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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 1
An Optimal Power Flow Function to Aid Restoration
Studies of Long Transmission Segments
Eduardo Martins Viana, Edimar Jos de Oliveira, Nelson Martins, Fellow, IEEE,
Jos Luiz R. Pereira, Senior Member, IEEE, and Leonardo Willer de Oliveira
AbstractThis paper presents an optimal power ow function
for aiding restoration studies of subsystems having long transmis-
sion segments. The method simultaneously computes an optimal
set of variables which are critical for the subsystem restoration:
the generation power plant high-side voltage, the minimum shunt
reactor conguration and the maximum load to be safely ener-
gized. A set of overvoltage restoration scenarios following load re-
jection is constructed in such a way that the computed shunt re-
actor compensation becomes distributed along the transmission
corridor. The whole problem is formulated as a single optimiza-
tion problem whose solution is obtained by an optimal power ow,
based on the Primal-Dual Interior Point Method. The described
results for a restoration study on a system from practice conrm
the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Index TermsAutomatic voltage regulator, generator capability
curve, load rejection, long transmission segments, optimal power
ow, power system restoration, shunt reactors, sustained overvolt-
ages.
I. INTRODUCTION
S
YSTEM faults whose severity are above planning criteria
can cause electricity supply interruptions and, occasion-
ally, lead to regional or widespread blackouts [1]. Following a
blackout, restorative actions are promptly started and efciently
carried out in order to safely bring the system back to normal
operation in minimum time. Power system restoration is a com-
plex multi-stage process involving many issues [2] and whose
studies require the use of computer tools for power ow [3],
short-circuit, harmonic distortion, electromechanical stability
and electromagnetic transient analyses. Restoration drills have
become an important training resource, mainly when aided by
powerful operator training simulators [4].
Until the mid-1970s, all the Brazilian restorative actions
were centrally supervised [5] and the average time required to
completely restore the supply was excessively long. In order
to speed-up the process, the Brazilian Interconnected Power
System (BIPS) operating bodies (previously the Eletrobras
coordinating pool and now the system operator, ONS), divided
Manuscript received May 05, 2011; revised October 06, 2011, January 07,
2012, April 02, 2012, and May 08, 2012; accepted May 11, 2012. This work
was supported by CAPES, CNPq/INERGE, FAPEMIG, and CEPEL. Paper no.
TPWRS-00414-2011.
E. M. Viana is with Petrobrs (e-mail: em.viana@gmail.com).
E. J. de Oliveira, J. L. R. Pereira, and L. W. Oliveira are with the Elec-
trical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de ForaUFJF, Juiz
de Fora, Brazil (e-mail: edimar.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br; jluiz@ieee.org; leonardo.
willer@ufjf.edu.br).
N. Martins is with CEPEL, CP 68007, 21944-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
(e-mail: nelson@cepel.br).
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2202924
the restoration process in two sequential stages, in which the
rst stage, called parallel phase [5], is followed by the second
stage, called coordinated phase [6], [7]. The former only deals
with the restoration of the individual subsystems, which can
be carried out independently, while the latter involves actions
requiring rigorous coordination among subsystems.
Parallel phase studies usually assume the generation-trans-
mission (GT) subsystem totally de-energized. The restoration
procedures for the subsystem are detailed in the operator in-
structions and the operating staff in the several stations/sub-
stations belonging to this GT subsystem should conduct the
restoration with a minimum need of verbal communication be-
tween stations [8]. The transmission segments in these GT sub-
systems are energized in a radial conguration sequence and a
compatible amount of load is picked up at the end of the process
[9], evolving then to a generation-transmission-load (GTL) sub-
system, also known as a system restoration island.
