03 Water Bousers, 01, Bronto Skylift & 01 Motor pumps, were sent to the fire scene alongwith Asstt. Divisional Officer & Divisional Officer as In Charge. At 1346 Hrs, Chief Fire Officer also rushed to the scene of fire. At, 1515 Hrs Dy Chief Fire Office-I also rushed to the scene of fire. At 1540 hrs, Stop Message was received in DFS Control Room from the Officer-in-Charge. Fire was in basement, ground, & first floor the building involving restaurant, kitchen and banquet hall. The Hotel was evacuated at the initial stage as a preventive measure to avoid life loss. The fire was controlled and extinguished at the place of its origin and not allowed to spread to guest floor. One guest was rescued using Bronto Skylift. 01 Station Officer and 01 Fireman & Chief Fire Officer sustained minor injuries and removed to hospital by CATS for treatment. Last fire unit returned from fire at 2220 hrs. 3- Huts at Geeta Colony, Shamshan Ghat, Delhi On. 05/04/2006 at 1915 hrs a fire call was received in Delhi Fire Service Control Room through Mr. Ram Chander from PCO Telephone stating that there is a fire in huts at above address. Immediately at 1916 hrs. 07 Water Tenders, 03 Water Bouser with Asstt. Divisional Officer as In charge was responded. On reaching the site and assessing the situation, the Officer In charge started fire-fighting operations. At 1920 hours. Officer-In charge upgraded the fire as of Medium Category & accordingly at 1921 hrs, additional 10 Water Tenders, 06 Water Bousers, 04 Motor pump, 01 Hose tender were sent to the fire scene. Deputy Chief Fire Officer-II also rushed to the scene of fire. At 1955 hrs. Informative Message was received in control room from the officer-in-charge that fire is Surrounded. At 2015 hours. Informative Message was received in control room from the officer- in-charge that fire is Under-Control and Stop Message received at 2020 hours. Fire was in about 250 Huts and gutted resulting one woman, which was unconscious, removed to hospital. There is no direct access for the fire engines to the scene of fire. Fire units were delayed for approaching the fire scene due to heavy traffic congestion at Vikas Marg. One DFS personal sustained injuries and given treatment in the hospital. Last unit returned at 2355 hrs. 4- Deep Mahal, Bhagirath Palace, Chandni Chowk, Delhi. On 11/10/2005 at 01:25 hrs. a call of fire was received in Delhi Fire Service Control Room through S.I. Mahender from P C R Hot line informing about a fire at the above said premises.. Immediately 02 Water Tenders from nearby fire stations were responded with Asstt. Div. Officer as in-charge. The fire was upgraded to Make Four category at 02:00 hrs. Additional turnout of 03 Water tenders, 02 Water bousers, 01 Motor pump responded with Sub Officer as in- charge. The fire was declared as make six at 02:35 hrs and accordingly 03 Water Tenders, 03 Water bousers and 01 Motor pump were responded with. Divisional Officer as in-charge.. At 02:45 hours. Officer-In-charge declared the Fire as of Medium Category & Simultaneously at 02:46 hrs, additional 03 Water Tenders, 01 Water Bousers, 01 Motor pump with Deputy Chief Fire Officer-I and Divisional Officer(BCP) were also rushed to the fire scene. At 03:55 hrs. Fire was declared of Serious Category and accordingly additional turn out of five water tenders, two water bousers, one Hose Tender, one light van and one control van were made. Chief Fire Officer also rushed to the fire scene. Informative message of fire surrounded was received at 05:10 hrs The fire was brought under Control at 05:25 hrs. Stop message was received at 05:35 hours. 19 The fire was in cinematography films stored in the temporary structure made of tin-roof with wood/Iron supports at the terrace of the third floor of the building in an area of approximately 500 square meters. These films being highly inflammable in nature, the fire spread very quickly and started burning furiously. The water was discharged from fire hose positioned at adjacent buildings and lines were taken up using the available staircases of building. Though the burning material was falling down, the fire was not allowed to spread to other floors of the same building or to adjoining buildings. Approach to the premises was difficult and water was required to be released from the main road. There was initial delay in fighting fire due to electric current in the total steel structure and Firemen getting shock as and when water was used. 5- Huts at Near SDM Office, Shastri Nagar, Krishan Kunj, (Near Yamuna Pusta), Delhi On. 23/05/2007 at 1427 hours, a fire call was received at Fire Control Room through Mr. Ramesh from Telephone No. 27312055 stating that there is a fire in the huts at above mentioned address. Immediately, at 1428 hours, 04 Water Tenders, 02 Water Bouser with Station Officers on duty responded. On reaching the site and assessing the situation, the Officer in charge started fire- fighting operations. At 1432 hours. Officer-Incharge upgraded the Fire as of Make-6 Category & accordingly at 1433 hrs, additional 02 Water Tenders, 01 Motor pump, with 01 Divisional Officer and 02 Assistant Divisional officers were sent. At 1435 hours. Officer-Incharge upgraded the fire as of Medium Category & accordingly at 1436 hrs, additional 06 Water Tenders, 02 Water Bousers, 02 Motor pump, 01 Hose Tender and other units were sent with 02 Divisional Officer and 01 Assistant Divisional Officer. 01 Rescue Responder and Police team / Disaster team from Laxmi Nagar Fire Station also responded to the fire scene. CATS Ambulance and MCD was also informed to take necessary action. At 1436 hours, Deputy Chief Fire Officer - I & Deputy Chief Fire Officer - III also rushed to the scene of fire. At 1440 hours. Officer-Incharge upgraded the fire as of Serious Category & accordingly at 1441 hours, additional 02 Water Tenders, 02 Water Bousers, 02 Motor pumps were sent to the fire scene. Dy. Chief Fire Officer II and 01 Assistant Divisional Officer also rushed to the scene of fire. At 1441 hrs, the Officer in charge demanded the additional police force which was informed to Police Control Room. At 1510 hrs, Dy. Chief Fire Officer I informed to control to send the police force immediately for crowd control and the same was informed to Police Control Room. At 1540 hours. informative Message was received in control room from the officer-in-charge that fire is Under-Control and Stop Message received at 1615 hrs. Fire was in approximately 350 400 huts. Three persons sustain burn injuries and removed to LNJP Hospital by CATS Ambulance. Delhi Fire Service Official, Sh. Manik Chand, Sub Officer posted at Connaught Place Fire Station had sustain burn injury at fire scene and sent to LNJP Hospital by CATS Ambulance. Last unit returned at 20.05 hours. 7- M- 15, Badli Industrial Area, Delhi. On 28/04/2008 at 2355 hrs. a fire call was received at Delhi Fire Service Control Room through Mr. Sunil from Mb. No. 9810977660 on EFT 101 stating that there is a fire in a factory at above mentioned address. Immediately, at 2356 hrs 02 Water Tenders and 02 Water Bousers with Sub Officer as In-charge were responded. On reaching the site and assessing the situation, the Officer- 20 turnout of 07 water tenders, 06 water bousers, 02 rescue responder, 03 motor pumps, 01 light van, 01 ambulance, 01 control van was made. DCFO-II and DCFO-III also rushed to the scene. The fire was declared Serious at 22:00 hours and accordingly additional turnout of 02 water tenders, 03 water bousers, 01 motor pump, 01 hose tender was made. Chief Fire Officer also rushed to the scene Informative message of fire Under Control was received at 22:40 hrs; and Stop message at 22:45 hrs. The last fire engine was withdrawn at 03:25 hrs on 16/04/05. The fire was in approximately 175 temporary khokha / shops involving prasad, gift items, food items, and petromax that spread in an area of 5000 square meters approx.. One charred body was found, which could not be identified and was handed over to Delhi Police. Guide lines for Fire Safety in High Rise Buildings Fire Safety Requirements for Buildings : A. For the time being, all buildings with a height of over 1 5m should be termed high-rise buildings. The height of high-rise buildings may be reviewed after building bye- laws have been revised and fire services have been properly equipped. Local Authorities should immediately take up revision of their building bye-laws, to cover fire safety requirements of all buildings in their respective jurisdiction particularly the buildings which are more than 15 m high. The revision should take into account the National Building Code