Why is Astronomy Important?

ByMarissaRosenberg,PedroRusso(EUUNAWE,LeidenObservatory/LeidenUniversity,
TheNetherlands/russo@strw.leidenuniv.nl),GeorgiaBladon,LarsLindbergChristensen
(ESO,Germany)
Introduction
ThroughoutHistoryhumanshavelookedtotheskytonavigatethevastoceans,todecide
whentoplanttheircropsandtoanswerquestionsofwherewecamefromandhowwegot
here.Itisadisciplinethatopensoureyes,givescontexttoourplaceintheUniverseandthat
canreshapehowweseetheworld.WhenCopernicusclaimedthatEarthwasnotthecentre
oftheUniverse,ittriggeredarevolution.Arevolutionthroughwhichreligion,science,and
societyhadtoadapttothisnewworldview.
Astronomyhasalwayshadasignificantimpactonourworldview.Earlyculturesidentified
celestialobjectswiththegodsandtooktheirmovementsacrosstheskyaspropheciesof
whatwastocome.Wewouldnowcallthisastrology,farremovedfromthehardfactsand
expensiveinstrumentsoftodaysastronomy,buttherearestillhintsofthishistoryinmodern
astronomy.Take,forexample,thenamesoftheconstellations:Andromeda,thechained
maidenofGreekmythology,orPerseus,thedemigodwhosavedher.
Now,asourunderstandingoftheworldprogresses,wefindourselvesandourviewofthe
worldevenmoreentwinedwiththestars.Thediscoverythatthebasicelementsthatwefind
instars,andthegasanddustaroundthem,arethesameelementsthatmakeupourbodies
hasfurtherdeepenedtheconnectionbetweenusandthecosmos.Thisconnectiontouches
ourlives,andtheaweitinspiresisperhapsthereasonthatthebeautifulimagesastronomy
providesuswitharesopopularintodaysculture.
Therearestillmanyunansweredquestionsinastronomy.Currentresearchisstrugglingto
understandquestionslike:Howoldarewe?,WhatisthefateoftheUniverse?and
possiblythemostinteresting:HowuniqueistheUniverse,andcouldaslightlydifferent
Universeeverhavesupportedlife?Butastronomyisalsobreakingnewrecordseveryday,
establishingthefurthestdistances,mostmassiveobjects,highesttemperaturesandmost
violentexplosions.
Pursuingthesequestionsisafundamentalpartofbeinghuman,yetintoday'sworldithas
becomeincreasinglyimportanttobeabletojustifythepursuitoftheanswers.Thedifficulties
indescribingtheimportanceofastronomy,andfundamentalresearchingeneral,arewell
summarizedbythefollowingquote:
Preservingknowledgeiseasy.Transferringknowledgeisalsoeasy.Butmakingnew
knowledgeisneithereasynorprofitableintheshortterm.Fundamentalresearchproves
profitableinthelongrun,and,asimportantly,itisaforcethatenrichesthecultureofany
societywithreasonandbasictruth.
AhmedZewali,winneroftheNobelPrizeinChemistry(1999).
Althoughweliveinaworldfacedwiththemanyimmediateproblemsofhunger,poverty,
energyandglobalwarming,wearguethatastronomyhaslongtermbenefitsthatareequally
asimportanttoacivilizedsociety.Severalstudies(seebelow)havetoldusthatinvestingin
scienceeducation,researchandtechnologyprovidesagreatreturnnotonlyeconomically,
butculturallyandindirectlyforthepopulationingeneralandhashelpedcountriestoface
andovercomecrises.Thescientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentofacountryorregionis
closelylinkedtoitshumandevelopmentindexastatisticthatisameasureoflife
expectancy,educationandincome(Truman,1949).
ThereareotherworksthathavecontributedtoansweringthequestionWhyisastronomy
important?Dr.RobertAitken,directorofLickObservatory,showsusthatevenin1933there
wasaneedtojustifyourscience,inhispaperentitledTheUseofAstronomy(Aitken,1933).
Hislastsentencesummarizeshissentiment:Togivemanevermoreknowledgeofthe
universeandtohelphim'tolearnhumilityandtoknowexaltation',thatisthemissionof
astronomy.Morerecently,C.ReneJameswroteanarticleoutliningtherecent
technologicaladvancesthatwecanthankastronomyfor,suchasGPS,medicalimaging,
andwirelessinternet(ReneJames,2012).Indefenceofradioastronomy,DaveFinleyin
Finley(2013)states,Insum,astronomyhasbeenacornerstoneoftechnologicalprogress
throughouthistory,hasmuchtocontributeinthefuture,andoffersallhumansafundamental
senseofourplaceinanunimaginablyvastandexcitinguniverse.