In order to face a multitude of possible regional blackouts, as
well as the very low probability event of a complete blackout
in the continental-sized Brazilian Interconnected Power System
(BIPS) the operator, ONS, has planned for more than 30 GT and
GTL subsystem restoration processes to take place in parallel
and simultaneously. The restoration of the GT/GTL subsystems
is based on hydroelectric black-start units and carried out under
the responsibility of numerous owners and by their teams of
operators, with ONS supervision [5]. The overvoltages during
the subsystem restoration process must be kept at safe levels at
all times by using the available shunt reactors and the reactive
power capability of the synchronous machines [10].
Reference [11] presents a method for the control of sustained
overvoltage during the early stages of restoration in which an
expert system and a nonlinear programming module were de-
signed taking into account the differences between the normal
condition and the early stages of restoration. The over-voltage
control scheme is solved by this module, using power ow
calculations and sensitivity analyses in order to determine the
target buses. System restoration voltage control strategies and
overall planning are discussed in [2], [11], and [12], which
provided important guidelines to the work reported in the
present paper.
The present paper proposes a new methodology to determine
the minimum number of generating units, in-service transmis-
sion circuits and shunt reactors conguration capable of safely
restoring the individual GT and GTL subsystems and picking up
a substantial amount of load. The proposed method utilizes an
optimal power ow (OPF) function based on the primal-dual in-
terior point method [13]. Important phenomena like frequency
dips that limit the amount of load that could be picked up to a
0885-8950/$31.00 2012 IEEE
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2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS
Fig. 1. Restoration of transmission segments.
small fraction of the available generation capacity, as well as
electromagnetic transients resulting from line and transformer
energization, are not captured by the steady-state OPF tool of
this paper.
II. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
A subsystem having a long transmission corridor is restored
by following a safe equipment switching sequence, in which
the number of shunt reactors connected to the system should be
minimized. Fig. 1 shows a restoration subsystem in which the
energization initiates at bus 1, the generator bus, and the load is
picked up at bus 4, the remote end. There are 4 bus reactors in
this subsystem, which are pictured all energized in Fig. 1.
During the restoration process of the GTL subsystem in
Fig. 1, the fundamental frequency overvoltages are controlled
by the reactors at buses 2, 3, and 4 and by the generator at bus
1 in such a way that the load picked up at bus 4 is maximized.
Picking up a remote load without resorting to shunt reactors
is not feasible when relatively long transmission segments are
involved. Also, a minimum set of bus reactors should not be
switched off as loading is increased since there is always the risk
of intempestive load rejection with associated overvoltages and
generator self-excitation. The restoration process can be studied
by establishing a sequence of subsystem scenarios. The sce-
narios differ by the number of transmission line sections con-
nected as well as the number of generating units. The voltage
prole, reactive shunt compensation level and remote load sup-
plied are solutions to the proposed OPF function. The number
of generation units should ideally be also varied in these sce-
narios, with less units connected when energizing the rst line
sections but, in this rst implementation, the number of units is
not a variable in the optimization process. If a heuristic search
optimization method were used for the system in Fig. 2, the
number of scenarios would be to cater for all the reactor con-
nection possibilities for the base case alone, and on top of these
optimize to maintain generation within its reactive power capa-
bility and avoid overvoltages [14]. In our method this discrete
optimization is approximated as a continuous problem, which is
adjusted to the nearest discrete values, after convergence. Our
initial scenarios, should therefore include, as data set, those can-
didate scenarios and compensation alternatives that appear to be
of practical value (see Fig. 2), since this provides a better initial
condition for the optimization process.
In the proposed method, the bus voltages are variables
(unknowns) of the OPF problem and the various scenarios
are included as data for the global optimization problem. The
OPF method, considering the load rejection conceptual model
sketched in Fig. 3, is designed to simulate the system state at the
three time instants, , and , which are related to the
Fig. 2. Restoration scenarios.
Fig. 3. Sketch of transient behavior of a system bus voltage magnitude fol-
lowing load rejection in the GTL island.
conditions immediately prior to the load rejection, immediately
after it and at an anticipated steady-state condition.
