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CALCULUS

(1) If y = f(x), x is called the independent variable and y the dependent variable.
(2) Some important limits
(i) 1
!
sin!
" !
#t

(ii)
1 cos!
" !
#t

(iii) 1
!
tan!
#t
" !

(iv)
m
!
sinm!
" !
#t

(v)
m
!
tanm!
" !
#t

(vi)
1 n
na
a x
n
a
n
x
a x
#t

(vii)
e h) (1 #t
h
1
" h
+

$here 2 % e % &, e = 2.'1 approximately


(viii) e
h
1
1 #t
h
h

,
_

+

(ix) 1
x
1 e
#t
x
" x

(x) a lo(
x
1 a
#t
e
x
" x

(&) #)ospitals r*le If f(x) and

(x) are s*ch that


+(a)
f(a)
is indeterminate i.e.ta,es
the form
0
0
or

, then
a x
#t
>
+(x)
f(x)
=
a x
#t
>
(x) +-
(x) f-
.erivatives of a f*nction or differential coefficients of f*nctions
If y = f(x), the derivative of y /.r.t x is defined as
x 0
f(x) x) 0 f(x
#t
dx
dy
" 0x
+

.erivatives of some standard f*nctions


y
dx
dy y
dx
dy
n
x
1 n
nx

Sec x Sec x tanx
x
1
2
x
1

1ot x 2cosec
2
x
x
x 2
1 Sin ax a cos ax
n
x
1
1 n
x
n
+

3an ax a sec
2
ax
e
x
e
x
) x ( f
e ( ) x f . e
- ) x ( f
a
x
a lo( a
e
x ) x ( f
a ( ) a lo( . x f . a
e
- ) x ( f
x lo(
e
x
1
lo(e f(x)
) x ( - f
) x ( f
1
x lo(
a
e lo(
x
1
a
lo(a f(x)
e lo( ). x ( - f
) x ( f
1
a
Sin x 1os x Sin f(x) 1os f(x). f(x)
1os x 2 sin x 1os f(x) 2 sin f(x) f(x)
3an x Sec
2
x 3an f(x)
1osec f(x)
Sec
2
f(x) f(x)
2cosec
2
f(x)
cot f(x).f(x)
1osec x 2 cosec x cot x Sec f(x)
1ot f(x)
Sec f(x) tan f(x) f(x)
2cosec
2
f(x).f(x)
Problems on Limits:
Evaluate the following Limits:
1.
2
2 sin
2
x sin
2
#t
x cos
x 2
#t
2 x 2 x



, *sin( #)ospitals r*le
2.
2
2
1
1
x sin
)
4
x cos(
#t
"
"
x cos
2
&
)
4
x sin(
#t
4 x 4 x

1
]
1


, *sin( #)ospitals r*le
&.
1
]
1

"
"
x
x cos 1
#t
2
" x

2
1
2
x cos
#t
"
"
x 2
x sin
#t
" x " x

1
]
1



, *sin( #)ospitals r*le.
5.
2
x
x cos b a
#t
2
" x

+

, find the val*e of a



" b a
"
b a
x
x cos b a
#t
2
" x
+
+

, since the (iven val*e of the limit = 2



2
b
x
x sin
2
b
#t
x 2
x sin b
#t
" x " x

,
_


Since the ori(inal limit = 26 2b72 = 26 b = 25
Since a 8 b = "6 a = 5
9.
2
1
2
n
1
1
#t
n 2
1 n
#t
n 2
) 1 n ( n
#t
n
n ... & 2 1
#t
n n
2
n
2
x

+

+ + + +

Since n 6 "
n
1

4. n n.1
1 x) (1
1 x) (1
#t
x
1 x) (1
#t
1 n
n
1 x) (1
n
" x

+
+

+

+
:*se the res*lt
1 n
n n
a x
na
a x
a x
#t

;
'.
9
2
x
2
9
x
1
x
&
2
#t
2 x 9
1 x & x 2
#t
2
2
x
2
2
x

+ +

+ +

, since "
x
1
and "
x
1
2

<.
,
_

+
"
"
5 x
x 9 &
#t
5 x
:Indeterminate form;
=
4
1
& 2
1
5 9 2
1
1
x 9 2
1
#t
5 x


+

+

:*sin( #)ospitals r*le;


=.
2 1 1
2
sin 1 x sin 1 #t
) x sin 1 (
) x sin 1 )( x sin 1 (
#t
x sin 1
x sin 1
#t
"
"
x sin 1
x cos
#t
2 x 2 x
2
2 x
2
2 x
+

+ +


,
_


1".

,
_

"
"
1 x
x lo(
#t
1 x
:Indeterminate form;.