Astronomyandrelatedfieldsareattheforefrontofscienceandtechnologyanswering
fundamentalquestionsanddrivinginnovation.ItisforthisreasonthattheInternational
AstronomicalUnions(IAU)strategicplanfor20102020hasthreemainareasoffocus:
technologyandskillsscienceandresearchandcultureandsociety.
Althoughblueskiesresearchlikeastronomyrarelycontributesdirectlywithtangible
outcomesonashorttimescale,thepursuitofthisresearchrequirescuttingedgetechnology
andmethodsthatcanonalongertimescale,throughtheirbroaderapplicationmakea
difference.
Awealthofexamplesmanyofwhichareoutlinedbelowshowhowthestudyof
astronomycontributestotechnology,economyandsocietybyconstantlypushingfor
instruments,processesandsoftwarethatarebeyondourcurrentcapabilities.
Thefruitsofscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentinastronomy,especiallyinareassuch
asopticsandelectronics,havebecomeessentialtoourdaytodaylife,withapplications
suchaspersonalcomputers,communicationsatellites,mobilephones,GlobalPositioning
Systems,solarpanelsandMagneticResonanceImaging(MRI)scanners.
Althoughthestudyofastronomyhasprovidedawealthoftangible,monetaryand
technologicalgains,perhapsthemostimportantaspectofastronomyisnotoneof
economicalmeasure.Astronomyhasandcontinuestorevolutionizeourthinkingona
worldwidescale.Inthepast,astronomyhasbeenusedtomeasuretime,marktheseasons,
andnavigatethevastoceans.Asoneoftheoldestsciencesastronomyispartofevery
cultureshistoryandroots.Itinspiresuswithbeautifulimagesandpromisesanswerstothe
bigquestions.Itactsasawindowintotheimmensesizeandcomplexityofspace,putting
Earthintoperspectiveandpromotingglobalcitizenshipandprideinourhomeplanet.
SeveralreportsintheUS(NationalResearchCouncil,2010)andEurope(Bodeetal.,2008)
indicatethatthemajorcontributionsofastronomyarenotjustthetechnologicalandmedical
applications(technologytransfer,seebelow),butauniqueperspectivethatextendsour
horizonsandhelpsusdiscoverthegrandeuroftheUniverseandourplacewithinit.Ona
morepressinglevel,astronomyhelpsusstudyhowtoprolongthesurvivalofourspecies.
Forexample,itiscriticaltostudytheSunsinfluenceonEarthsclimateandhowitwillaffect
weather,waterlevelsetc.OnlythestudyoftheSunandotherstarscanhelpusto
understandtheseprocessesintheirentirety.Inaddition,mappingthemovementofallthe
objectsinourSolarSystem,allowsustopredictthepotentialthreatstoourplanetfrom
space.Sucheventscouldcausemajorchangestoourworld,aswasclearlydemonstrated
bythemeteoriteimpactinChelyabinsk,Russiain2013.
Onapersonallevel,teachingastronomytoouryouthisalsoofgreatvalue.Ithasbeen
proventhatpupilswhoengageinastronomyrelatededucationalactivitiesataprimaryor
secondaryschoolaremorelikelytopursuecareersinscienceandtechnology,andtokeep
uptodatewithscientificdiscoveries(NationalResearchCouncil,1991).Thisdoesnotjust
benefitthefieldofastronomy,butreachesacrossotherscientificdisciplines.
Astronomyisoneofthefewscientificfieldsthatinteractsdirectlywithsociety.Notonly
transcendingborders,butactivelypromotingcollaborationsaroundtheworld.Inthefollowing
paper,weoutlinethetangibleaspectsofwhatastronomyhascontributedtovariousfields.
Technology transfer
From astronomy to industry
Someofthemostusefulexamplesoftechnologytransferbetweenastronomyandindustry
includeadvancesinimagingandcommunications.Forexample,afilmcalledKodak
TechnicalPanisusedextensivelybymedicalandindustrialspectroscopists,industrial
photographers,andartists,andwasoriginallycreatedsothatsolarastronomerscouldrecord
thechangesinthesurfacestructureoftheSun.Inaddition,thedevelopmentofTechnical
Panagaindrivenbytherequirementsofastronomerswasusedforseveraldecades
(untilitwasdiscontinued)todetectdiseasedcropsandforests,indentistryandmedical
diagnosis,andforprobinglayersofpaintingstorevealforgeries(NationalResearchCouncil,
1991).
