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MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY
2012 2012 Term Term 1 1
By:
Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/
http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com
ALLOMORPHS ALLOMORPHS
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Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphemes and Allomorphs
PAST TENSE: PAST TENSE: PAST TENSE: PAST TENSE: called [d], talked [t], glided [d]
[-d]
MORPHEME:
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/-d/ /-t/
/-d/
ALLOMORPHS:
Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphemes and Allomorphs
Plural formation: desks [s], cars [z], buses [z]
[-s]
MORPHEME:
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/-s/ /-z/
/-z/
ALLOMORPHS:
Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphemes and Allomorphs
The negative [in The negative [in The negative [in The negative [in- -- -]: ]: ]: ]: insane [in] , incomplete [ insane [in] , incomplete [ insane [in] , incomplete [ insane [in] , incomplete [i i i i], impossible [ ], impossible [ ], impossible [ ], impossible [im im im im], illegal [ ], illegal [ ], illegal [ ], illegal [il il il il], ], ], ],
irrevocable [ irrevocable [ irrevocable [ irrevocable [ir ir ir ir]. ]. ]. ].
[in-]
MORPHEME:
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[in-]
/in-/ /i-/
/im-/
/il-/ /ir-/
ALLOMORPHS:
ALLOMORPHS:
VARIATIONS OF MORPHEMES
DEFINITION:
An allomorph is any of the different forms of a
morpheme.
[Richards, Platt & Weber, 1987: 9]
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[Richards, Platt & Weber, 1987: 9]
MORPHEME FREE ALLOMORPH BOUND ALLOMORPH
{long} /l / // / /l - -- -/ // /
EXAMPLE: long, length
NOTE: a morpheme may have more than
one phonemic form.
{-D pt}
/ // /- -- -d d d d/ as in / as in / as in / as in parted parted parted parted
/ // /partd partd partd partd/ // /
/-t/as in passed/p st st st st/ // /
SELECTION OF ALLOMORPHS:
The past-tense ending , the morpheme {-D pt}, has
three phonemic forms.
The choice depends on the preceding sound.
After an alveolar stop /t/ or /d/, the allomorph / // /- -- -d d d d/ // /
takes takes takes takes place place place place as as as as in in in in parted parted parted parted / // /partd partd partd partd/ // /. .. .
After After After After a aa a voiceless voiceless voiceless voiceless consonant consonant consonant consonant other other other other than than than than /t/, /t/, /t/, /t/, the
allomorph /-t/takes takes takes takes place place place place as in laughed/l ft/ ft/ ft/ ft/. .. .
After After After After a aa a voiced voiced voiced voiced consonant consonant consonant consonant other other other other than than than than /d/, /d/, /d/, /d/, the
allomorph /-d/ takes takes takes takes place place place place as in begged/b gd dd d/ // /. .. .
The The The The occurrence occurrence occurrence occurrence of of of of one one one one or or or or another another another another of of of of them them them them
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/-d/ as in seemed /simd/
The The The The occurrence occurrence occurrence occurrence of of of of one one one one or or or or another another another another of of of of them them them them
depends depends depends depends on on on on its its its its phonological phonological phonological phonological environment environment environment environment. .. .
This This This This pattern pattern pattern pattern of of of of occurrence occurrence occurrence occurrence is is is is called called called called
complementary complementary complementary complementary distribution distribution distribution distribution. .. .
NOTE: These three phonemic forms of {-Dpt} are not
interchangeable. They are positional variants. They
are allomorphs belong to the same morpheme.
It must be emphasized that many morphemes
in English have only one phonemic form, that
is, one allomorph for example, the
morpheme {boy} and {-hood} each has one
allomorph - /b y/ and /-hUd/ - as in boyhood.
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allomorph - /b y/ and /-hUd/ - as in boyhood.
It is really not the morpheme but the
allomorph that is free or bound.
For example the morpheme {louse} has two
allomorphs: the free allomorph /laws/ as in
the singular noun louse , and the bound
allomorph /lawz-/ as in the adjective lousy.
TYPES OF ALLOMORPHS
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1. ADDITIVE ALLOMORPHS:
To signify some difference in meaning, something is added to a word. For example, the
past tense form of most English verbs is formed by adding the suffix ed which can
be pronounced as either /t/, /d/ or / d/:
ask + ed = /a:sk/ + /t/, liv(e) + ed =/lv/ + /d/, need + ed =/ni:d/ + / d/.
2. REPLACIVE ALLOMORPHS:
To signify some difference in meaning, a sound is used to replace another sound in a
word. For example, the // in drink is replaced by the // in drank to signal the simple
past. This is symbolized as follows:
/drnk/ = /drnk/ + / > /.
3. SUPPLETIVE ALLOMORPHS:
To signify some difference in meaning, there is a complete change in the shape of a word.
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To signify some difference in meaning, there is a complete change in the shape of a word.
For example:
go + the suppletive allomorph of {D pt} = went;
be + the suppletive allomorph of {S 3d} = is;
bad + the suppletive allomorph of {ER cp} = worse;
good + the suppletive allomorph of {EST sp} = best.
4. THE ZERO ALLOMORPH:
There is no change in the shape of a word though some difference in meaning is
identified. For example, the past tense form of hurt is formed by adding the zero
allomorph of {D pt} to this word.
Allomorph
Phonologically
Conditioned
e.g. Plural forms in
English
|s| cats
Lexically
Conditioned
e.g. Plurals
sheep, oxen
(each one has a
different form and
cannot be
Morphologically
Conditioned
where the choice of the
allomorphs -ceive- or -
cept- is systematically
determined by the
Suppletion
is an extreme form of
allomorph in which two
completely different roots
realize the same morpheme.
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| z| glasses
|z| dogs
cannot be
predicted)
determined by the
morphemes added to
them:
a. receiver,
receivable;
deceiver,
deceivable;
conceivable
b. reception,
receptive;
deception;
concept,
conception,
conceptual
Examples are
go | went
Be | is| was | were | am
Good | better | best
Bad | worse | worst
One | first
Two | second
Sing
/ // /si si si si/ // /
Walk
/wk k k k/ // /
Sang
/s /s /s /s / / / /
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[past]
/d/
/s /s /s /s / / / /
A schematic representation of the lexicon as the irregular allomorphs are
stored as distinct lexical entries, while the regular past tense form is
derived by combining the stored stem and the stored past tense
morpheme according to the regular rule. (Linnaea C. Stockall, 1999).
{-D pt} = /- d/ ~ /-t/ ~ /-d/
Formula
Braces {} are used for morphemes;
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Braces {} are used for morphemes;
Slants // for allomorphs;
a tilde ~ means phonological alternation.
{-S pl} = /- z/ ~ /-z/ ~ /-s/ /- n/ //
Formula
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Braces {} are used for morphemes;
Slants // for allomorphs;
a tilde ~ means phonological alternation.
means morphological alternation.
{be}+{-D pt} = /w z/ / w r/
Formula
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Braces {} are used for morphemes;
Slants // for allomorphs;
a tilde ~ means in alternation with.
means morphological alternation.
EXERCISE 1: Explain why a and an are two
allomorphs of the same morpheme.
EXERCISE 2: Identify the allomorphs of the
inflectional verb past simple morpheme
{Dpt} in the verb be. How are they
THE EXERCISES OF ALLOMORPHS
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{Dpt} in the verb be. How are they
conditioned?
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