At , the load picked up at the remote bus should be max-
imized for a given corridor, the reactive compensation by the
shunt reactors should be minimized and the generators must re-
main within their capability curves. At , the generators are
represented as constant voltage behind their subtransient reac-
tances, with the subtransient voltage being a function of the gen-
erator dispatch at . At , the post-disturbance steady-state
is reached and the voltage regulators (AVR) are assumed to
have adjusted the power plant terminal voltage to the optimized
scheduled value, as long as its generating units do not violate
their reactive power limits. The equations used to model the gen-
erator capability limits are detailed in Appendix A.
III. PROPOSED METHOD
The proposed methodology is based on an OPF formulation
in which the AC network model for the GTL subsystem is
fully considered. As keeping voltage and Var limits during
the GT/GTL subsystem restoration process is vital, adequate
representation in steady-state and subtransient-state of the
synchronous machines, their capability curves [15][17] and
associated voltage regulator [18] steady-state regulation char-
acteristics, as well as the set of switchable shunt reactors placed
at the various subsystem buses, should be considered into the
optimization problem. These shunt reactors are considered to
be continuous in the OPF solution, being later adjusted to their
discrete values in practice which are closest to the obtained
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VIANA et al.: AN OPTIMAL POWER FLOW FUNCTION TO AID RESTORATION STUDIES OF LONG TRANSMISSION SEGMENTS 3
optimal solution. The proposed OPF problem is described as
follows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
Equations (19)(23) of Appendix A dene the generator ca-
pability curve and are also considered as constraints of this OPF
problem, where
active power generation at bus
prior to load rejection ,
at the instant and nal
steady state for scenario ;
reactive power generation at bus
prior to load rejection ,
at the instant and nal
steady state for scenario ;
active power load at bus prior
to load rejection , at the
instant and nal steady
state for scenario ;
reactive power load at bus
prior to load rejection ,
at the instant and nal
steady state for scenario ;
generator internal voltages at
and ;
generator internal angles at
and ;
voltage at bus at the instants
and for the
scenario ;
generator terminal voltage at
the instants and for
scenario ;
steady state voltage limits at the
instant ;
voltage limits at the instant
;
steady state voltage limits at the
instant ;
angle at bus at the instants
and for the
scenario ;
load factor at bus having
existing load;
active power ow at circuit -
at the instants and
for the scenario ;
Lagrange multipliers related to
(2), (8), and (13);
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4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS
Lagrange multipliers related to
(3), (9), and (14);
Lagrange multipliers related to
(4), (10), and (15);
Lagrange multipliers related to
(5), (11), and (16);
reactive power consumed by
reactor at bus ;
maximum amount of MVAr
reactors at bus ;
reactive power ow at circuit
- at the instants
and for the scenario ;
set of buses directly connected
to bus ;
complete set of buses;
set of shunt bus reactors;
subtransient and synchronous
reactances of generator;
total number of scenarios;
total number of system buses
for scenario ;
total number of load buses;
total number of shunt reactors;
total number of black-start units.
Equation (1) is the objective function that maximizes the sup-
plied load and minimizes the reactive power drawn by the shunt
reactors. Note the maximization of supplied load implies in the
minimization of shunt reactors, indicating that there is no need
to consider weighting factors in the two terms of the objective
function. The load factor is an optimization variable which
enables determining the maximum load picked-up at the end of
the optimization process.
Equations (2)(7) and (18)(23) describe the operation
decision problem related to the amount of supplied load
and the number of switched-on reactors. Equations (4)(5)
and (19)(23) are dened only for the connected black-start
generating units, which are individually represented. If the
optimization problem considered only (2)(7) and (18)(23),
the optimal solution achieved would comprise a large amount
of supplied load and a very small amount of in-service shunt
reactors. However, a GTL island restoration process involves
many sequential stages of island component energizations as
well as load rejection possibilities, all of which must be checked
for sustained as well as temporary overvoltage problems.