1
1
1 1
1
x
1
#t
1 x

*sin( #)ospitals >*le


11. & & 1 &
x &
1 e
#t
x
1 e
#t
x &
" x
x &
" x


, *sin( the form*la 1
ax
1 e
#t
ax
" ax

12.
1
&
5
&
5
5
&
5
&
" x
5
" x
) 1"< (
1"<
1
2' 5
1
& . 5
1
) & (
1
5
1
) " <1 (
1
5
1
1
) x <1 (
5
1
#t
"
"
x
& x <1
#t

+

,
_

+
1&.

sin
#t
x
x sin
#t
"
1
" x
/here x = sin
= 1
15.
x
x 2 sin
) x ( f is contin*o*s, find f(")

,
_


"
"
x
x 2 sin
#t ) " ( f
" x
:Indeterminate form;
2
1
" cos 2
1
x 2 cos 2
#t
" x

, Since cos " = 1 (?sin( #)ospitals r*le)


19.
,
_

"
"
x
' &
#t
x x
" x
:Indeterminate form;
=
,
_

'
&
lo( lo(' lo(&
1
lo(' ' lo(& &
#t
x x
" x
14.
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
5
@
sin
5
@
cos
1
sinx cosx
#t
5 @ x
cosx sinx
#t
5 @ x 5 @ x
+ +
+


1'.

"
2
@x
1)tan (x #t
1 x

@
2
2
@
1
2
@x
cosec
2
@
1
#t
"
"
2
@x
cot
1 x
#t
2
1 x 1 x


,
_

Since cosec 1
2

1<.

,
_

"
"
x
cos2x 1
#t
" x
:Indeterminate form;
"
1
" 2
1
2sin2x
#t
" x

1=.
2
2
2 2
2 2
" !
2
2
2
2
2
2
" !
2
2
" ! " !
n
m
! n
5
1
5
! m
#t
2
n!
1
2
n!
sin
2
n!
2
m!
2
m!
2
m!
sin
#t
2
n!
2sin
2
m!
2sin
#t
cosr! 1
cosm! 1
#t

,
_

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_


,
_

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_


2".
,
_


,
_

b
a
lo( lo(b lo(a
1
lo(b b lo(a a
#t
"
"
x
b a
#t
x x
" x
x x
" x
21.
&
1
4
2
4
)
n
1
)(2
n
1
1(1
4n
1) 1)(2n n(n
#t
n
n .... & 2 1
#t
&
n
&
2 2 2 2
n

+ +

+ +

+ + + +

PROBLEMS ON RAE MEASURES
1. 3he side of an eA*ilateral trian(le is 2 cm. and increasin( at the rate of < cm7hr.
Bind the rate of increase of the area of the trian(leC
D = side = 2 cm
<
dt
da
cm7hr.
Drea of EA*ilateral trian(le = =
2
a
5
&
& < < 2
2
&
dt
da
.2a
5
&
dt
dF
cm
2
7hr
2. 3he area of a circ*lar plate increases at the rate of &'.9 cm
2
7min. Bind the rate of
chan(e in the area /hen the radi*s of the plate is 9 cm.
Drea, D = r
2

dt
dr
r 2
dt
dD
:Given 9 . &'
dt
dD
cm
2
7min, r = 9 cm;
&'.9 =
dt
dr
9 2@
@
&'.9
1"@
&'.9
dt
dr
cm7min
&. If the rate of chan(e of vol*me of a spherical ball is eA*al to the rate of chan(e in
its radi*s, then find the radi*s of the spherical ball.
&
@r
&
5
H Given
dt
dr
dt
dv

dt
dr
&r @
&
5
dt
dv
2

dt
dr
r 5@
dt
dr
2

5r
2
= 1
@ 2
1
r
5@
1
r
2

5. Dn error of "."2 cm is made /hile meas*rin( the side of a c*be. Bind the
percenta(e error in meas*rin( the s*rface area of the c*be, /hen the side is 1" cm.
#et a be a side of the c*be
S*rface area, S = 5a
2
Given a = 1"cm
S = 5 1"" = 5"" cm
2
1onsider S = 5a
2
3a,in( lo( on both sides, /e (et
lo( S = lo( 5 8 2 lo( a
3a,in( differentials
a
da
2
S
dS

""5 . " ""2 . " 2
1"
"2 . " 2
S
dS

1""
s
ds
= percenta(e error in 9 = ".""5 1"" = ".5I
9. If there is an error of I
1"
1
in meas*rin( the radi*s of a spherical ball, then find the
percenta(e error in the calc*lated vol*me.
&
@r
&
5
H
&lo(r @
&
5
lo( lo(H +
,
_

3a,in( differentials,
r
dr
& " dv
H
1
+

& . "
1"
&
1"
1
& 1""
r
dr
& 1"" dv
H
1

,
_


4. Bind the slope of the tan(ent at (1, 4) to the c*rve 2x
2
8 &y
2
= 9
2x
2
8 &y
2
= 9
.ifferentiatin( /.r.t x, "
dx
dy
4y 5x +
y &
x 2
dx
dy
x 5
dx
dy
y 4


Slope =

,
_

dx
dy
at (1, 4) =
=
1
4 &
1 2

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