Special Issue: Structural and Molecular Biology of HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent for AIDS, 13 has caused nearly 25 million deaths over the past 30 years. An additional 33 million people are currently living with HIV-1 infection, including 15.7 million women and 2.1 million children (UNAIDS 2010 Global Report). In 2009 alone, an estimated 2.6 million people became infected with HIV, and 1.8 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses. About 5% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa is HIV positive. HIV infection rates in several major U.S. cities are similar to those in some sub-Saharan African countries, 4 and in Washington D.C., one out of twenty adults is HIV positive. 5 The remarkably prolific development of thera- peutics for the treatment of AIDS was greatly facilitated by structure-based drug discovery efforts. Drugs that target the HIV protease, reverse tran- scriptase, integrase, and envelope protein are currently available, and combination therapies can keep the virus at bay for extended periods, with life expectancies approaching those of noninfected individuals. 6 However, it appears unlikely that the current repertoires will lead to a cure, as the virus can be maintained in reservoirs that are not susceptible to the current drugs. 714 Current thera- peutic regimes are expensive, compliance can sometimes be difficult, and strains that are resistant to combination drug therapies have emerged. 1518 Recent network modeling of the evolution of drug- resistant HIV strains in San Francisco suggests the potential emergence of a new self-sustaining epidemic. 19 Thus, there are likely to be needs for new antivirals that target different viral components. This Special Edition of the Journal of Molecular Biology focuses on efforts that have been made recently to develop more detailed understanding of the structural and mechanistic aspects of HIV-1 replication. We were gratified that the response to our call for papers from the HIV-1 research community was overwhelming, and this has helped to make the issue both timely and authoritative. Several major themes emerged from the 10 reviews and 30 research papers that we are publishing: virus assembly and maturation, envelope and infectivity; integration and reverse transcription; transcription and posttranslational control; and viralhost in- teractions. Collectively, these papers represent the cutting edge of contemporary research into the Molecular Biology of HIV. References 1. Barr-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J. C., Rey, F., Nugeyre, M. T., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J. et al. (1983). Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune defficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science, 220, 868871. 2. Gallo, R. C., Salahuddin, S. Z., Popovic, M., Shearer, G. M., Kaplan, M., Haynes, B. F. et al. (1984). Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science, 224, 500503. 3. Levy, J. A., Hoffmann, A. D., Kramer, S. M., Landis, J. A., Shimabukuro, J. M. & Oshiro, L. S. (1984). Recovery of AIDS-associated retroviruses from patients with AIDS or AIDS-related conditions and from clinically healthy individuals. J. Infect. Dis. 152, 734738. 4. Greenberg, A. E., Hader, S. L., Masur, H., Young, A. T., Skillicorn, J. & Dieffenbach, C. W. (2009). Fighting HIV/AIDS in Washington, D.C. Health Aff. (Millwood), 28, 16771687. 5. Magnus, M., Kuo, I., Shelley, K., Rawls, A., Peterson, J., Montanez, L. et al. (2009). Risk factors driving the emergence of a generalized heterosexual HIV epidemic in Washington, District of Columbia networks at risk. AIDS, 23, 12771284. 6. van Sighem, A. I., Gras, L. A., Reiss, P., Brinkman, K. & de Wolf, F. (2010). Life expectancy of recently diagnosed asymptomatic HIV-infected patients approaches that of uninfected individuals. AIDS, 24, 15271535. 7. Wong, J. K., Hezareh, M., Gunthard, H. F., Havlir, D. V., Ignacio, C. C., Spina, C. A. & Richman, D. D. (1997). Recovery of replication-competent HIVdespite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia. Science, 278, 12911295. 8. Finzi, D., Hermankova, M., Pierson, T., Carruth, L. M., Buck, C., Chaisson, R. E. et al. (1997). Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science, 278, 12951300. http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/Global_report. htm doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.05.001 J. Mol. Biol. (2011) 410, 489490 Contents lists available at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Molecular Biology j our nal homepage: ht t p: / / ees. el sevi er. com. j mb 0022-2836/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 9. Chun, T. W., Stuyver, L., Mizell, S. B., Ehler, L. A., Mican, J. A. M., Baseler, M. et al. (1997). Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 1319313197. 10. Siliciano, J. D. & Siliciano, R. F. (2000). Latency and viral persistence in HIV-1 infection. J. Clin. Invest. 106, 823825. 11. Siliciano, J. D. & Siliciano, R. F. (2004). A long-term latent reservoir for HIV-1: discovery and clinical implications. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54, 69. 12. Siliciano, R. F. (1998). A reservoir for HIV in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy. Hopkins HIV Rep. 10, 56, 11. 13. Shen, L. & Siliciano, R. F. (2008). Viral reservoirs, residual viremia, and the potential of highly active antiretroviral therapy to eradicate HIV infection. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122, 2228. 14. Lassen, K. G., Ramyar, K. X., Bailey, J. R., Zhou, Y. & Siliciano, R. F. (2006). Nuclear retention of multiply spliced HIV-1 RNA in resting CD4 + T cells. PLoS Pathog. 2, e68. 15. Zollner, B., Feucht, H. H., Weitner, L., Adam, A. & Laufs, R. (1999). Drug-resistant genotyping in HIV-1 therapy. Lancet, 354, 11201121. 16. Wensing, A. M. & Boucher, C. A. (2003). Worldwide transmissionof drug-resistant HIV. AIDSRev. 5, 140155. 17. Luo, M., Liu, H., Zhuang, K., Liu, L., Su, B., Yang, R. et al. (2009). Prevalence of drug-resistant HIV-1 in rural areas of Hubei province in the People's Republic of China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 50, 18. 18. Dahl, V. & Palmer, S. (2009). Establishment of drug- resistant HIV-1 in latent reservoirs. J. Infect. Dis. 199, 12581260. 19. Smith, R. J., Okano, J. T., Kahn, J. S., Bodine, E. N. & Blower, S. (2010). Evolutionary dynamics of complex networks of HIVdrug-resistant strains: the case of San Francisco. Science, 327, 697701. Michael F. Summers* Jonathan Karn *Corresponding author. E-mail address: summers@hhmi.umbc.edu. 490 Editorial
Global Perspectives on the Transmission of Zoonotic RNA Viruses from Wild Animal Species to Humans: Zoonotic, Epizootic, and Anthropogenic Viral Pathogens
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics, Volume 15, Issue 1, Pages 1-166 (February 2003), Current Concepts in The Management of Maxillofacial Infections