Equations (8)(12) describe the constraints at the instant
associated with one generic restoration scenario. A set of
(8)(12) must be used to model each one of the scenarios
that are included in the OPF dataset. These scenarios data set
is intended to provide a better initial condition that will lead to
OPF solutions of more practical value rather than local minima
of lesser interest. The subproblem related to conditions at the
Fig. 4. Sparse Hessian structure.
instant of is connected to the subproblem , related
to conditions prior to load rejection, by the global variables:
and , as formulated in (8)(11). At the instant ,
the voltage regulators (AVRs) have not yet responded and then
, the generator subtransient voltage, remains unchanged. The
constraint (12) becomes active due to overvoltages detected
during the convergence process and then the decision in sub-
problem forces a reduction in the amount of picked-up
load and increases the reactive power consumption by the
shunt reactors .
Equations (13)(17) and (19)(23) describe the constraints
at the instant in which each equation must be written for
the restoration scenarios. Subproblem is connected
to the subproblem by the global variables: and
, as formulated in (13)(16). At the post-disturbance nal
steady-state , the voltage regulators (AVR) have already
regulated the generation terminal voltages back to the optimized
scheduled values by adjusting to the steady state value
. The constraint (17) becomes active due to nal steady-
state overvoltages detected during the convergence process, and
then the decision in subproblem is forced to decrease the
amount of supplied load and to increase . However, if
generator reactive power capability is insufcient to ensure that
bus voltage remains within limits, then only the reactive power
consumption by the reactors, , is increased.
The distributed shunt compensation is a solution from the
continuous OPF method, and providing an adequate data set
of restoration scenarios as initial conditions, cause the OPF
problem to be more rapidly and effectively solved. As previ-
ously described, the continuous solution values obtained for
the shunt reactors are adjusted to the nearest discrete values,
adopting the following criteria:
1) The set of continuous reactive power values
is scaled by the MVAr rating of the reactor unit at that bus,
, say .
2) The bus with the maximum value of in this set is then
selected for the addition of a xed reactor, which is then
modeled in the data set as a xed impedance load.
3) A new OPF simulation, using the system data adjusted by
the addition of one xed reactor as described in 2), is then
executed to obtain a new set of continuous reactive power
values absorbed by the system candidate reactors .
4) Repeat step 1) to 3) as many times as reactor additions are
needed, until a suitable tolerance is achieved.
This heuristics has worked well for the example system of
this paper as well as other simpler systems, but further testing
and research is needed.
The proposed solution for the global optimization problem
should take into consideration the data set of restoration sce-
narios which are judged to be the most practical. As the GT/GTL
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VIANA et al.: AN OPTIMAL POWER FLOW FUNCTION TO AID RESTORATION STUDIES OF LONG TRANSMISSION SEGMENTS 5
Fig. 5. Diagram for the Rio de Janeiro restoration transmission segment.
subsystem contains a reduced number of buses, the overall OPF
problem to be solved is always of a relatively small size. In the
present case, the sparse Hessian matrix W has the structure pre-
sented in Fig. 4, where its component blocks are described as
follows:
block matrix related to in which the elements
are obtained from (2)(7) and (18)(23)
describing the complete GTL subsystem being
considered;
block matrix related to in which the elements
are obtained from (8)(12). In this case there
exists one sub-matrix for each GT scenario;
block matrix related to in which the elements
are obtained from (13)(17) and (19)(23). In
this case there exists one sub-matrix for each
GT scenario;
coupling block matrix associated to the global
variables ( and ) of and ;
coupling block matrix associated to the global
variables ( and ) of and .
Note: It is worth mentioning a generation redispatch method de-
scribed in [6] and [7] that also uses OPF constraints related to
machine subtransient phenomena at and requires the mod-
eling of generators by voltages behind their subtransient reac-
tances.
IV. RESULTS
The proposed methodology was tested in the restoration study
of the main transmission corridor of the Rio de Janeiro area of
BIPS. This GTL subsystemis shown in Fig. 5 and the associated
system data is presented in Appendix B.