In2009WillardS.BoyleandGeorgeE.SmithwereawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsfor
thedevelopmentofanotherdevicethatwouldbewidelyusedinindustry.Thesensorsfor
imagecapturedevelopedforastronomicalimages,knownasChargeCoupledDevices
(CCDs),werefirstusedinastronomyin1976.Withinaveryfewyearstheyhadreplacedfilm
notonlyontelescopes,butalsoinmanypeoplespersonalcameras,webcamsandmobile
phones.TheimprovementandpopularityofCCDsisattributedtoNASAsdecisiontouse
supersensitiveCCDtechnologyontheHubbleSpaceTelescope(Kiger&English,2011).
Intherealmofcommunication,radioastronomyhasprovidedawealthofusefultools,
devices,anddataprocessingmethods.Manysuccessfulcommunicationscompanieswere
originallyfoundedbyradioastronomers.ThecomputerlanguageFORTHwasoriginally
createdtobeusedbytheKittPeak36foottelescopeandwentontoprovidethebasisfora
highlyprofitablecompany(ForthInc.).ItisnowbeingusedbyFedExworldwideforits
trackingservices.
Someotherexamplesoftechnologytransferbetweenastronomyandindustryarelisted
below(NationalResearchCouncil,2010):
ThecompanyGeneralMotorsusestheastronomyprogramminglanguageInteractive
DataLanguage(IDL)toanalysedatafromcarcrashes.
Thefirstpatentsfortechniquestodetectgravitationalradiationproducedwhen
massivebodiesacceleratehavebeenacquiredbyacompanytohelpthem
determinethegravitationalstabilityofundergroundoilreservoirs.
ThetelecommunicationscompanyAT&TusesImageReductionandAnalysisFacility
(IRAF)acollectionofsoftwarewrittenattheNationalOpticalAstronomy
Observatorytoanalysecomputersystemsandsolidstatephysicsgraphics.
LarryAltschuler,anastronomer,wasresponsibleforthedevelopmentoftomography
theprocessofimaginginsectionsusingapenetratingwaveviahisworkon
reconstructingtheSolarCoronafromitsprojections.(schuler,M.D.1979)
From astronomy to the aerospace sector
Theaerospacesectorsharesmostofitstechnologywithastronomyspecificallyin
telescopeandinstrumenthardware,imaging,andimageprocessingtechniques.
Sincethedevelopmentofspacebasedtelescopes,informationacquisitionfordefencehas
shiftedfromusinggroundbasedtoaerialandspacebased,techniques.Defencesatellites
areessentiallytelescopespointedtowardsEarthandrequireidenticaltechnologyand
hardwaretothoseusedintheirastronomicalcounterparts.Inaddition,processingsatellite
imagesusesthesamesoftwareandprocessesasastronomicalimages.
Somespecificexamplesofastronomicaldevelopmentsusedindefencearegivenbelow
(NationalResearchCouncil,2010):
Observationsofstarsandmodelsofstellaratmospheresareusedtodifferentiate
betweenrocketplumesandcosmicobjects.Thesamemethodisnowbeingstudied
foruseinearlywarningsystems.
Observationsofstellardistributionsontheskywhichareusedtopointand
calibratetelescopesarealsousedinaerospaceengineering.
Astronomersdevelopedasolarblindphotoncounteradevicewhichcanmeasure
theparticlesoflightfromasource,duringtheday,withoutbeingoverwhelmedbythe
particlescomingfromtheSun.Thisisnowusedtodetectultraviolet(UV)photons
comingfromtheexhaustofamissile,allowingforavirtuallyfalsealarmfreeUV
missilewarningsystem.Thesametechnologycanalsobeusedtodetecttoxic
gases.
GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)satellitesrelyonastronomicalobjects,suchas
quasarsanddistantgalaxies,todetermineaccuratepositions.
From astronomy to the energy sector
Astronomicalmethodscanbeusedtofindnewfossilfuelsaswellastoevaluatethe
possibilityofnewrenewableenergysources(NationalResearchCouncil,2010):
Twooilcompanies,TexacoandBP,useIDLtoanalysecoresamplesaroundoil
fieldsaswellasforgeneralpetroleumresearch.
AnAustraliancompany,calledIngenero,hascreatedsolarradiationcollectorsto
harnessthepoweroftheSunforenergyonEarth.Theyhavecreatedcollectorsupto
16metresindiameter,whichisonlypossiblewiththeuseofagraphitecomposite
materialdevelopedforanorbitingtelescopearray.
