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OR
BY
DAVID N. CARVALHO
PREFACE.
The unfortunate conditions surrounding the almost
universal use of the oddly named commercial and with
few exceptions record inks, and the so-called modern
paper, is the motive for the writing of this book.
The numerous color products of coal tar, now so
largely employed in the preparation of ink, and the
worse material utilized in the manufacture of the hard-
finished writing papers, menace the future preservation
of public and other records. Those who occupy
official position and who can help to ameliorate this
increasing evil, should begin to do so without delay.
Abroad England, Germany and France and at home
Massachusetts and Connecticut have sought to modify
these conditions by legislation and our National Treasury
Department only last year, in establishing a standard
for its ink, gives official recognition of these
truths.
CONTENTS
I. GENESIS OF INK
II. ANTIQUITY OF INK
III. CLASSICAL INK AND ITS EXODUS
IV. CLASSICAL INK AND ITS EXODUS (Continued)
V. REVIVAL OF INK
VI. INK OF THE WEST
VII. EARLY MEDIAEVAL INK
VIII. MEDIAEVAL INK
IX. END OF MEDIAEVAL INK
X. RENAISSANCE INK
XI. ANCIENT INK TREATISES
XII. STUDY OF INK
XIII. STUDY OF INK
XIV. CLASSIFICATIONS OF INK
XV. OFFICIAL AND LEGAL INK
XVI. ENDURING INK
XVII. INK PHENOMENA
XVIII. INK CHEMISTRY
XIX. FRAUDULENT INK BACKGROUNDS
XX. FUGITIVE INK.
XXI. ANCIENT AND MODERN INK RECEIPTS
XXII. INK INDUSTRY.
XXIII. CHEMICO-LEGAL INK
XXIV. CHEMICO-LEGAL INK (Continued)
XXV. INK UTENSILS OF ANTIQUITY
XXVI. INK UTENSILS (Quill PEN v. Steel Pen)
XXVII. SUBSTITUTES FOR INK UTENSILS ("Lead" and other Pencils)
XXVIII. ANCIENT INK BACKGROUNDS (The Origin of Papyrus)
XXIX. ANCIENT INK BACKGROUNDS (Parchment and Vellum)
XXX. MODERN INK BACKGROUNDS (True Paper)
XXXI. MODERN INK BACKGROUNDS (Wood Paper and Safety Paper)
XXXII. CURIOSA (Ink and other Writing Materials)
CHAPTER I.
GENESIS OF INK.
CHAPTER II.
ANTIQUITY OF INK.
CHAPTER III.
* * * * * * * *
CHAPTER IV.
From Anthon:
By Astle:
By Anthon:
By Astle:
By Anthon:
From Astle:
From Anthon:
By Astle:
By Anthon:
By Astle:
By Anthon:
Taylor asserts:
CHAPTER V.
REVIVAL OF INK.
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VIII.
MEDIAEVAL INK.
CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER X.
RENAISSANCE INK.
We are told:
CHAPTER XI.
1525.
1540.
1570.
1571.
John de Beauchesne, teacher of the Princess
Elizabeth, daughter of King James I. Author
of many copy books.
1588.
1600.
1600.
1601.
1616.
1618.
1622.
1622.
1646.
1650.
1650.
1652.
1657.
1659.
1660.
1663.
1669.
1678.
1680.
1680.
1681.
1681.
1681.
1683.
1684.
1693.
1695.
1695.
1695.
1696.
1699.
1699.
1700.
1700.
1702.
1703.
1705.
1708.
1709.
1709.
1711.
1709.
1711.
1712.
William Webster, writing and mathematics.
1730, wrote several pages for "The Universal
Penman."
1713.
1717.
1717.
1719.
1720.
1723.
1724.
1725.
1725.
1726.
1727.
1728.
1729.
1730.
1730.
1730.
1730.
1730.
1730.
1730.
1733.
1734.
1738.
1739.
1739.
1740.
1740.
1741.
1741.
1747.
1749.
1750.
1750.
1751.
1758.
1760.
1762.
William Chinnery, "The Compendious Emblematist."
1763.
1769.
1780.
1784.
1795.
1799.
1814.
1543.
1570.
1605.
1612.
1700.
CHAPTER XII.
STUDY OF INK.
CHAPTER XIII.
STUDY OF INK.