The main components of this GT/GTL subsystem are the
Marimbondo power plant, the 500-kVtransmission system con-
necting this plant to the Rio de Janeiro area and the 138-kV
LIGHT distribution system and load. The Marimbondo hydro-
electric plant comprises eight 186-MW generating units, ve of
which are needed for safe restoration according to [5], a refer-
ence describing current BIPS restoration practices. In order to
better test the proposed method, the line reactors in Fig. 5 were
also assumed to be bus reactors and maneuverable in all OPF
simulations reported in this paper.
Careful OPF data preparation, including an adequate restora-
tion scenarios data set, is fundamental to obtain useful solutions.
This data set should reect the transmission corridor sequential
build up as well as subsystem congurations following load re-
jection and split-up. Considering all these scenarios help to en-
force an even distribution of the shunt reactors along the trans-
mission corridor. Table I describes the chosen set of scenarios
for the test system, which are identied by their disconnected
lines, reactors and buses, as well as through the number of en-
ergized buses they contain. Scenario 1 corresponds to the GTL
case . Scenarios numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are included
to ensure a more or less even distribution of shunt reactors, as
previously explained. Scenario 7 is included for being the most
important considering overvoltages and generator reactive ab-
sorption (capability curve). Scenarios 2 to 7 correspond to GT
subsystem cases ( and ).
The data set scenarios involve system topologies that may
occur after load rejection and consider both and con-
ditions (which have different equations and constraints), as
previously described. One should note that many scenarios
related to stages of line section energization are omitted, since
the only critical phenomena at this stage of transmission cor-
ridor build-up would be electromagnetic transients, which are
outside the scope of this work and can only be captured in
electromagnetic transient simulations.
The adopted scenarios for the test case are listed in Table I,
which have a reduced number of network buses (last column
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6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS
TABLE I
RESTORATION SCENARIOS
TABLE II
CASE A: BUS REACTORS
TABLE III
CASE A: SHUNT LINE REACTORS
of table). The global OPF problem, for the test system of this
paper with its and scenarios included, has 959 variables.
A detailed description of the global OPF dimensions is given in
Appendix C.
Table II lists the shunt reactors that should be switched-on
according to the results fromthe proposed methodology and [5],
for a case referred to as CASE A. It is seen from Table II that
the bus reactor results from the two methodologies are identical.
Table III shows that in the proposed technique, a larger amount
of line reactors were connected. Note the reactive powers of
the shunt reactors are modeled as continuous variables in the
OPF problem, a frequently used approximation, and the discrete
nature of these equipment is taken into account by setting the
continuous solution to the nearest discrete reactor value once
the OPF process has converged [19].
Table IV presents the recommended maximum load to be
supplied and the generator voltage settings computed by the
proposed OPF method and [5]. The optimal generation voltage
, obtained from the proposed methodology, was 0.98 pu, a
value considerably higher than that reported in [5]. As a conse-
quence, the maximum load in the GTL subsystem has increased
to 234 MW, representing a gain of 44 MW.
In practice, synchronous condensers (SCs) are not used in the
early stages of restoration [20], due to transient stability con-
straints and risk of self-excitation [21]. Therefore, the SC of
Fig. 5 was assumed disconnected in all simulations of this paper.
TABLE IV
GENERATION VOLTAGE AND MAXIMUM SUPPLIED LOAD
TABLE V
CASE B: BUS REACTORS
TABLE VI
CASE B: SHUNT LINE REACTORS
TABLE VII
CASE C: BUS REACTORS
TABLE VIII
CASE C: SHUNT LINE REACTORS
Results are also included for a case, referred to as CASE B,
where the generation high-side voltage was xed at 0.90 pu, so
as to allow a better comparison with the recommendations from
[5]. The CASE B results, in Tables V and VI, show that the
proposed optimization method required 10.8 MVAr less reactors
than the results reported in [5], while the supplied remote load
was increased by 5%.
