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C
)
Time (s)
Termopar 5mm
Termopar 10mm
Termopar 15mm
Termopar 30mm
Termopar 50mm
T
L
=622C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
10
20
30
40
50
Al- 6wt.% Cu- 4wt.% Si
P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
P
(
m
m
)
Time, t (s)
Experimental
P=1.4(t)
0.79
R
2
= 0.96
The derivative of this function with respect to time has yielded values for VL. The TR profile was calculated by
considering the thermal data recorded immediately after the passing of the liquidus front by each thermocouple. The
method used for measuring the tip cooling rate was used recently by Rocha (Rocha et al., 2003A). Figures 4 and 5
show, respectively, these results.
Figure 4. Tip growth rate as a function of position from the metal-mold interface.
Figure 5. Tip cooling rate as a function of position from the metal-mold interface.
Figure 6 presents microstructures of cross section of samples at 10, 30, and 60 mm from metal/mold interface,
showing the primary dendrite arms. The dendrite arm spacings were sufficiently distinct to make reasonably accurate
measurements along the casting length. Figure 7 shows the average experimental values of primary dendritic spacings
as a function of distance from the metal-mold interface obtained in this work. It is observed that these dendrite arm
spacings increase with the distance from the heat-extracting surface of Al-6wt.%-4wt.%Si alloy investigated. In order to
correlate the primary dendrite arm spacings measured from the afore-mentioned microstructures with solidification
thermal variables, they are plotted as a function of VL and TR in Figures 8 and 9. The average dendritic spacings along
with the standard variation are presented in these figures, with the lines representing an experimental power function fit
with the experimental points. It is observed that the use of a water-cooled mold imposes higher values of tip growth
rates and cooling rates near the casting surface and a decreasing profile along the casting due to the increasing thermal
resistance of the solidified shell with distance from the cooled surface. This influence translates to the observed
experimental values of primary dendritic spacings. As shown in Figure 8, the primary dendrite arm spacing was found
to decrease as the VL is increased. Most of the results from the literature pertaining to 1 in binary (Rocha et al,, 2003A
and 2003B) and ternary (Moutinho et al., 2012) alloys also indicate a decrease in spacing with decreasing VL.
Furthermore, a power law function characterizes the experimental variation of primary spacings with tip growth rate
with an index of 1.1, i.e. 1 (VL)
1.1
. It can be observed in Figure 9 that a 0.55 power law characterizes the
experimental variation of primary spacings with cooling rate. This is in agreement with observations reported by Rocha
et al (2003A) and Moutinho et al.(2012) that exponential relationships 1 = constant (TR)
0.55
best generate the
0 10 20 30 40 50
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Al- 6wt.% Cu- 4wt.% Si
V
L
(
m
m
/
s
)
Position, P (mm)
Experimental
V
L
=1.2(P )
-0.27
R
2
= 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Al- 6wt.% Cu- 4wt.% Si
T
R
(
C
/
s
)
Position, P (mm)
Experimental
T
R
=40(P)
-0.93
R
2
= 0.98
experimental variation of primary dendritic arms with cooling rate along the unsteady-state solidification of AlCu and
AlCu-Si alloys, respectively.
P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
P
=
5
m
m
P = 5mm
VL = 0.78 mm/s
TR = 8.95 C/s
1 = 92.80 m
P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
P
=
4
0
m
m
P = 40 mm
VL = 0.44 mm/s
TR = 1.29 C/s
1 = 262.47 m
P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
P
=
7
0
m
m
P = 70 mm
VL = 0.38 mm/s
TR = 0.77 C/s
1 = 347.21 m
Figure 6. Micrographs of unidirectionally solidified analyzed alloy cross section showing the variation in primary
interdendric spacings with the distance from the cooled stainless steel chill. (a) Distance from chill 5 mm, (b) Distance
from chill 40 mm, and (c) Distance from chill 70 mm.
Figure 7. Primary dendrite arm spacing as a function of distance from metal-mold interface.
Figure 8. Primary dendrite arm spacing as a function of tip growth rate.
Figure 9. Primary dendrite arm spacing as a function of tip cooling rate.
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
10
1
10
2
10
3
Al-6wt.% Cu- 4wt.% Si
Experimental
103 (V
L
)
-1.1
R
2
= 0.89
P
r
i
m
a
r
y
d
e
n
d
r
i
t
e
a
r
m
s
p
a
c
i
n
g
,
m
)
Tip growth rate, V
L
(mm/s)
1 10
10
1
10
2
10
3
Al- 6wt.% Cu- 4wt.% Si
Experimental
1
=303 (T
R
)
-0.55
R
2
=0.98
P
r
i
m
a
r
y
d
e
n
d
r
i
t
e
a
r
m
s
p
a
c
i
n
g
,
1
(
m
)
Tip cooling rate, T
R
(
o
C/s)
4. CONCLUSIONS
The following major conclusions can be drawn from this study, in which Al-6wt.%.-4wt.% Si alloy has been
directionally solidified under unsteady-state heat flow conditions: Primary dendrite arm spacings were observed to
decrease as the tip growth rate or the tip cooling rate is increased. A power law function characterizes the experimental
variation of primary spacings with tip growth rate with an index of 1.1 as well as a 0.55 power law characterizes the
experimental variation of primary spacings with cooling rate. The equations obtained in this work that correlates 1 as a
function of VL and TR, respectively, are given by 1 = 103(VL)
-1.1
and 1 = 303(TR)
0.55
, respectively.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by IFPA (Federal Institute of Education, Science and
Technology of Par), UFPA (Federal University of Par) and CNPq (The Brazilian Research Council), Brazil.
6. REFERENCES
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alloys, Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 29, p. 137-146.
Li, M.; Mori, T.; Iwasaki, H., 1999, Effect of solute convection on the primary arm spacings of Pb- Sn binary alloys
during upward directional solidification, Materials Science Engineering A, Vol. 265, p. 217-223.
Gndz, M.; adirli, E., 2002, Directional solidification of aluminumcopper alloys, Materials Science and
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