of India and local conditions and should include the following compulsory provisions. a. Consultations with the local Fire Chief at the Planning stages of the building; b. Approval of the local Fire Chief before grant of occupancy certificate; (iii) Annual inspection by local Fire Chief or his representative and withdrawal of licence for occupation of building in case of any alterations seriously affecting fire safety; c. Prohibition in the use of high rise buildings for hazardous occupancies, unless such buildings are located away from populated areas and extra fire safety measures are taken; d. Provision of safe refuge areas and aggress routes in all buildings which are over 24m high; e. Provision of automatic fire detection system, with facility for simultaneous alerting the fire services; f. Provision of emergency communication facilities for contacting occupants of all floors; g. Provision of sprinklers in the entire building (height to be determined according to occupancy). except in places where water should not be used. In such places, other automatic fixed fire extinguishing installations should be provided; h. Provision of adequate stored water supply for fire service use and installation of wet risers, internal, hydrants, fire hoses and hose reels at every landing; i. Provision of first aid fire fighting appliances in the form fo fire extinguishers; j. Provision of automatic escapes and rope ladders mail buildings upto 24 m high; k. Provision for using the roof of all building over 30m in height for carrying out rescue by helicopters; l. Provision of adequate number of lifts for fire service use; 21 m. Alternative source of power, which should take over automatically in case of failure of normal power supply in all buildings exceeding 24 m in height. consideration should be given for this provision to be made common for groups of buildings in the interest of economy. A. All existing high rise buildings (over 15m high) should be surveyed and the owners should be required to provide reasonable fire safety measures within a specified time. B. l.S.l. should take up the formulation of National Fire codes which should be enforced by law. The Fire Department Response to Disasters If we weigh the similarities and differences between fire situations and disasters the similarity factor does seem to dominate. Fires and disasters, although separate events, are related because the fire department is the logical agency to respond to both. In recent years, as the hazardous materials problem has grown more complex, many fire and disaster situations have become interwoven. This provides yet another reason why the fire department is the logical agency to respond first to disasters. Disasters often include fires, hazardous materials, and other components of the fire fighters job description. Sometimes, fires and explosions escalate to include all of the standard components of a disaster. Consider what the Cincinnati Fire Division faced when a fire and explosion suddenly became a hazmat incident, a mass-casualty incident, a major EMS triage operation, and a widespread evacuation operation: The CFDs high degree of professionalism would be put to the test on July 19, 1990, when and explosion and fire at the BASF plant (in the Evanston residential neighborhood) reverberated throughout the City. (9) The source of the explosion was a reactor vessel that was being cleaned with a solvent. When a pressure relief disc ruptured, releasing a cloud of flammable vapors, it took only a source of ignition to produce an explosion that could be seen over 25 miles away, and heard over 10 miles distant. Although 83 persons were injured, only two were killed. A four-story building was demolished, and some of the other 17 were damaged on the 9.5 acre site where resins were manufactured for can and paper coatings. Exploding drums in the storage yard and collapsed stairways complicated the rescue of injured employees, but the hospital disaster plan proved very helpful. The area was evacuated for a half mile downwind, and some of the fire fighters required hospitalization for heat exhaustion. Although preplanning discussions had been held with most of the responding agencies, it was found that the coordination and communications among them could be improved. It is not just luck or accident when a fire department operates efficiently during a major disaster. It is the result of effective planning, training, and cooperative coordination with supporting agencies. These activities are prerequisites of a successful disaster response. Civilian and Military Roles in Disaster Control What is meant by the term disaster control it may have various meanings in the different emergency services, but for this book we will assume that disaster control is the use of all available measures to prevent casualties and damage, to minimize the effects of disaster, and to recover from it as soon as possible. What is the role of the emergency services in disaster control? Ordinarily, the departments of fire law enforcement, engineering, public health, plus medical people, are the principal first-in response 22 forces in a major emergency or disaster. They are sometimes assisted by similarly trained personnel from the state or nearby communities, but they are the front-line troops who must make the rescues and save lives and property. Civil defense refers to the collective activities of all emergency forces, professional and volunteer, and those who help to evacuate the casualties, care for the wounded and dispossessed, bury the dead, feed the hungry, shelter the refugees, and restore things to normalcy. What is the military role in disaster control? If the disaster happens to be a war, then military force will repulse an enemy attack and provide military defense; in other disasters it may also have limited responsibility. Military forces are often called to assist in coping with major disasters, in deploying helicopters and boats in search and rescue operations, but the overall directions and directions of disaster control and relief in peacetime is a civilian responsibility. Freight Trains Emergency Action As with truck accidents, until the nature of the cargo is ascertained, a highly defensive posture should be maintained in freight train accidents. Manifests or waybills, usually carried in the locomotive (previously in cabooses when they were widely used) should indicate whether hazardous materials are being transported. Not all hazardous materials require a warning placard; not all placards are indicative of every dangerous reaction that a product can create, and such placards are often difficult to locate in twisted wreckage and dense smoke. If the name of the chemical can be determined, but your hazardous materials references do not list it, do not assume it is harmless. Have your dispatcher call CHEMTREC at 800-424-9300 (toll free) if there is any doubt about its toxicity or instability and try to obtain more information before you commit fire fighters to a close attack. Due to the large volumes of hazardous materials that can be carried by train, and possib1 vapor clouds of corresponding large magnitude, a railroad incident provides an ideal application for a CAMEO program. If the accident has occurred in a non populated area where no buildings are exposed, withdraw all personnel and notify the railroad that you will standby a half-mile away until given assurance by its safety personnel (not the brakeman, conductor, or engineer) that the materials involved do not present an unusual hazard to your fire fighters. Do not ever risk lives of personnel merely to protect cargo and railroad equipment. If the accident occurs in a business district, such as derailment of tank cars and box cars piled on top of one another, and one of the ruptured tank cars is releasing a large volume of liquefied gas, do not assume that it is nontoxic or nonflammable. Have everyone responding to the emergency don self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing while laying lines to protect exposures and getting occupants of nearby structures evacuated to a distance of at least 2,000 feet. Where such defense action is taken promptly, a disaster can be averted, as was the case in a Dow Chemical Plant in Freeport, Texas. About ten minutes before the tank car of ethylene oxide exploded. Employees saw the tank venting and immediately had the plant evacuation alarm sounded; plant personnel were able to clear out of the area and find protection behind remote buildings and structures. It is not safe to assume that you will have time to prepare for an explosion. The box