Results are also included for Case C, a test case in which the
temporary overvoltage limit was set at a reduced value, 1.15 pu
at , leading to the adjustment of the generation voltage at
0.95 pu and an amount of 231 MW as the recommended max-
imum for the load to be picked up. It is seen fromTables VII and
VIII that an extra end line reactor of 73.4 MVAr was switched
on to keep the overvoltage below the specied limit.
As expected, the constraints associated with the machine
under-excitation capability curve were active in most cases.
The CPU timings provided are for Matlab 6.5 on an Intel
Pentium IV processor with a 2.66-Ghz clock and 2 Gb of RAM.
The OPF solutions for cases A, B, and C took 82.14 s, 44.13
s, and 118.8 s of CPU time, respectively. CASE B solved in
less cpu time because the high-side voltage was kept xed,
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VIANA et al.: AN OPTIMAL POWER FLOW FUNCTION TO AID RESTORATION STUDIES OF LONG TRANSMISSION SEGMENTS 7
TABLE IX
CASE D: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
eliminating therefore the need for the AVR regulating function.
On the other hand, CASE C requires more cpu time to solve
because the temporary overvoltage limit was reduced to 1.15
turning the optimization problem more restrictive.
V. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
A sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the op-
timal number of black-start generating units needed to safely
restore the subsystem. Ideally, the number of units should also
be a decision variable of the OPF, but this would involve adding
another term to the objective function in (1) and facing yet more
problems related to the approximate modeling, by continuous
variables, of some system variables which are actually of dis-
crete nature. Table IX shows a summary of the results obtained
when considering cases with 3, 4, 5, or 6 generating units (in a
total of 8 unitssee data in the Appendix B) participating in the
restoration process.
The obtained results indicated that, for three generating units,
the OPF did not converge even when all the shunt reactors were
switched on. With 4 units dispatched and all shunt reactors
switched on, the amount of picked up load turned out to be very
low. With 5 units dispatched, the number of shunt reactors was
reduced and a considerable amount of load could be supplied.
The last simulation considered 6 units dispatched and yielded
a larger safety margin regarding the system voltages, with the
results indicating a slightly smaller value for the maximum
supplied load, since the generator voltage and the number of re-
actors were reduced. However, since the paralleling of a larger
number of units is always more time consuming in practice, the
6-unit alternative appears to be excessive. Then, this sensitivity
analysis showed that 5 is the most adequate number of gener-
ation units to be paralleled in the present restoration example.
This result is in agreement with operator instructions from
practice [5], which of course were also based on results from
dynamic simulations and electromagnetic transient studies.
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS
This paper presented an OPF-based methodology to deter-
mine the optimal generation voltages and minimum shunt re-
actor conguration for the safe restoration of a GT/GTL sub-
system containing a long transmission segment. The recom-
mended maximum value of remote-end load to be supplied is
also determined. The shunt reactors are required so as to keep
generators operating within their capability curves and limit the
temporary as well as steady-state overvoltages at fundamental
frequency for the chosen set of restoration scenarios.
The OPF restoration function has specic modeling aspects
and data requirements, such as the following.
The generation high-side voltage is adjusted in the opti-
mization process in such a way as to increase the recom-
mended maximum value of the remote load to be supplied
while minimizing the amount of shunt reactor compensa-
tion.
The set of chosen scenarios should reect the sequential
build-up of the GT subsystem in order to ensure a bal-
anced distribution of shunt reactor compensation. Those
subsystem congurations prone to the highest overvolt-
ages following load rejection should be modeled as well.
The maximumtemporary overvoltages at fundamental fre-
quency, occurring immediately following load rejection,
are better estimated with the adoption of a voltage behind
subtransient reactance model for the generator.
The optimal results can be obtained from just a few sim-
ulations. As a consequence, the operation planning staff
saves valuable time that can be used to perform other vital
analyses such as electromagnetic transient studies. A next
step in this research will be assessing the impact of OPF
tools in the reduction of the overall restoration time.
