Fut ur e Emi ssi ons St andar ds and Fuel

Qual i t y Roadmap f or Sr i Lank a

Wor k shop on Ai r Qual i t y and
Envi r onment al l y Sust ai nabl e Tr anspor t
Or gani zed By
Ai r Resour c e Management Cent er (Ai r MAC), Mi ni st r y of
Envi r onment ,
Mi ni st r y of Tr anspor t and
Cent er f or Sc i enc e and Envi r onment , I ndi a
Thusi t ha Sugat hapal a
Di r ec t or Gener al
Sr i Lank a Sust ai nabl e Ener gy Aut hor i t y
Mi ni st r y of Pow er and Ener gy
28
t h
Apr i l 2011
Bac k gr ound
Char ac t er i st i c s of Vehi c l e Fl eet
Vehi c ul ar Emi ssi on Cont r ol
VET Pr ogr amme
Way For w ar d
Fuel Qual i t y I mpr ovement
OVERVI EW
Tr anspor t
A Prime requirement of human society
Growth in mobility helps economic development
Devel opment of t he Tr anspor t sec t or
Extensive use of fossil fuels for transport energy
Depletion of fossil fuels resources and resulting price escalations
Adverse effects on health and environment
BACKGROUND
Tr anspor t and Envi r onment
The complexities of the problems have led to much controversy
in environmental policy and in the role of transportation.
The transportation sector is subsidized by the public sector,
especially through the construction and maintenance of road
infrastructure which tend to be free of access.
Total costs incurred by transportation activities, notably
environmental damage, are generally not assumed by the users.
The lack of consideration of the real costs of transportation
could explain several environmental problems.
Finding a solution to a poorly understood problem is difficult.
The Solution to the problem is Change in Mobility Style .
But unlikely to happen in the near future.
Need comprehensive strategy supported by political will, socially
responsible users, fully-fledged staff and knowledgeable society to
combat environmental issues in the transport sector.
BACKGROUND
Ai r Qual i t y Management
Tec hni c al : Implementing cleaner production and pollution
prevention technologies and best practices
Regul at or y: Developing, implementing and enforcing laws
governing sources
Educ at i onal : Informing the community about sources of
emissions, impact of emissions and how to personally curb
emissions
Mar k et Based: Applying financial incentives or disincentives
through application of market controls such as taxes or tax
rebates
SL VET Pr ogr amme: The 1
st
St ep Tow ar ds t he Long Ter m
Goal
BACKGROUND
Annual Vehi c l e Regi st r at i ons
CHARACTERI STI CS OF VEHI CLE FLEET
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Year
Motor Cycles
Motor Cars
Three Wheelers
Dual Purpose
Buses
Lorries
Land Vehicles
Tot al Vehi c l e Regi st r at i ons