car of bagged ammonium nitrate did not detonate in the Traskwood, Arkansas, train derailment until 40 minutes after the accident, but the tank car of propane at Kingman, Arizona, exploded about 15 to 20 minutes after vapors escaping from its relief valve became ignited, Thirteen fire fighters were within 23 150 feet of the tank car when it let go. Twelve died from thermal burns-their turnout coats and whatever street clothes they had been wearing burned off their bodies. A thirteenth man died and 95 spectators who had gathered along the highway about 1,000 feet from the explosion were injured. In this instance, the fire department was attempting to keep the tank car cool with a one-inch booster line until larger backup lines could be laid from a water supply 1,200 feet away; as demonstrated here, a small hose stream is apt to be insufficient to prevent a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion). Even 500 gpm directed from portable or fixed turrets cannot prevent such an explosion unless the streams are able to bathe the area where impinging flames are causing the metal shell to heat and weaken from internal pressure of the heated product. You cannot rely upon suddenly increased sound intensity or flare-up of the burning product to give sufficient warning to withdraw your forces prior to the explosion. Therefore, unless it is necessary to take a calculated risk to save lives, do not attack such fires at all where flames are impinging upon the shell of any tank car; even if the product is nontoxic and nonflammable, a violent rupture can take place from vapor expansion that relief valves cannot handle, especially if the car is inverted, and the valves are in the liquid space. If cars are piled up, and you cannot see if flames are impinging on tank car shells, assume they are, and do not allow anyone but your reconnaissance team to approach the wreck until the product is identified and you realized that you have the personnel and resources available to handle the situation. While making this determination, keep all fire companies and everyone else clear of the fire to a distance of at least 2,000 feet. If nursing homes or similar institutions are nearby that will take considerable time to evacuate, it may be possible to set up portable monitors, left unattended, with large tips to direct heavy streams on the exposed tank shells. If a good water supply is not readily available, even by relaying from distant hydrants or ponds, the railroad may be able to bring in tank cars of water along with cranes and other emergency equipment. If the disaster consists of exploding bombs, as was the case in the railroad yards at Antelope, California, you may have to protect homes that are not heavily involved in fire, and disregard buildings that are beyond help. In this incident, almost two million pounds of bombs exploded over a period of several hours, leveling the town of Antelope, destroying a Citrus Heights fire station and 205 railroad cars, injuring about fifty, and causing millions of dollars in damage to buildings within a wide radius. Thousands of residents in a two-mile area in western Citrus Heights and Roseville were evacuated. Some of the fire fighting forces, not learning until after the emergency was over that the county sheriff was legally in charge of the disaster, disregarded orders of his deputies to stay out of the area where exploding bomb fragments were igniting homes. It took about two hours to get the Emergency Operations Center functioning following the initial explosion at 7:52 A.M. Unexploded bombs which flew through the air, along with great quantities of flying shrapnel, landed great distances from the railroad yards. It was considered a miracle that no one was killed. The fire chief of Wenatchee, Washington, learned the value of having a mutual aid plan when a tank car of monomethylamine nitrate solution detonated in the railroad yard, obliterating 75 railroad cars, demolishing buildings in a three block radius, killing two persons and injuring 77 others. His request for aid brought 182 fire fighters on twenty-three pumpers nine brush fire rigs, eight tankers, plus several ambulances and rescue rigs. One of the major problems that occurred at the explosion 24 was communications between the time (Fire Chief) Harris found out about the box cars of ammonium nitrate and the time it took fire officials to locate the proper railroad personnel. Duties of various ranks in the fire services as recommended by s.a.f.c. The standardization of duties of various ranks in the Fire Services was first taken up at the fifth meeting, but was deferred for want of full information regarding the prevalent duties in various State fire services. This was considered again at the ninth meeting and the following duties were recommended: - General duties of an officer in-charge of station (station officer/sub-officer). (a) To be available and to hold himself in readiness for any duties at any time he may be called upon by his superiors to perform, and to keep his superiors acquainted with all matters coming to his knowledge, affecting either his own station or general business of the Fire Service Department. (b) To obey implicitly all orders of his superiors and exact the strictest obedience and civility from those serving under him; to devote the whole of his time and attention to the Fire Service Department; to set an example to his many sobriety, cleanliness, promptitude, civility and general attention to his duties. (c) To take charge of and be responsible for all appliances, stores, equipments, etc. issued to his station and submit a report to his superior as to the correctness or otherwise of such articles taken charges of. He should submit a requisition to his superiors of the requirements of his station as necessary. (d) To see that all appliances and equipments are kept clean and in thorough working order, stowing them properly for immediate use at fires and other emergencies without loss of time. (e) To instruct and drill all men under his charge in the use and maintenance of fire appliances and equipments. (f) To hold a muster parade for the inspection of uniforms, clothing, books, and equipments at least once a month to see that the men keep themselves and their clothing in a clean and good condition and to report shortages, if an, to his superiors. The inspection of uniforms and equipments should be carried out periodically. (g) To ensure that the rule is called at such times as he considers most suitable. (h) To ensure prompt attendance of fire appliances and men. He should carry out surprise turn outs at odd hours at least once a month . (i) To ensure that his station time clock is checked with time clock or time signal at least twice a day at proper intervals. (j) To see that the main placed on station duty is properly dressed and is acquainted with his duties. (k) To see that the communication system is in proper working order and to send an immediate report to appropriate authority when it is not so. (l) To keep himself and men at all times in readiness, to receive any superior officer and to 25 give if required an accurate account of all matters connected with the station under his charge. (m) To see that the fire pump under his charge have water passed through their pumps at least one every week. This only refers to cases where a fire pump has not otherwise worked during the above period. (n) To report at once to his superior Officer-in-charge of his Section and/or the Police, any damage or casualty that may have occurred as a result of accident. (o) To keep himself and his staff acquainted with the water supply within the area under his charge. In cases where fire hydrants are provided, it shall be his duty to see that he and his staff examine all the hydrants falling within his jurisdiction periodically as may be fixed from time to time. (p) To make himself and his staff acquainted with the network of communication system as may be existing in the service. (q) To make himself and his staff acquainted as far as possible wit the topography of his and adjoining areas, as well as fire risks in such areas. (r) To maintain all registers, log books, occurrence books, attendance rolls, etc. up-to-date and to submit all returns and statements including pay rolls of his staff to his superiors every month. All Fire and Special Services reports shall be submitted by him within 48 hours of the occurrence. Sundays and Holidays being excepted. Duties of Leading Fireman (a) To be available at the station to which he is posted, while on duty. (b) To obey implicitly all orders of his superiors and