The described results indicate the proposed methodology
may become a valuable tool for aiding system restoration
studies. Note that the OPF program optimizes the GTL
problem subjected to GT and GTL constraints.
APPENDIX A
This Appendix presents the generator capability curves con-
straints which were included in the proposed OPF formulation
for subproblems and . Fig. 6 shows the parts A, B, C, D,
and E of capability curve, which are detailed as follows:
Part A: Mechanical Source Limit:
(19)
Part B: Stator Current Limit:
(20)
Part C: Over Excitation Limit:
(21)
Part D: Under Excitation Limit:
(22)
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8 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS
Fig. 6. Generator capability curves.
TABLE X
GENERATOR DATA
TABLE XI
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DATA
Part E: Stability Limit:
(23)
APPENDIX B
This Appendix presents the Restoration Test System data.
Table X shows the generator data. Generator MVA base is as-
sumed to be equal to the nominal capacity. Finally, Table XI
shows the transmission line data on a 100-MVA base.
APPENDIX C
This Appendix describes the dimension of the global OPF
problem for the proposed restoration study. The dimension of
the matrix W is obtained from the determination of all optimiza-
tion variables for the test case presented in Section IV, as fol-
lows:
1) Instant
Variables and : ,
where :
Variables and , where
:
Variables and :
Variable , where :
Variable , where :
Generator capability variables [slack variable and
for (19), (21)(23); and for (20)]:
2) Instant
Variables and
, where
and :
Variables and
:
The global variables computed in and , de-
scribed for the subproblem , are also included in the sub-
problem .
3) Instant
Variables and
:
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VIANA et al.: AN OPTIMAL POWER FLOW FUNCTION TO AID RESTORATION STUDIES OF LONG TRANSMISSION SEGMENTS 9
Variables and
:
Variables and
:
Generator capability variables [slack variable
and , for (19), (21)(23); and
, for (20)]:
The global variables computed in and , described
for the subproblem , are also included in the subproblem
. Then, the total number of variables (nv) of the global OPF
problem can be calculated as .
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Eduardo Martins Viana received the B.Sc. degree from the Federal Univer-
sity of Viosa, Viosa, Brazil, in 2005 and the M.Sc. degree from the Federal
University of Juiz de Fora, (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil, in 2008.
His research interests include power system optimization and control of elec-
trical power systems.
Edimar Jos de Oliveira (M11) received the B.Sc. degree from the Federal
University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil, in 1984, the M.Sc. de-
gree from the Federal University of Uberlndia, Uberlndia, Brazil, in 1993,
and the D.Sc. degree from the Federal University of Itajub, Itajub, Brazil, in
1998.
Since 1989, he has been with the Electrical Engineering Department of UFJF.
His main interests include stability analysis, power economics, optimization,
and control of electrical power systems.
Nelson Martins (SM91F98) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engi-
neering from the University of Brasilia, Brazil, in 1972 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
degrees from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology,
Manchester, U.K., in 1974 and 1978, respectively.
He works at CEPEL, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the development of methods
and computer tools for power system analysis, with emphasis on dynamics and
control.
Jos Luiz R. Pereira (M85) received the B.Sc. degree from the Federal Uni-
versity of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil, in 1975, the M.Sc. degree from
COPPEFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1978,
and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology, Manchester, U.K., in 1988.
From 1977 to 1992, he was with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
Since 1993, he has been with the Electrical Engineering Department of the Fed-
eral University of Juiz de Fora. His research interests include online security,
optimization, and control of electrical power systems.
Leonardo Willer de Oliveira received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the
Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil, in 2003 and 2005, re-
spectively, and the the D.Sc. degree from COPPEFederal University of Rio
de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2009.
He is currently with the Electrical Engineering Department of the Federal
University of Juiz de Fora. His research interests include the development of
tools for optimization, planning, and operation of energy and power systems
and stability analysis.