With the advancement in technology vast amount of data is being accessed and transferred with high speed over the wireless network. Communication through mobile phones is increasing day by day so the energy efficient communication is being given higher priority where with limited resource it can be carried out successfully. In this paper we will discuss about few methods and systems which has helped a lot in improving energy efficiency with less power consumption. Techniques such as multiple-input, multiple output (MIMO),Orthogonal frequency division (OFDM),Network coding ,transmission and resources allocation for signaling have discussed and some of the point necessary for energy efficiency are also identified for future research.
Título original
A Survey on Energy Efficiency by minimizing power consumption
With the advancement in technology vast amount of data is being accessed and transferred with high speed over the wireless network. Communication through mobile phones is increasing day by day so the energy efficient communication is being given higher priority where with limited resource it can be carried out successfully. In this paper we will discuss about few methods and systems which has helped a lot in improving energy efficiency with less power consumption. Techniques such as multiple-input, multiple output (MIMO),Orthogonal frequency division (OFDM),Network coding ,transmission and resources allocation for signaling have discussed and some of the point necessary for energy efficiency are also identified for future research.
With the advancement in technology vast amount of data is being accessed and transferred with high speed over the wireless network. Communication through mobile phones is increasing day by day so the energy efficient communication is being given higher priority where with limited resource it can be carried out successfully. In this paper we will discuss about few methods and systems which has helped a lot in improving energy efficiency with less power consumption. Techniques such as multiple-input, multiple output (MIMO),Orthogonal frequency division (OFDM),Network coding ,transmission and resources allocation for signaling have discussed and some of the point necessary for energy efficiency are also identified for future research.
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050
92 www.ijete.org
A Survey on Energy Efficiency by minimizing power consumption
Sameer yadav 1 , Pallavi Bondriya 2
Technocrat Institute of Technology, Anand Nagar, BHEL, Bhopal (MP)
Abstract With the advancement in technology vast amount of data is being accessed and transferred with high speed over the wireless network. Communication through mobile phones is increasing day by day so the energy efficient communication is being given higher priority where with limited resource it can be carried out successfully. In this paper we will discuss about few methods and systems which has helped a lot in improving energy efficiency with less power consumption. Techniques such as multiple-input, multiple output (MIMO),Orthogonal frequency division (OFDM),Network coding ,transmission and resources allocation for signaling have discussed and some of the point necessary for energy efficiency are also identified for future research.
1. INTRODUCTION Now a days consumption of electric energy by cellular wireless networks, wired communication networks and internet takes is 3 percent of world wide electric energy and it is expected to increase in the coming year [5,15]. So Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is making necessary efforts in global greenhouse gas emission as the demand of energy by ICT is increasing exponentially with the growth in requirements [5]. Global mobile communication is spreading very quickly and the mobile phone users are more than 4 billion worldwide [4]. Evidently this growth is accompanied by increased energy consumption of mobile network. Main aim of energy efficient project is to reduce energy waste age and improve energy efficiency of communication systems without effecting network coverage and quality of service to users [4]. It has been observed that more than 50% of the total energy is being consumed by the radio approach devices and 60%-80% is being used by amplifier [1, 16, and 17]. From operators point of view energy efficiency has a great ecological benefit and represents social responsibility in fighting climate change, but also means significant economic benefits [1]. iPhone are very good in all aspects expect for battery life says J.D Power and associates according to customers study in 2010 [1, 18]. Now the earth project has put its focus on enhancing the energy efficiency of radio base station. Even at low load base station consume a considerable amount of the available power budget [4]. A high level energy efficiency evaluation framework (E 3 F) has been developed within energy aware radio and network technology (EARTH) project [3, 19] which covers the complete system including network and radios. E 3 F builds on state-of-the-art radio network evaluation methodology from system level simulations extended with power models, and deployment models [3].
2. WHY ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS REQUIRED? With the growth in technology it has been seen in last few decades that consumption of energy has been increased due to increase in mobile users that is called evolution of information and communication technology (ICT), which shows that energy consumption is increasing at shocking rate. Telecom Italia says that mobile operators are large energy consumer and it is being increasing much faster than the ICT. Developing countries which are using 3G technology now days soon will be using 4G technology which will be consuming more energy compare to the present, to control this consumption if no effective measures will be taken this will be bigger problem in coming time [1].