CHARACTERI STI CS OF VEHI CLE FLEET
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Year
Motor Cycles
Motor Cars
Three Wheelers
Dual Purpose
Buses
Lorries
Land Vehicles
Total
Ac t i ve Vehi c l e Fl eet (est i mat i on @Mar c h 2008)
CHARACTERI STI CS OF VEHI CLE FLEET
100.0 2,047,602 Total
3.1 62,757 Land Vehicles
5.7 116,550 Lorries
51.1 1,046,840 Motor Cycles
1.8 36,024 Buses
7.9 161,042 Dual Purpose
18.0 368,924 Motor Tricycles
1.0 21,097 Car (diesel)
11.4 234,368 Car (petrol)
% Fleet Vehicle Category
100.0 2,047,602 Total
3.1 62,757 Land Vehicles
5.7 116,550 Lorries
51.1 1,046,840 Motor Cycles
1.8 36,024 Buses
7.9 161,042 Dual Purpose
18.0 368,924 Motor Tricycles
1.0 21,097 Car (diesel)
11.4 234,368 Car (petrol)
% Fleet Vehicle Category
69%
Geogr aphi c al Di st r i but i on of Ac t i ve Vehi c l e Fl eet
CHARACTERI STI CS OF VEHI CLE FLEET
Sabaragamuwa
5.6%
Southern
11.5%
Western
48.8%
North-Central
4.0%
North Western
13.1%
Uva
2.6%
Central
7.5%
North & East
7.0%
Sabaragamuwa
5.6%
Southern
11.5%
Western
48.8%
North-Central
4.0%
North Western
13.1%
Uva
2.6%
Central
7.5%
North & East
7.0%
Fuel Consumpt i on
CHARACTERI STI CS OF VEHI CLE FLEET
Ef f i c i enc y
CHARACTERI STI CS OF VEHI CLE FLEET
100%
20%
Engi ne
Losses
6
3
%
St andby/
I dl e
1
5
%
Ac c essor i es
2
%
Dr i vel i ne
Losses
6
%
14%
Aer odynami c
Dr ag
3%
Rol l i ng
Resi st anc e
4%
I ner t i a
Br ak i ng
7
%
Emi ssi ons
CHARACTERI STI CS OF VEHI CLE FLEET
Exhaust Emissions
CO
2
, CO, NO
X
SO
X
, CH
4
, NMVOCs
Evaporative Emissions
(TOG)
Leaks (A/C, Ref.)
HFC, PFC
Fuel Ec onomy
CHARACTERI STI CS OF VEHI CLE FLEET
Vehicle Type Average km/yr Fuel Economy (km/l)
Cars- Gasoline 8,000 7.5
Cars- Diesel 15,000 11.0
Dual Purpose- Gasoline 8,000 6.0
Dual Purpose- Diesel 21,000 8.3
Buses - Diesel 41,000 3.2
Lories - Diesel 52,000 3.5
Motor Cycles - Gasoline 6,225 23.5
Motor Tricycles - Gasoline 12,000 19.0
Fuel Economy: Liters per Passenger km
Bus : 0.01 liter/passenger km
Car : 0.05 liter/passenger km
3 W : 0.04 liter/passenger km
2 W : 0.02 liter/passenger km
Emi ssi on Char ac t er i st i c s
Very Complex
VEHI CULAR EMI SSI ON CONTROL
DYNAMI C ENVI RONMENT
TECHNICAL
FACTORS
NON-TECH
FACTORS
ENGINE
AIR &
FUEL
EXHAUST
ENERGY
COMBUSTION
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Need Compr ehensi ve St r at egy
VEHI CULAR EMI SSI ON CONTROL
CLEAN VEHI CLE
TECHNOLOGY
TRAFFI C &
DEMAND
MANAGEMENT
CLEAN FUELS
I NSPECTI ON &
MAI NTENANCE
PROGRAMME
AWARENESS
AND
EDUCATI ON
Tec hni c al Opt i ons New Vehi c l es
VEHI CULAR EMI SSI ON CONTROL
Roadmap of Advanced Power-train Technologies
T
E
C
H
N
O
L
O
G
Y
D
I
V
E
R
S
I
F
I
C
A
T
I
O
N