TechnologydesignedtoimageXraysinXraytelescopeswhichhavetobe
designeddifferentlyfromvisiblelighttelescopesisnowusedtomonitorplasma
fusion.Iffusionwheretwolightatomicnucleifusetoformaheaviernucleus
becamepossibletocontrol,itcouldbetheanswertosafe,clean,energy.
Astronomy and medicine
Astronomersstruggleconstantlytoseeobjectsthatareeverdimmerandfurtheraway.
Medicinestruggleswithsimilarissues:toseethingsthatareobscuredwithinthehuman
body.Bothdisciplinesrequirehighresolution,accurateanddetailedimages.Perhapsthe
mostnotableexampleofknowledgetransferbetweenthesetwostudiesisthetechniqueof
aperturesynthesis,developedbytheradioastronomerandNobelLaureate,MartinRyle
(RoyalSwedishAcademyofSciences,1974).Thistechnologyisusedincomputerised
tomography(alsoknownasCTorCATscanners),magneticresonanceimaging(MRIs),
positronemissiontomography(PET)andmanyothermedicalimagingtools.
Alongwiththeseimagingtechniques,astronomyhasdevelopedmanyprogramming
languagesthatmakeimageprocessingmucheasier,specificallyIDLandIRAF.These
languagesarewidelyusedformedicalapplications(Shasharina,2005).
Anotherimportantexampleofhowastronomicalresearchhascontributedtothemedical
worldisinthedevelopmentofcleanworkingareas.Themanufactureofspacebased
telescopesrequiresanextremelycleanenvironmenttopreventdustorparticlesthatmight
obscureorobstructthemirrorsorinstrumentsonthetelescopes(suchasinNASAs
STEREOmissionGruman,2011).Thecleanroomprotocols,airfilters,andbunnysuitsthat
weredevelopedtoachievethisarenowalsousedinhospitalsandpharmaceuticallabs
(Clark,2012).
Somemoredirectapplicationsofastronomicaltoolsinmedicinearelistedbelow:
AcollaborationbetweenadrugcompanyandtheCambridgeAutomaticPlate
MeasuringFacilityallowsbloodsamplesfromleukaemiapatientstobeanalysed
fasterandthusensuresmoreaccuratechangesinmedication(NationalResearch
Council,1991).
Radioastronomersdevelopedamethodthatisnowusedasanoninvasivewayto
detecttumours.Bycombiningthiswithothertraditionalmethods,thereisa
truepositivedetectionrateof96%inbreastcancerpatients(Barretetal.,1978).
Smallthermalsensorsinitiallydevelopedtocontroltelescopeinstrument
temperaturesarenowusedtocontrolheatinginneonatologyunitsunitsforthe
careofnewbornbabies(NationalResearchCouncil,1991).
AlowenergyXrayscannerdevelopedbyNASAiscurrentlyusedforoutpatient
surgery,sportsinjuries,andinthirdworldclinics.IthasalsobeenusedbytheUS
FoodandDrugsAdministration(FDA)tostudywhethercertainpillshadbeen
contaminated(NationalResearchCouncil,1991).
Softwareforprocessingsatellitepicturestakenfromspaceisnowhelpingmedical
researcherstoestablishasimplemethodtoimplementwidescalescreeningfor
Alzheimersdisease(ESA,2013).
Lookingthroughthefluidfilled,constantlymovingeyeofalivingpersonisnotthat
differentfromtryingtoobserveastronomicalobjectsthroughtheturbulent
atmosphere,andthesamefundamentalapproachseemstoworkforboth.Adaptive
opticsusedinastronomycanbeusedforretinalimaginginlivingpatientstostudy
diseasessuchasmaculardegenerationandretinitispigmentosaintheirearlystages.
(BostonMicromachinesCorporation2010)
Astronomy in everyday life
Therearemanythingsthatpeopleencounteronaneverydaybasisthatwerederivedfrom
astronomicaltechnologies.Perhapsthemostcommonlyusedastronomyderivedinvention
isthewirelesslocalareanetwork(WLAN).In1977JohnOSullivandevelopedamethodto
sharpenimagesfromaradiotelescope.Thissamemethodwasappliedtoradiosignalsin
general,specificallytothosededicatedtostrengtheningcomputernetworks,whichisnowan
integralpartofallWLANimplementations(Hamakeretal.,1977).
Othertechnologiesimportanttoeverydaylifethatwereoriginallydevelopedforastronomyare
listedbelow(NationalResearchCouncil,2010):
XrayobservatorytechnologyisalsousedincurrentXrayluggagebeltsinairports.