Few projects which could help energy consumption are [1]: OPERA- Net 1. Energy-Efficient Mobile Radio Access Network 2. Link Level 3. Technology Enablers 4. Network Test Bed Green Radio [1]: 1. Energy Metrics & Models 2. Energy-Efficient Hardware 3. Energy-Efficient Architectures 4. Energy-Efficient Resource Management EARTH [1, 3] 1. Energy-Efficient Analysis, Metrics and Targets 2. Energy-Efficient Architectures International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE) Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050
93 www.ijete.org 3. Energy-Efficient Resource Management 4. Radio Technologies and Components E Win 1. Energy-Efficient Architectures 2. Energy-Efficient Resource Management
These are few solutions through which energy consumption can be controlled which have been discussed by Daquan Feng et al in their paper [1]. These all models have been made great experts so that it could help in controlling the consumption of energy by different users so that it can be saved for longer time.
3. TECHNIQUES USED FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY (a) MI MO: A crossed layer approached Multiple-input multiple-output mechanism used to improve energy efficiency [2, 12] used to save uplink RF transmission energy of mobile terminals in cellular systems behind most excellent attempt transfer. Its main idea is to sensibly sluggish down the transmission rate when a base station is beneath utilization. It has been explained by Hongseok Kim, et al that there exists a crossover point on the transmission rate lower to which SIMO single-input multiple-output consumes less power than MIMO. He says that crossover point is a rising task of the circuit power the number of receives antennas and channel correlation, all of which increase the potential energy savings resulting from mode switching. So he proposed an adaptive mode switching algorithm joint by means of rate assortment to maintain a users target throughput at the same time as achieve energy efficiency. In spite of the abundant advantages of MIMO Systems, advanced costs have postponed the wide range profitable use of manifold antenna Wireless transceivers mainly in Handsets or low cost terminals [12]. Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) [13] systems offer few benefits over single-input, single- output (SISO) air interfaces regarding spectral efficiency and reliability. An integrated wireless radio for short-range communication is developed that performs MIMO signal processing already in the analog radio frequency (RF) front-end. This concept allows using synergies in components and subsystems of the air interface leading to reduced system size, costs, and power consumption. In the last few years, MIMO wireless radios worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), has gain substantial notice owing to their prospective to considerably increase spectral efficiency and dependability compared to SISO systems. To develop the reimbursement from array, diversity and multiplexing gain, parallel antenna paths have to be independently acquired and processed at the base band. As a result, the hardware expenses, system size and the power conservation are multiplied by the feature of similar in service antennas too. In spite of the many recompense of MIMO systems, these higher costs have delayed the broad scale commercial use of multiple- antenna wireless transceivers mainly in handsets or low cost terminals.
(b) Energy effectiveness Metrics Generally a metric is used for measuring the energy efficiency of a communication link is the obsessive energy over the number of information bits (joule/bit) [7]. In cellular network metric usually relates the total amount of energy consumed by the whole network or system to the collective network capacity. Measure makes a connection between costs which is being considered in terms of energy to the generated utility that is information bits. This metric is suitable to appraise the energy efficiency at full loads. In contrast as the network is operated below its capacity then its main aim is to reduce the power consumption to coat a definite area in such case W/m2 is considered the most relevant energy efficiency metric.
(c) Green wireless networks [8] In the coming years wireless networks are expected to provide high speed internet access all the time and at any location. With the advancement in technology and introduction of new phones like iphone and smart phones doubtlessly increased the process and had raised the demands of the user. Exchange of data at high speed has the raised the requirements to ever present access have triggered dramatic expansion of network infrastructure and fast increase in energy demand [8]. So it has become a need for mobile operators to maintain the capacity growth and simultaneously limit the bill. The rise in the energy consumption in wireless network directly results in the increase of green house gas emission which is being known as main threat for environmental protection and sustainable development.
