Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
LUBRICACIN Y LUBRICANTES
2.1 LOS ACEITES LUBRICANTES
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ORIGEN DE UN LUBRICANTE
1)
2) Refinacin y purificacin
siguiendo cuatro procesos:
Separacin, Destilacin,
Purificacin, Mezcla.
Remocin de compuestos
indeseables
3) Mezclado y Formulado
Se le imprimen propiedades y
caractersticas especiales
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FORMULACIN DE UN LUBRICANTE
Aceite lubricante
Aceite Crudo
Tecnologa de refinacin
Aceite base
Mineral o Sinttico
75 -97 %
Mobil
Pemex
Texaco
Quaker
Sheel
Quaker
Valvoline
Unocal
Castrol
Pennsoil
Paquete de Aditivos
(25 3 % )
Esso
Conoco
Chevron
Tecnologa de formulacin
Aditivos Indivuales
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ACEITES BASE
Categora de
aceite base
(%) de Azufre
Hidrocarburos
saturados (%)
Indice de
Viscosidad
Grupo I
> 0.03
Y/ O
< 90
80 a 120
Grupo II
< = 0.03
= > 90
80 a 120
Grupo III
< = 0.03
> 90
> = 120
Grupo IV
Todas las
Polialfaolefinas
Grupo V
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Proteccin c ontra el
envejecimiento y temperatura
(oxidacin)
Dispersin de lodos
Propiedades interfaciales
Antioxidantes
Detergentes
Antiespumantes
Inhibidores de corrosin
Dispersantes
Demulsificantes
Desactivadores de metales
Propiedades Reolgicas.
Mejoradores del Indice de
viscosidad.
Depresores del punto de
congelacin
Inhibidores de desgaste
Prevencin de herrumbre
Extrema presin
Inhibidores de corrosin
Modificadores de friccin
Desactivadores de metales
Antimicrobianos
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Modificadores de
friccin
Extrema presin EP
Slidos
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Aceites
Hidrulicos
Aceites para
Turbinas
Aceites para
motores de
combustin
Aceites para
compresores
Aceites para
transmisiones
automotrices
Resistencia al aire
Estabilidad a la Espumacin
Demulsibilidad
Resistencia a la Oxidacin
Estabilidad trmica
Extrema presin
Lubricidad (AW)
Proteccin contra herrumbre
Resistencia Dielctrica
Biodegradabilidad
Filtrabilidad
Estabilidad al corte
Estabilidad al agua (hidrlisis)
Dispersancia
Muy importante
Algo importante
En funcin de la aplicacin
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Proteccin de la
superficie metlica
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TECNOLOGIA DE FORMULACIN
ACTIVIDAD
VS. ESTABILIDAD
Actividad Qumica
Interaccin con el lubricante
Degradacin del lubricante
Interaccin con la superficie
Generacin de compuestos
nocivos
Estabilidad
Interaccin no negativa con
otros aditivos.
Interaccin no negativa con
contaminantes.
Lapso de vida til alto
Mnima degradacin
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AGMA
SAE
TRAS.
SAE
MOTOR
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Punto medio
Lmites a 40C
Punto medio
Lmites a 40C
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Vf
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VISCOSIDAD
ISO A 40 C
AceitesHidrulicos
Hidrulicos
Aceites
15-150
-150
15
Aceitesde
deTurbina
Turbina
Aceites
Aceitesde
decirculacin
circulacin(Maq.
(Maq.de
depapel)
papel)
Aceites
32-100
-100
32
150--460
460
150
Aceitespara
parareductores
reductoresindustriales
industriales
Aceites
68--680
680
68
Aceitespara
parareductores
reductoresde
demuy
muyalta
altacarga
carga
Aceites
1000-3000
-3000
1000
Aceitesde
decompresor
compresor
Aceites
32--150
150
32
Grasas
Grasas
15460
460
15
GrasasEspeciales
Especialespara
paraalta
altacarga
carga
Grasas
680--1500
1500
680
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Velocidad en RPM
Aplicacin discontinua
Aplicacin continua
Viscosidad ISO
Viscosidad ISO
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MANEJO DE CONTRATIPOS
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CRITERIOS DE SELECCION DE UN
LUBRICANTE - 1
1) Aplicar el lubricante recomendado por el manual del fabricante
viscosidad).
( tipo y
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CRITERIOS DE SELECCION DE UN
LUBRICANTE - 2
6) En reductores y equipos conteniendo partes de bronce, no aplique lubricantes con aditivos
EP, ya que se induce al desgaste por corrosin qumica, solicite con su proveedor el aceite
con los aditivos o formulacin adecuada.
7) En al caso de equipo sujetos a ambiente con agua, alta humedad o vapor de agua, verifique
la calidad y resistencia y las pruebas contra el agua del lubricante seleccionado.
8) Si se va realizar un cambio de lubricante mineral a sinttico, limpie el sistema lo mejor
posible y verifique la compatibilidad con los sellos del equipo antes de proceder al cambio.
Cheque los cuidados o cambios adicionales necesarios, nuevos filtros de polvo y humedad.
10) Seleccionar el lubricante propuesto, no por precio sino por calidad y beneficios, evaluar la
posibilidad de aplicacin de un lubricante sinttico. (mineral vs. sinttico) en tempearuras
superiores a lo 80 C.
11) En el caso de la aplicacin de un lubricante sinttico o especiales, cuantificar beneficios
medibles y no medibles.
12) Si el volumen del sistema lo justifica, verifique las posibilidad de reutilizacin del producto
y su nivel de peligrosidad al medio ambiente, solicite informacin de seguridad y de tipo
ambiental del producto.
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Proteccin a la
maquinaria y
sus partes.
Lubricante
Calidad
Vida til estimada
Desgaste
Certificaciones y
pruebas
Corrosin
Lubricante
Proteccin al
medio ambiente
Costo unitario de
producto
Efecto en los costo
de mantenimiento y
produccin
Toxicidad
Ecotoxicidad
Costo de limpieza y
desecho.
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