exact the strictest obedience and civility from those serving under him. (c) To see that the men placed under him on duty are properly dressed and are assigned duties pertaining to the station, and fire appliances and such other duties that may be incidental to the efficient working of the station. He shall also be responsible for maintaining the station premises clean and tidy and appliances and equipments in neat and efficient working condition, and ready for immediate use. (d) To see that all equipments, gears, etc. are properly accounted for and be responsible for the same when in-charge of fire appliances or equipments. In case of any loss or damage of articles or equipments, uniform clothing, etc. he shall immediately report to his next senior officer about the same. (e) To keep his superiors acquainted with all matters coming to his knowledge affecting the Fire Station staff or the general business of the Fire Service Department. Duties of Driver/Operator (a) To be available at the station to which he is posted, while on duty. (b) To obey implicitly all orders of his superiors and exact the strictest obedience and civility from those serving under him if any. (c) To be responsible for the proper upkeep and mechanical condition, maintenance and 26 movements of the vehicles and pumps under his charge. He shall also be jointly responsible with the Leading fireman for the proper maintenance and stowing of equipments and gears that are carried on the fire appliances or kept at the fire Station. (d) To test at least twice a day, the fire appliances in his charge to make sure that the same are in serviceable condition and to record the dame with the man on station duty. To report any defects immediately that he may come across to the Leading fireman in-charge and to the man on station duty. (e) To keep an inventory of all articles and equipments under his charge and to maintain a record of time at work, mileage, petrol and oil consumption etc. Duties of Fireman (b) To be available at the station to which he is posted, while on duty. (c) To obey implicitly all orders of his superiors and hold himself in readiness to carry out al duties as may be assigned to him by his superiors obediently, smartly and efficiently. (d) To keep himself and his quarters, if provided, neat and clean. (e) To devote whole of his time and attention to the fire Service Department while on duty. (f) To set example to others by sobriety, cleanliness, promptitude, civility and general attention to his duty. (g) To be responsible for keeping the station premises. Such as appliance room, offices, drill yard, watch room, workshop, dormitory, drill tower, hose drying tower, and neat and clean by washing when necessary and appliances, equipments, gears, etc. clean and tidy. (h) To keep himself alert to attend to fires, special services, fire drills, etc. the shortest possible time on the alarm being sounded. (i) To carry out duties that may be assigned to him from time to time, to time, and be responsible jointly and severally to the Leading fireman of the fire Units for the care, appearance, scrupulous cleanliness of the unit and all equipments therewith correct, upkeep, storage and maintenance thereof. (j) To carry out duties that may be assigned to him from time to time, and be responsible jointly and severally to the Leading fireman of the Fire Units for the care, appearance, scrupulous cleanliness of the unit and all equipments the with, correct, upkeep, storage and maintenance thereof. (k) To assist Driver/Operator in the proper maintenance of equipments and gears of the vehicles, perform guard duties, workshop duties, control room and watch room duties, duties of office. Medical Standards for Firemen 1. Personnel of the Fire Services including officer should have a high degree of physical efficiency and fitness in view of their arduous duties under adverse conditions. For this purpose, fire service personnel may be classified into operational and non-operational categories. 2. The non-operational categories are those whose duties are supervisory and organizational, 27 and as such are not required to have the same physical efficiency standards as the operational category. Directors. Chief Fire Officer. Deputy Chief Fire Officers and Divisional Fire Officers would be classed into this category. 3. The operational categories would be those who are actively involved in fire-fighting duties and would comprise of Station Officers/Supervisors/Foremen. Sub Officers, Leading Firemen, Firemen fire Operators and such-like equivalent categories. 4. Certain other categories of staff in the fire service like Drives. Mechanics and similar personnel. Who are normally employed on duties like control room-operators drives of fire tenders, workshops and such like duties are like control room-operators, drivers of fire tenders, workshops and such like duties are not fundamentally involved in actual fire fighting duties like climbing to high-rise buildings rescue operations and such-like highly strenuous duties and therefore may not require stringent physical efficiency standards. They however do constitute an active component of the fire-fighting teak and will have to take a hand in fire fighting operations. 5. All fire services personnel must be physically active. Senior officers even though normally non- operational must be in a position to set a good example to their firemen. To this extent, they should all be subjected to an annual medical examination, to check for organic disease and physical disabilities. To ensure that they remain physically fit. They should be subjected to the age-height-weight norms accepted as standards. 6. It is assumed that during recruitment to the fire services only those who do not have any organic disease congenital defects and physical disabilities are accepted into the service. Their height standards should be at least 5 3 to 5 8, depending upon the area of recruitment. Their chest easements should be 3235 with a minimum expansion of 2 % 3. Their eye-sight should be normally 6/6 and they should be tested for color blindness. A standard of 6/9 with glasses may be accepted for older hands who are already in service. They may however, have to be relegated to maintenance tasks as opposed to actual fire- fighting and rescue operations, because spectacles are an impediment to active operations. 7. Certain data has been evolved as a result of live studies by the Defense Institute of Fire Research and are summarized as under: - (a) The fire fighting staff may not be fit for strenuous duties after 50 years of age. (b) When the crew are composed of all aged personnel i.e. above 47 years, their efficiency for fire- fighting operations, is at least 25 per cent below that of the crew composed of a lower age-group. (c) The crew up to the age-group of 40 years, are able to perform fire-drills efficiently. In fact, crew composed of age-group 25-26 years took slightly more time than the crew of higher average of 2 years of service to their credit and therefore; lesser experience and practice than the older group. (d) After 40 years of age, clinical abnormalities occur. This was recorded as 3 percent of the age group upto 50 years and rose to 13 percent between 51-55 years and 33 per cent beyond 55 years. In other words, lI3 of the fire-fighting staff beyond 55 years, suffer from some form of clinical abnormality. 8. The Fire Service would therefore, have to evolve a system for early retirement and alternative 28 employment, as a result of deterioration in the physical standards for firemen, applicable primarily, for classes of Station Officers and below. It would be the responsibility of the Director of Fire Service to ensure that only those who are physically fit are employed in fire fighting and rescue operations and maintain their firemen in a fit condition by devising suitable physical activities and training, during their service career. 