(d) Base Station Power Management To make base station energy efficient, power used in it should be balanced till the present traffic. At the same time load adaptive CFR joint with adaptive power International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE) Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050
94 www.ijete.org supply has a promising solution in the analog chain. It includes energy efficiency optimization of the power provisions for changeable input power. This has to include energy efficiency optimization of the power supplies for variable input power. Well-organized power management requires reconfigurable circuits as input rudiments. Even if the power is low it supports different levels of transmit power with adaptable performance [20]. According to this both driver and power amplifier are digitally forbidden and elastic in conditions of output power, linearity and DC power consumption. Capacity points towards the immediate transmitter energy can be scaled by 30 percent. If adaptive scheduling is considered then average energy efficiency can be improved up to 40 percent as compared to non scalable systems. It is extremely attractive to expand this kind of techniques to high power transceivers normally used in base stations helping macro-cells.
(e) Green radio technique The Green Radio project is follow energy lessening from two diverse points of view. Its first approach is to inspect alternatives to the obtainable cellular network structures to diminish energy utilization. Its second approach is to present original techniques which can be used in base stations or devices to decrease energy utilization in the network. They give the environment to the project [10].
4. ENERGY SAVING IN BASE STATION Energy saving in base station of cellular radio [11] has been discussed by Peter M. Grant in his paper, their he has open a way whish will help in giving out important energy efficiency gains in future wireless networks such that it reduces the load on network operators. It searches the three ways to save energy in future wireless networks. It consists of sleep mode techniques to switch off radio transmissions when ever required and multiple antenna wireless systems. The impact of these approaches on achieving energy-efficient wireless communication systems is effective. To improve load reliance of base station power consumption things required are to integrate clarification of TRX hardware [14], dynamic resource management and system level simulation of energy saving.
5. RELATED WORK Claude Desset et al says that the power consumption by base station for dissimilar types of cells underneath the 3GPP LTE [3] standard are supple enough to allow comparisons flanked by state-of-the-art and superior configurations, and an easy adjustment to a variety of scenarios. The replica is based on a grouping of base station mechanism and sub-components in addition to power scaling policy as functions of the main system parameters. Albrecht et al in his paper has introduced a model of a network which consists of N bs cellular base station [9] which are located in groups of three at regular network N bs 3 sites identified by bury site distance D. They assumed BSs to be equipped with two transmit and receive antennas each.
Fig 1 Cellular network layout of co-localized base stations for two cooperation sizes [9].
Supplementary they assumed user terminals to be equipped with a single transmit and receive antenna. It was done to observe both achievable rates and base station power dissipation in cellular systems under varying inter-site-distances and CoMP cooperation sizes. They concluded that both degree of freedom, densification and CoMP guided to large capacity improvements, but network densification improved energy efficiency which showed that CoMP lead to decrease energy. Daquan Feng et al [1] in his paper has done the survey and discussed about various models and their efficiency. They focused on information and communication technology (ICT) which plays an very important role energy consumption. Luis M. Correia et al in his paper [7] explains all the levels of communication system wrapping all network level aspects counting consumption, design and network organization including hardware implementation embattled for improved energy efficiency in radio access network operation. Moreover they presented evolution of these concepts holistic way, enlightening the joint International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE) Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050
95 www.ijete.org dependency and tradeoffs were discussed together with suitable metrics. Xiaohu Ge et al in his paper has proposed about the energy competence of multi-input single-output that is MISO [2] and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MISO-OFDM) [6] communication systems by means of power and ability constraint is investigated. Via formulating the power allotment problem of MISO-OFDM communication systems, the minimum sub channel transmission power is analyzed through power and capacity constraints.
Fig.2 MISO-OFDM communication system model [6]
Replication consequences point out that there exists a specific minimum sub channel capacity threshold. Furthermore, the energy efficiency of MISO-OFDM communication systems starts to increase only as soon as the minimum sub channel capacity exceed the precise threshold. Hongseok Kim, et al his paper says that the power of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) [2] system is higher than that of a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system by approximately N t times where N t is the number of transmit antennas. It is usually acknowledged that MIMO has better energy-efficiency than SIMO.
6. CONCLUSION In this paper we have discussed about various method and international projects for energy efficiency which are being used in todays world to control power consumption in different equipments. Among them the most commonly used methods are MIMO, OPERA- Net, EARTH, Green radio, EE metric etc as well as cross layer optimization for mounting energy-efficient wireless networks . To decrease the level of power consumption in base station has become a major task. Earlier research shows that optimized energy-efficient design might considerably lessen the energy consumption of the entire network. However, existing research results are still beginning and many challenges stay behind.
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