Inairports,agaschromatographforseparatingandanalysingcompounds
designedforaMarsmissionisusedtosurveybaggagefordrugsandexplosives.
ThepoliceusehandheldChemicalOxygenDemand(COD)photometers
instrumentsdevelopedbyastronomersformeasuringlightintensitytocheckthat
carwindowsaretransparent,asdeterminedbythelaw.
Agammarayspectrometeroriginallyusedtoanalyselunarsoilisnowusedasa
noninvasivewaytoprobestructuralweakeningofhistoricalbuildingsortolook
behindfragilemosaics,suchasinSt.MarksBasilicainVenice.
Moresubtlethanthesecontributionstotechnologyisthecontributionthatastronomyhas
madetoourviewoftime.ThefirstcalendarswerebasedonthemovementoftheMoonand
eventhewaythatwedefineasecondisduetoastronomy.Theatomicclock,developedin
1955,wascalibratedusingastronomicalEphemerisTimeaformerstandardastronomical
timescaleadoptedbytheIAUin1952.Thisledtotheinternationallyagreeduponredefinition
ofthesecond(Markowitzetal.,1958).
Theseareallverytangibleexamplesoftheeffectastronomyhashadonoureverydaylives,
butastronomyalsoplaysanimportantroleinourculture.Therearemanybooksand
magazinesaboutastronomyfornonastronomers.ABriefHistoryofTimebyStephen
Hawkingisabestsellerandhassoldovertenmillioncopies(Paris,2007)andCarlSagans
televisionseries,Cosmos:APersonalVoyage,hasbeenwatchedinover60countriesby
morethan500millionpeople(NASA,2009).
ManynonastronomersalsoengagedwithastronomyduringtheInternationalYearof
Astronomy2009(IYA2009),thelargesteducationandpublicoutreacheventinscience.The
IYA2009reachedupwardsofeighthundredmillionpeople,throughthousandsofactivities,in
morethan148countries(IAU,2010).
Astronomy and international collaboration
Scientificandtechnologicalachievementsgivealargecompetitiveedgetoanynation.
Nationspridethemselvesonhavingthemostefficientnewtechnologiesandracetoachieve
newscientificdiscoveries.Butperhapsmoreimportantisthewaythatsciencecanbring
nationstogether,encouragingcollaborationandcreatingaconstantflowasresearchers
travelaroundtheglobetoworkininternationalfacilities.
Astronomyisparticularlywellsuitedtointernationalcollaborationduetotheneedtohave
telescopesindifferentplacesaroundtheworld,inordertoseethewholesky.Atleastasfar
backas1887whenastronomersfromaroundtheworldpooledtheirtelescopeimages
andmadethefirstmapofthewholeskytherehavebeeninternationalcollaborationsin
astronomyandin1920,theInternationalAstronomicalUnionbecamethefirstinternational
scientificunion.
InadditiontotheneedtoseetheskyfromdifferentvantagepointsonEarth,building
astronomicalobservatoriesonthegroundandinspaceisextremelyexpensive.Therefore
mostofthecurrentandplannedobservatoriesareownedbyseveralnations.Allofthese
collaborationshavethusfarbeenpeacefulandsuccessful.Someofthemostnotablebeing:
TheAtacamaLargeMillimeter/submillimeterArray(ALMA),aninternational
partnershipofEurope,NorthAmericaandEastAsiaincooperationwiththeRepublic
ofChile,isthelargestastronomicalprojectinexistence.
TheEuropeanSouthernObservatory(ESO)whichincludes14Europeancountries
andBrazil,andislocatedinChile.
CollaborationsonmajorobservatoriessuchastheNASA/ESAHubbleSpace
TelescopebetweenUSAandEurope.
Summary
Intheabovetextwehaveoutlinedboththetangibleandintangiblereasonsthatastronomyis
animportantpartofsociety.Althoughwehavefocusedmainlyonthetechnologyand
knowledgetransfer,perhapsthemostimportantcontributionisstillthefactthatastronomy
makesusawareofhowwefitintothevastUniverse.TheAmericanastronomerCarlSagan
showedusoneofastronomyssimplestandmostinspirationalcontributionstosocietyinhis
book,ThePaleBlueDot:
Ithasbeensaidthatastronomyisahumblingandcharacterbuildingexperience.Thereis
perhapsnobetterdemonstrationofthefollyofhumanconceitsthanthisdistantimageofour
tinyworld.Tome,itunderscoresourresponsibilitytodealmorekindlywithoneanother,and
topreserveandcherishthepalebluedot,theonlyhomeweveeverknown.
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