29 Chapter - VI Famous Case Studies Inter National Case Studies 1-MGM Grand fire The MGM Grand fire occurred on November 21, 1980 at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino (now Ballys Las Vegas) in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The fire killed 85 people, most through smoke inhalation. [1] The tragedy remains the worst disaster in Nevada history, and the third-worst hotel fire in modern U.S. history, after the 1946 Winecoff Hotel fire in Atlanta that killed 119 people and the Dupont Plaza Hotel, San Juan, Puerto Rico fire on December 31, 1986, in which 97 perished. Ballys, previously called the MGM Grand at the time of the fire. The current MGM Grand is at a different location. At the time of the fire, approximately 5,000 people were in the hotel and casino, a 26-story luxury resort with more than 2,000 hotel rooms. Just after 7:00 on the morning of November 21, 1980, a fire broke out in a restaurant known as The Deli. The Clark County Fire Department was the first agency to respond. Other agencies that responded included the North Las Vegas Fire Department, Las Vegas Fire & Rescue and the Henderson Fire Department. UH-1N (Huey) and CH-3E (Jolly Green Giant) helicopters from the 1st Special Operations Wing out of Hurlburt Field, FL (which were deployed to Nellis AFB to participate in Red Flag 80) were the main part of a helicopter rescue effort that pulled 1000 people from the roof of the MGM Grand. Smoke and fire spread through the building, killing 84 people and injuring 650, including guests, employees and 14 firefighters. While the fire primarily damaged the second floor casino and adjacent restaurants, most of the deaths were on the upper floors of the hotel, and were caused by smoke inhalation. Openings in vertical shafts (elevators and stairwells) and seismic joints allowed toxic smoke to spread to the top floor. The disaster led to the general publicizing of the fact that during a building fire, smoke inhalation is a more serious threat than flames. Seventy-five people died from smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning, four from smoke inhalation alone, three from burns and smoke inhalation, only one one person died from burns alone, and one person died from massive skull trauma, caused by jumping from a high window. [1] Cause The fire was caused by an electrical ground fault inside a wall soffit. The wiring inside the wall was used to power a refrigeration unit for a food display cabinet in the deli. The vibration of the machine caused the wires to rub against each other, and the friction-damaged wires arced and caused a fire, which was detected hours later by a hotel employee. The fire spread to the lobby, fed by wallpaper, PVC piping, glue, and plastic mirrors, racing through the casino floor at a rate of 15 19 ft (4.65.8 m) per second until a massive fireball blew out the main entrance along The Strip. Seven people died in the casino. The burning material created toxic fumes and smoke, which caused the majority of the deaths. Due to faulty smoke dampers within the ventilation duct network, the toxic fumes circulated throughout the hotels air circulation system, accelerating the spread of the poisonous air. Most deaths occurred in the stairwells, where the doors locked behind each person as the only 30 open doors in the stairwell were on the roof and on the ground floor. Most of the victims died from smoke inhalation, many of them in their sleep. The fire was confined to the casino and restaurant areas. The hotel was equipped with a fire sprinkler system that performed properly by keeping the fire out of that section of the building. The area with the most fire prevention was in the money counting area, not in individual rooms or on the casino floor. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) studies show that in this fire the hotel occupants did not exhibit panic behavior. Instead, many took rational steps to preserve their lives. Examples of this include putting towels around doors (to block out smoke), notifying other occupants, offering refuge in their rooms, and using wet towels for their faces. Sprinkler rule exceptions The casino and restaurants were not protected by a fire sprinkler system because they were 0= he fire broke out in The Deli the restaurant, no longer open 24 hours per day, was closed and unoccupied. [2] Aftermath The hotel was repaired and improved, including the addition of fire sprinklers and an automatic fire alarm system throughout the property, and sold to Ballys Entertainment, which changed the name to Ballys Las Vegas. Similar upgrades were also made to the nearly identical property (now the Grand Sierra Resort) in Reno, Nevada. The tower in which 85 people died is still operating as part of the hotel today. A second tower, unaffected by the fire, opened in 1981. The present MGM Grand hotel-casino was built just to the south, near the northeast corner of Las Vegas Boulevard and Tropicana Avenue On February 10, 1981, just 90 days after the MGM fire, another fire broke out at the Las Vegas Hilton. [3] Because of the two incidents, there was a major reformation of fire safety guidelines and codes. National Case Studies 2-Fire breaks out in Ahmedabads hotel Courtyard Marriott, fire NOC canceled, Ahmedabad, 31 March, 2011 A five- star hotel Courtyard Marriott in Ahmedabad caught fire and the fire could not be controlled since its fire safety system was not working properly. Gravitational water flow was available; the water lifting system was not available. If the sprinkler system worked then the fire could be controlled and limited to a place in minutes. 3-Mumbai Terrorist Attack Mumbai, the commercial capital of India, came under a heinous terrorist attack on November 26, 2008. The terrorist attacks took place at many locations, especially at CST Railway Station, the leopard caf, Taj hotel, Oberoi Trident Hotel, and Nariman House. 165 persons lost their lives and 304 were injured. Among the civilian killed were 26 from the other countries. This paper consists, of details about the journey of the terrorists to Mumbai, India, how they plan, how they attacked, where they targeted, what are the evidence gathered so far, how they are connected, how they have prepared themselves, and what latest technology they used etc. What India has learned the lessons of that attack.Where Indias security forces may still lack the equipment and training to fend off a similar attack. Where is a gap between what Indias government promises 31 about beefed-up security and what it is actually able to deliver? This paper offer many valuable lessons for public safety and security leaders. We tread lightly to avoid any notion of opportunism, however, as dedicated public safety communications professionals, the Mumbai attacks reveal the fundamental importance that a real time, community-wide incident based emergency communications sharing platform can play in effective emergency preparedness and response. Ten terrorist were involved in the attack. Nine were killed in the operations one was captured alive. Initially the group consisted of 32 persons. They were also learned to imparted basic knowledge of firearms. Ammunition, grenades and explosives, later they were taught to handle different devices and also how to fabricate explosive devices. They were also trained In techniques to counter interrogation and tolerate pain, besides they were indoctrinated to become suicide attackers. They were equipped by GPS phone and satellite phone. The satellite phone has yielded several telephone numbers that links the terrorists to top functionaries. Targets CST railway station, CST railway station is the headquarters of Central Railways. More than 3.5 million passengers pass through the station every day. Leopold caf and bar, The Leopold caf and Bar, established in 1871, is a popular watering hole and is frequented by foreigners as well as Indians. Ten persons were killed and many injured. Taj Mahal Hotel, The Taj Mahal hotel, constructed in 1903, is a heritage building and an icon in Mumbai. It Has two wings, the heritage wing with 290 rooms and the Taj Towers with 275 rooms. The Oberoi- Trident Hotel, The hotel has two wings, one named Oberoi and other Trident, together they have 877 rooms. In this attack on the Oberoi- Trident, 33 persons were killed. CST Railway Station Nariman house is a five storied building, which had been purchased two years ago by an orthodox Jewish organization called Chabad Liberation Movement of Hasidic Jews. It was renamed as Chabad House. A powerful IED explosion blew away the wall at the rear of Nariman House. During the operations, the police rescued 14 persons from Chabad House. The NSG pressed helicopters into service and landed commandoes on the terrace of Chabad house. The Indian governments response to the Mumbai attacks highlighted several key weaknesses in the countrys general counterterrorism and threat-mitigation structure Role of fire Services On November 26, 2008, the Mumbai Fire Brigade faced its greatest challenge, as terrorists attacked multiple high-visibility targets within the south city centre. The attacks took place in buildings which were frequented by foreign tourists, especially American and British citizens. In a well-planned series of simultaneous attacks, the terrorists