INVESTIGATIONS BY STARK OF INK QUALITIES COVERING
A PERIOD OF TWENTY-THREE YEARS--ABSTRACT FROM
HIS REPORT OF 1855--DR. CHILTON EXPERIMENTS IN
NEW YORK CITY 1856--ACTION OF THE PRUSSIAN
GOVERNMENT IN 1859 AND EMPLOYMENT OF AN OFFICIAL
INK--WATTENBACH'S GERMAN TREATISE ON THE
ARCHIVES OF THE MIDDLE AGES--WILLIAM INGLIS
CLARK ATTEMPTS TO PLACE THE MANUFACTURE OF INK
ON A SCIENTIFIC BASIS--SUBMITS HIS VALUABLE
RESEARCHES AND DEDUCTIONS TO THE ENINBURGH
UNIVERSITY IN 1879--SCHLUTTIG AND NEUMANN IN
1890 ESTABLISH A STANDARD FORMULA FOR IRON
AND GALL INK--NAMES OF SOME INK INVESTIGATORS
OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
CHAPTER XIV.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF INK.
CHAPTER XV.
" '2. Do you consider it safe to use for a record logwood inks?
" '4. Do you consider carbon ink the only permanent ink?
CHAPTER XVI.
ENDURING INK.
CHAPTER XVII.
INK PHENOMENA.
CHAPTER XVIII.
INK CHEMISTRY.
LOGWOOD. FUSTIC.
CHAPTER XIX.
CHAPTER XX.
FUGITIVE INK.
CHAPTER XXI.
"William Satherwaite."
INK INDUSTRY.
Adriana
Allfield
Anderson
Antoine
Arnaudon
Arnold
Artus
Ballade
Ballande
Barnes
Bart
Bartram
Beaur
Behrens
Belmondi
Berzelius
Bizanger
Blackwood
Blair
Bolley
Bonney
Bossin
Boswell
Bottger
Boutenguy
Braconnot
Brande
Bufeu
Bufton
Bure
Carter
Caw
Cellier
Champion
Chaptal
Chevallier
Clarke
Close
Cochrane
Collin
Cooke
Coupier and Collins
Coxe
Crock
Cross
Darcet
Davids
Davis
Delunel
Delarve
Delang
Derheims
Dize
Draper
Druck
Duhalde
Dumas
Dumovlen
Dunand
Dunlap
Ellis
Eisner
Faber
Faucher
Faux
Featherstone
Fesneau
Fontenelle
Ford
Fourmentin
Freeman
Fuchs
Gaffard
Gastaldi
Geissler
Geoffroy
Gebel
Goold
Goupeir
Grasse
Green
Guesneville
Gullier
Guyon
Guyot
Haenles
Hager
Haldat
Hanle
Hare
Harrison
Hausman
Heeren
Henry
Herepath
Hevrant
Higgins
Hogy
Hunt
Hyde
Jahn
James
Joy
Karmarsch
Kasleteyer
Kindt
Klaproth
Kloen
Knaffl
Knecht
Lanaux
Lanet
Larenaudiere
Lemancy
Lenormand
Leonhardi
Lewis
Ley Kauf
Link
Lipowitz
Lorme
Luhring
Lyons
MacCullogh
Mackensic
Mathieu
Maurin
Maynard and Noyes
Melville
Mendes
Meremee
Merget
Minet
Moller
Moore
Mordan
Moser
Morrell
Mozard
Murray
Nash
Nissen
Ohme
Ott
Paul
Payen
Perry
Peltz
Petibeau
Platzer
Plissey
Pomeroy
Poncelet
Prollius
Proust
Pusher
Rapp
Reade
Redwood
Reid
Remigi
Reinmann
Rheinfeld
Ribaucourt
Ricker
Roder
Ruhr
Runge
Sanford
Schaffgotoch
Schleckum
Schmidt
Schoffern
Scott
Seldrake
Selmi
Simon
Souberin
Souirssean
Stafford
Stark
Stein
Stephens
Stevens
Syuckerbuyk
Swan
Tabuy
Tarling
Thacker
Thomas
Thumann
Todd
Tomkins
Trialle
Triest
Trommsdorff
Underwood
Vallet
Van Moos
Vogel
Wagner
Walkden
Wallach
Waterlous
Windsor and Newton
Winternitz
Woodmansee
Worthington
CHAPTER XXIII.
CHEMICO-LEGAL INK.
CHAPTER XXIV.
CHAPTER XXV.
CHAPTER XXVI.
CHAPTER XXVII.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
CHAPTER XXIX.
Warton says:
CHAPTER XXX.
"A. D. 900. The bulls of the popes in the eighth and ninth
centuries were written upon cotton paper.
CHAPTER XXXI.
CHAPTER XXXII.
TO THE PHOENICIAN.
"The Prince of Wales the ostrich fether pen and all arg.
ANOTHER EXPERIMENT.
REMARKS.
FUCUS.--A drone.
SUTORIUM.--Belonging to a shoemaker.
Before the employment of blotting paper a pounce-
box which contained either powdered gum sandarach
and ground cuttle-fish bones, or powdered charcoal, sand
and like materials was used by shaking it like a pepper-
box on freshly written manuscripts.
"IN MANUSCRIPT.