Advanc ed Combust i on
Engi nes and Dr e Tr ai n (pl us
St ar t er /Gener at or , Li ght
w ei ght desi gn, FC APU)

Mi l d Hybr i d Pr opul si on
(I CE + smal l el ec t r i c dr i ve)

Hybr i d Pr opul si on

Fuel Cel l Pr opul si on
Convent i onal
Combust i on
Engi nes
TODAY TOMMOROW
Tec hni c al Opt i ons I n use Vehi c l es
Inspection & Maintenance (I/M) Programmes
Vehicle Retrofit
Alternative Fuel Conversions
Accelerated Retirement (Scrappage) Programmes
Fuel Treatment /Combustion Improvement
Devices
Fuel Quality Improvements
VEHI CULAR EMI SSI ON CONTROL
Pr ospec t s
Realization for the vehicle owners,
Awareness for the society,
Capacity building for the staff,
Knowledge creation for the researchers.
Basi s
Technically Sound - Reliable results but relatively simple test
procedure capable of catching the gross emitters
Socially Acceptable - Low cost, short duration, minimum failure
Financially Feasible - Sustainability
Quality Controllable - Minimum corruption and malpractices
VET PROGRAMME
On Air Quality
Management in the
Transport Sector
Procedures Laid down in Request for
Proposals
Emi ssi on St andar ds
VET PROGRAMME
Mai n El ement s
VET PROGRAMME
SUCCESSFUL VET
PROGRAMME
TESTING
CENTERS WITH
ADEQUATE
FACILITIES AND
RESOURCES
VEHICLE REPAIR
FACILITIES WITH
ADEQUATE
EQUPMENTS,
TECHNICAL SKILLS
AND SPARE-PARTS
INSTITUTIONAL
STRUCTURE WITH STRONG
ADMINISTRATIVE
ARRANGEMENTS
EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS
FOR QUALITY CONTROL,
REGULATORY AND
ENFORCEMENT
SUSTAINABLE PROGRAMME FOR
CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING
AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL AWARENESS
AND EDUCATION
Basi c Pr oc edur e of Emi ssi on Cer t i f i c at i on
VET PROGRAMME
DMT
VET Programme Office
Divisional Secretariat
Data
Communication
Network
VET Center
Passed
Garages
Failed
or
Rejected
Repair
For Re-test
VET
Certificate
For Test
Test Data
Revenue
License
417157
87%
60559
13%
ReTest
Pass Fail
Emi ssi on Test i ng Resul t s
VET PROGRAMME
2052940
83%
417157
17%
FirstTest
Pass Fail
I mmedi at e Ac t i ons
Fully operation of the Project Office.
Implementation of the media strategy: Awareness programmes.
Check the conformity of the VET Centers with RFP: Auditing.
Awareness and Training for VET Center Technicians.
Initiation of certification of vehicle repair facilities / garages.
Implement full-fledged road-side testing programme.
Training programme / Awareness programme for stakeholders.
(including training of repair technicians).
Development of examination for the certification of testing
technicians.
Initiation of Smoke Spotter programme.
Probationary Certification of vehicle repair facilities / garages.
Enforcement of second phase of emission standards.
VET PROGRAMME WAY FORWARD
Shor t -Ter m Ac t i ons
Introduction of grading/ranking methodology for VET centers.
Establishment of mechanism for incorporating public
complaints for evaluation of the programme.
Appropriate improvements to the testing procedures.
Certification of vehicle repair facilities / garages.
Initiation of actions to integrate emission certification with
fitness certification.
Revision of fuel quality standards.
VET PROGRAMME WAY FORWARD
Medi um-Ter m Ac t i ons
Revision of emission standards
Revision of testing procedures
Introduction of fuel efficiency standards.
VET PROGRAMME WAY FORWARD
Development of
a Driving Cycle
Roadmap of Cleaner Fuels
F
U
E
L
D
I
V
E
R
S
I
F
I
C
A
T
I
O
N

Fuel Qual i t y I mpr ovement s
Al t er nat i ve Fuel s (CNG; LPG)

Convent i onal El ec t r i c i t y
Fuel Bl ends (w i t h Bi o-f uel s)

Renew abl e El ec t r i c i t y
Bi o-f uel s

H
2
(Renew abl e
El ec t . based)
Convent i onal
Fossi l Fuel s
TODAY TOMMOROW
FUEL QUALI TY STANDARDS
Vehicle technologies and fuel systems have to be
developed as one system to solve emissions problems
The real benefits of fuel quality changes are achieved when they
are used to enable new vehicle technologies
Fuels with an effective additive package are considered
essential for operating both gasoline and diesel vehicles
more efficiently. The benefits include
Cleaner combustion,
Fewer deposits on the valves, in the combustion chamber,
Less wear and tear,
Protection against corrosion and
Reduced fuel consumption
FUEL QUALI TY STANDARDS
Vehicle technologies and fuel systems have to be
developed as one system to solve emissions problems
The real benefits of fuel quality changes are achieved when they
are used to enable new vehicle technologies
Gasoline:
Phasing out lead to reduce lead emissions and enable new car
technology with catalytic converters.
Reducing benzene to reduce air toxics and carcinogenic emissions
Reducing volatility to reduce evaporative emissions
Reducing sulfur to improve catalytic converter efficiency and reduce PM
Diesel:
Sulfur reduction is the primary focus with regard to diesel due to PM,
NOx and SOx emissions.
Total aromatics, PAH, final boiling point and cetane number are
parameters, which influence particle formation and therefore are often
tightened
FUEL QUALI TY STANDARDS
Fuel Quality Improvements
Sulphur content in diesel
FUEL QUALI TY STANDARDS
Fuel Quality Improvements
Gasoline Specifications
FUEL QUALI TY STANDARDS
Global Fuel Quality Developments
FUEL QUALI TY STANDARDS
Thank You