used automatic weapons, hand grenades and C4 explosive with the intention of murdering as many as possible, taking hostages and igniting fires within the structures. The largest blaze was determined to be the one at the Taj Mahal Hotel, 32 whose upper floors were well-inflamed. With no sprinkler systems or interior standpipes, the fire-suppression effort was limited to a master stream attack from aerial devices such as the Bronto Skylift. Firefighting efforts were hampered by gunfire aimed at firefighters, who bravely remained at their posts both atop the aerial platforms and at the ground level. Many dozens of rescues and removals took place using additional aerial devices. They [the terrorists] kept setting the rooms on fire while fighting the commandos. Fire fighters would wait for an assurance from the commandos before going in,However, the sound of firing did not make it easy for them, It was not easy to work in such conditions. There is a risk while fighting fires but in this case there was the added risk of bullets,. Role of Media Media was very active from the beginning and they were providing live telecast of the incident. It was realized after a long time that the possibility of outside information being conveyed to terrorist by there mentors outside was possible. An element of dialogue in telecast was introduced subsequently. Actual quantum of damage by this process may not be easy to estimate. But lesson were learnt from media to be kept under control and not to allow terrorist the added of external information to them. Use of Surveillance Camera The surveillance camera mounted at strategic location can certainly provide vital clues. There is a dire need to now mega cities adequately equipped with such facilities to help investigation, crimes/theft etc. Need of surveillance, CCTV, recording etc for public transport, main traffic signal crossings, supervision of building become essential. Tatkane Deputy CFO mentioned 40 m ladder with a bullet proof jacket to reach, terrorist were noted to fight and look for survivors waiting to be rescued. Deputy CFO Kargujrikars was also similar supportively on other process 1200 men were rescued, 200 fire participated in rescue/ fire fighting, two bullet proof jackets were used by fire service men. 6 ALPS used in the operation. Building had fire alarm system compartment and wet wiser protection. The building did not have sprinkler system. The top floors was set on fire flours could be seen belong from roof. The roof impact was having story lights and floor below had a cut out and corridors rectangular assured it. The top floors were set on fire, flames which could be seen belong fire proof. The roof impact was having stay lights and floor below had a cut out and rectangular corridors around it. The light filling got involved in fire and burned off allowing heat and smoke to escapes in to atmosphere. Thin partition prevented spread of smoke to slot of the building through corridors. Limitations of Municipal Fire and Emergency Services. Firemen were slow to respond. They failed to coordinate their actions with both the local police and national paramilitary forces and suffered from inadequate equipment. These limitations underscore the poor quality of Indias municipal services even in a major, bustling, economically vibrant city such as Mumbai. 33 Intelligence Failures. Indian intelligence officials received prior warnings both from their own sources and from the United States that a major attack was probable, but lack of speci-ficity and uncertainty about the threat windows seemed to have prevented specific responses. There appears to have been little coordination between the central security agenciesthe Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) and the Intelligence Bureau (IB)and the local police in Bombay. Although the former are known to have intercepted chatter about a possible LeT seaborne attack on Mumbai, it is not clear whether the Mumbai police (or the Indian coast guard) received the information. At any rate, they did not act upon it. This issue highlights theuniversal problem of rapidly disseminating covert intelligence for actionable purposes. Gaps in Coastal Surveillance. The attacks highlighted Indias inability to effectively monitor its coastlinea condition that is common to many littoral states in both the developing and the developed world. Although R&AW had information (apparently secured from intercepts) about a possible terrorist landing by sea, whatever measures were taken proved insuf- ficient to monitor maritime traffic in and around Mumbai. This failure would seem to reflect the coast guards shortage of equipment for coastal surveillance: fewer than 100 boats for more than 5,000 miles of shoreline and minimal aviation assets. Inadequate Target Hardening. The metal detectors at the CRT were of questionable reliability, and, although the Railway Protection Force (RPF) officers were armed, their weapons were relatively antiquated and in short supply (one for every two officers). The attack on the railway terminus also underscored the limitations of the RPF in terms of concerted counterterrorism: Although the force has the ability to fend off common criminals, it is completely lacking in training to deal with a well-orchestrated terrorist attack. Incomplete Execution of Response Protocols. Although local police contingents (including the Anti-Terrorism Squad, or ATS) responded relatively quickly, they lacked both the training to set up appropriate command posts and dragnets for sealing off the attack sites. In particular, they failed to cordon off the attack sites along a wide perimeter to contain the terrorists. Because the attacks were at multiple locations, police did not have the ability to cordon the area. It was the terrorists purpose, based on previous experience, not to give the police a containable eventa key lesson learned from what the terrorists did. Response Timing Problems. Local contingents of the army arrived at the scene of the attacks at 02:50 hours, a full five hours after the first shots had been fired. The first special response team, the Marine Commandos (Marcos), arrived a little later, but the unit was pulled out before engaging any of the terrorists. It was not until 08:50 hours that the elite National Security Guard (NSG, or Black Cat Commandos, which are modeled on the pattern arrived. Initial search-and-rescue operations were mounted some 30 minutes later, and it is only at that point that the terrorists could seriously be considered engaged. The slow response of the NSG is especially noteworthy given its mandate to act as the countrys premier rapid-reaction force. This underscores two main organizational and logistical problems. First, the unit is headquartered south of Delhi and lacks bases anywhere else in the 34 country;6 second, the NSG has no aircraft of its own and cannot count on dedicated access to Indian Air Force aircraft in an emergency. The only plane that was available to transport the 200 commandos to Mumbai was a Russian IL-76 transport carrier; however, it was in Chandigarh, which is 165 miles north of Delhi. The pilot had to be awakened, a crew assembled, and the plane fueled. The aircraft did not reach Delhi until 02:00 hours (five hours after the attacks began and most of the killing had been done) and took roughly 3.5 hours to reach Mumbai (compared to just two hours for a commercial jet). According to various counterterrorism experts, any rapid- reaction force must reach the scene of a terrorist incident no later than 3060 minutes after it has commenced. In Mumbai, nearly 10 hours elapsed. Inadequate Counterterrorism Training and Equipment for the Local Police. To effectively manage a terrorist incident, first responders need to have appropriate equipment and training to neutralize or at least contain the terrorists. However, the Mumbai attacks graphically illustrated how ill prepared the Maharashtra police were to handle a major terrorist incident. Many police officers remained passive, seemingly because they were outgunned by the terrorists. The bulletproof vests that were available could not withstand AK-47 or AK-56 rounds (two batches had failed tests in 2001 and 2004, and the head of the ATS, Chief Karkare, died after bullets penetrated the vest he was wearing). Many officers had only been issued 5-mm-thick plastic protectors that were suitable for riot control but not for engaging terrorists. Helmets were of World War II vintage and not designed for modern combat, and most of the responding detachments involved in the incidents were carrying .303 bolt-action rifles of the sort used by the British Army in the 1950s.8 Flawed Hostage-Rescue Plan. In several respects, the NSG hostage rescue plans for the Taj Mahal and Trident-Oberoi Hotels suffered from serious defects. The units senior command failed to set up an operational command center to coordinate the mission, and the storm teams went in blind with no understanding of the basic layout of either of the two buildings. Both hotels were designated clear when terrorists were still alive; room-to-room sweeps were hampered by insufficient intelligence on the numbers of hostages being held and the profile of the militants involved; and the possibility for a surprise raid under cover of darkness was effectively negated by the absence of suitable equipment, such as night-vision goggles and thermal imaging systems. Poor Strategic Communications and Information Management. Throughout the crisis,the central government and security forces failed to project an image of control, with the words chaos and paralysis used repeatedly to describe events as they unfolded.11 So badly did officials handle communications that an unprecedented public interest lawsuit has been filed against the government charging that it failed to discharge its constitutional duty to protect the countrys citizenry and uphold their right to life. More seriously, breaches of basic information security protocols provided the terrorists with vital operational intelligence. Major criticism was directed at a cabinet minister on the first day of the crisis, after he announced that 200 NSG commandos were to be deployed in the area in two hours. Not only did this alert the terrorists as to when a hostage rescue mission might occur, it also effectively confirmed that no forward operating units had yet been mobilized. Since the attack, the Indian government has announced a number of reforms aimed at addressing these various shortcomings. Indias parliament has taken steps to make some of these reforms a reality. On December 17, Indias lower house (Lok Sabha) approved new anti-terror legislation; it was approved by the upper house (Rajya Photos of Disaster Management Workshop at Confidence Foundation 35 Sabha) the next day. The new Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act provides new powers to the security services, including the ability to hold suspects for six months without charges. It also makes provisions to establish a National Investigative Agency that will be responsible for investigating terrorism and gathering and processing intelligence. Some of these provisions (such as lengthy detentions without charge) have drawn domestic criticism.Following the 1999 incursion by Pakistani paramilitary forces in the Kargil-Dras sectors of Kashmir, the Indian government vowed to institute reforms intended to make future incursions less likely. Many of these changes were proposed in the Kargil Review Commission The evidences gathered so far Rifles, pistols, ammunition, grenades. Mobile telephones, GPS sets etc recovered from the terrorists from the scenes of the crimes. Ten improvised explosive devices were given to the terrorist. Seven had exploded and three were recovered and defused later. The three devices are similar and bear the unmistakable signature of having been made by the same individual or same team at the same time. Each IED weighed approximately eight kilogram and each contained 4-5 kilogram tightly packed black greasy RDX. 9 mm pistols that were recovered from different scenes of the crimes. The hand grenades that were denoted and that were found unexploded. The satellite phone recovered from the fishing trawler was used to call a number of telephones. GPS set was recovered from the fishing trawler. A email claiming responsibility for the Mumbai attack was sent to the media by a hitherto unknown organization styled as Deccan Mujahideen. Even while the terrorists had occupied the target building and the security forces were engaging them, the terrorists were in contact with their controllers/ handlers over mobile telephones. Each terrorist carried pickle, diesel container, Match box, detergent powder, tissue paper, wheat paper, Mountain dew bottle, Dental cream, shaving cream, spray paint, milk powder packet, floor cleaning brush, towel, jacket and many small other things. Conclusion In the wake of the late November 2008 events, it was revealed that Mumbais firefighters have poor personal protective gear. Security and Police official were poorly trained. They need to trained with latest technology and equipment. Communication system should improved 36 Chapter VII Conclusion Unwanted fires pose major risk to the safety to life and property in a built environment. India suffers a colossal loss of over Rs 5000 million per annum on account of property alone. In addition to this several thousand lives are lost due to fires. Combined with the introduction of advanced systems of fire detection and suppression, there is a need to develop predictive tools for estimating the environment and for measuring the performance of the fire safety systems. Fire engineering, or fire safety engineering, is the application of the engineering principles to all aspects of fire safety. In much the same way as a structural engineer wOill design a building to withstand various loads and conditions a fire engineer will look at hazard, risk and the performance of materials, buildings and the behavior of people. The result of a fire engineering approach will often lead to flexible alternatives to the code or prescriptive route, especially when designing unusual or difficult buildings. Fire engineering can successfully remove obstacles to innovative building design and provide an opportunity for the architect to create the fire safe environment by introducing new systems or developing a better understanding of existing systems. The performance based code allows fire engineering design to be used. Often the engineer himself finds difficulties in the application of the available science. Engineers are using fire models as part of the engineering design process. The engineer certainly has no storage of models that can be used to assist him with his design and the problems are often how to decide which model to use? It is the absence of such facts that often leaves the designer more confused than confident in fire modeling. This lack of understanding, but more importantly the lack of understanding by regulators and enforcement authorities represents a significant obstacle to the acceptance of modeling, which is so fundamental to fire safety engineers. Greater acceptability of fire safety engineering requires investment in education of all parties involved in the design, construction, maintenance and approval of buildings. Since a most important principle of successful fire extinction is to attack and out break immediately, in incipient stage it is imperative that any device which can detect a fire automatically and then help to extinguish it with a minimum of fire loss or keep it under control & prevent further spreading will prove great value. Automatic sprinkler systems, using water as the extinguishing medium have been universally adopted for this purpose. This type of apparatus has been in use for over a hundred years basically and automatic sprinkler installation comprises a system of pipes erected at or near the ceiling of each floor of a building and connected through controlling valves to one or more water supplies. At intervals in the pipe work, at varying distances according to the classification of the premises, are sealed outlets called sprinkler heads. These contain a device whereby a rise in temperature to a predetermined limit causes the sprinkler to open and water to be discharged in the form of a spray over an area of the floor below the sprinkler. The sprinklers are so spaced that, in the event of two or more heads operative simultaneously, the area sprayed by each sprinkler overlaps that sprayed by its neighbor, thus leaving no part of the floor unprotected. The Operation of the head leads to the opening of a valve and causes and alarm bell to ring( and in some installations a direct call to fire brigade), so drawing attention to the outbreak of fire. Recommendation a) Foreseeability of Fire: Fire is a foreseeable occurrence. It must be dealt with on the 37 same terms and with the same resources that are committed to production, marketing, or any other business activity. The fire problem can not be ignored. To do so is a gamble, and gamblers eventually come up losers. b) Insurance: Insurance is not a solution to the fire problem. It financial Band-Aid intended to help heal the wounds to the bottom line of a company after a fire loss. It cannot be used to recover all of the direct and indirect losses from a fire, such as lost customers. c) Building and Fire Codes: Building codes and National Building codes are absolute minimums and do not reflect the special fire protection needs of a specific industrial facility. Reliance solely on a code or standard to determine the level of protection for a facility is the same as entrusting the future of the company to a stranger who has no vested interest in the continued profitability of the operation. d) Effect of Fire:Industrial and commercial fires damage more than the bottom line of a facility. Beyond the physical damage incurred and the loss of profits and customers, a major fire can have a devastating effect on the employees and the neighboring community. e) Fire Protection Features and Procedures: Money invested in the fire protection features is an investment intended to ensure the continued operation and profitability of the company. A company cannot produce anything, if the building burns down. f) Automatic Sprinkler Protection: The best protection available for any type of building or occupancy is a properly designed, installed, and maintained automatic sprinkler system. Automatic sprinkler protection must be matched to the hazard it is expected to protect. Most importantly, an improperly designed sprinkler system is the same as no sprinkler system at all. g) Procedure for Handling Impairments: Fire protection equipment, such as automatic sprinklers, are of no value if they are impaired (out of service) when the fire occurs. Facilities must have a comprehensive impairment handling procedure for tracking and handling impairments to fire protection equipment. The procedure should include the provision of a fire watch, the shutting down of hazardous operations in the affected areas, and even shutting down the facility if the impairment affects a large portion of the facilitys fire protection. h) Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls: Large un-divided areas are an invitation to disaster. Properly designed fire walls and fire barrier walls or other forms of fire cutoffs should be used to sub-divide a facility into manageable fire areas or to halt the potential spread of fire from the area of origin. i) Employee Training: Buildings equipped with automatic sprinkler protection and other protection features burn down on a regular basis because the effectiveness of the protection is comprised by the actions or inactions of the people in the facility. Every employee should be instructed to immediately sound the alarm when there are indications of a fire. Big fires always start out small; therefore, summoning assistance immediately is important. j) Planning : Every industrial facility must have an effectively trained fire brigade that operates under a comprehensive pre-emergency plan. Emergency planning must also include the public fire department, so that fire fighters are familiar with the features of the facility and how to utilize them most effectively. 38 k) Automatic Fire Detection: Automatic fire detection is not a substitute for automatic sprinkler protection. Fire detectors do nothing to suppress a fire. If they are not installed in conjunction with automatic sprinklers or some other type of fire suppression system, they only guarantee an audience for the fire. l) Building Materials: Combustible construction materials should be avoided in industrial and commercial buildings. The fire load in an industrial or commercial setting is usually substantial without the additional fire loading contributed by combustible building materials. m) Housekeeping : Good housekeeping practices are essential for a fire-safe facility. n) Hazard Analysis : Industrial and commercial facilities must have some type of hazard analysis process to determine the effect that new or revised operations will have on the protection of the facility. An operating sprinkler system should never be shut down until it has been positively determined that the fire has been extinguished. Even then, charged hose lines should be maintained in the area to protect against a potential rekindle, and personnel should be stationed at each shut sprinkler valve to quickly re-open the valve should a rekindle occur. 39 Bibliography Afsal, M. (2005) Over six lakh hawkers may face evacuation before the games. The Age, June 07, 2005. Andreff, W (Sport) in developing countries.. Baviskar, A. 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Suresh .V 2006. India national Disaster congress, session 4 Techno legal and Techno financing regime for disaster risk mitigation pg 1 Tandon, A.N., 1953, The Very Great Earthquake of August 15, 1950, A Compilation of Papers on the Assam Earthquake of August 15, 1950 (Compiled by M.B. Ramachandra Rao), The Central Board of Geophysics, Govt. of India, pp.80-89. 42 Profile Professor Dr. Neelam Tikkha MA( English), MBA, Team Building ( XLRI), Ph.D ( American Literature ), TEFL (US Florida Tampa), MMV, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, India. Supervisor for PhD (English) Winner of British Council International Anecdote Writing Competition. Certified by Cambridge University as an English Expert President CFTRA- Global, an interactive platform for teachers and trainers. Editor- Multidisciplinary International Journal Director, Confidence Foundation an NGO working for education of deprived and adults. Corporate trainer for MNCs like World Trade Centre, ONGC, HPCL, Mercedez , HUL, CIPLA, Visaka Industries, Acer, Space wood , PEE VEE TEX, HPCL, Blow Plast , and a number of organizations. Examiner for Cambridge ESOL Exams. Writer of 28 e- books on Communication Skills, Soft Skills and Essays for International Exams and Disaster Management. Taught at UK. Key Note presenter for a number of international Conferences and seminars around the globe. Won several awards for best paper presentation. Conducted Soft Skills and Communication training at various engineering, medical and management institutes like YCCE , DMIMS, RKNEC, PCE , Aravali , IILM, IBS, Magnus, GH Raisoni, Bharat Petroleum Ltd. Interviewed on All India Radio and TV. Written a number of books and participated in over 55 international conferences. Ph.D.American Literature( Received United States Information Services grant for studying ). MBA( XLRI)M.A. (English )Post graduate Diploma in Journalism and Mass Media Communication (Delhi)Diploma in Creative Writing in English (Delhi) American Civilization Course Sponsored by United States Information Services. Certified trainer for teaching Communication by TESOL (US) Impressions The Leadership and Team Excellence workshop was highly interactive. The faculty was very much focused and effective. Her delivery was excellent and she was able to involve each participant. Course contents were very excellent meeting our job requirement. The communication workshop was very enriching. Now onwards I will be very confident and expressive while making presentations and writing e- mails Shashi Vaidya HR Unilever 43 I remember everything of what you had taught me 10 years ago. Gopal Bisa Unilever It was a very good experience . Communication workshop was excellent . Very interactive and highly learning experience. Thanks for the effort taken by you. Dilip Joshi Space Wood Communication workshop was extremely good . Dr. Sanjay Thakur ESCORTS I liked the workshop because the way of training is very different. Sheel Ghule IIPL The workshop was interactive and done in a very creative way. Dr. Neelam Tikkha is an excellent trainer. Dr. M L Goel Univ. of Florida, US Training Areas 1. Business Communication Skills (Written, Spoken and Behavior) 2. Intercultural communication 3. NLP to improve efficiency at work place 4. Emotional intelligence 5. Coping with Night Shifts 6. Voice and Accent 7. Presentation Skills 8. Leadership 9. Body Language 10. E-mail Etiquettes 11. Public Speaking 12. Group Discussion 44 13. Customer Effectiveness 14. Negotiation Skills Leadership 15. Transactional Analysis 16. Stress Management (includes Healthy Living) 17. Building Positive attitude 18. Interview and Interviewing Techniques 19. Change management 20. Dinner table and Cocktail Etiquettes 21. Time Management 22. Memory Improvement 23. Inculcating Values 24. Professional Dressing 25. Creativity 26. Team Building Contact Details: Confidence Foundation 3A-1 & 42 A-1,Vrindavan, Crorepati Lane, 173, Civil Lines, Nagpur-440001, INDIA e-mail: confidencefoundation@yahoo.com neelam.tikkha@gmail.com Tel:0712 -2520741, 2521796 Cell: 09422145467