Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Ahiakpa J.K, 2Quartey E.K, 1,2Amoatey H.M,1Klu G.Y.P,3Achel D.G, 3Achoribo E. and
3
Agbenyegah S.
Department of Nuclear Agriculture and Radiation Processing, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences,
P.O. Box AE 1, Atomic Energy-Accra, Ghana
2
NuclearAgriculture Centre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy
Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana
3
Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy
Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana
Accepted April 10, 2013
Twenty-five (25) accessions of Okra (Abelmoschus spp L.) were collected from eight geographic
regions of Ghana and were evaluated for their phytochemical constituents. The objective of the study
was to assess total flavonoid, phenolic and antioxidant activity in the accessions. Results indicate that,
there are statistically significant differences (p0.05) in Total Flavonoid Contents (TFCs), Total Phenolic
Contents (TPCs) and Total Antioxidant Contents (TAAs) recorded for both the ethanolic and aqueous
extracts of the accessions, indicating genetic variability among them.The high variability observed in
the amounts of TFCs, TPCs and TAAs in the fresh fruits of okra, makes okra a good source of natural
antioxidants.
Keywords: Okra, Abelmoschus, phytochemicals, antioxidants, free radicals, health benefits, DPPH, phenolics,
flavonoids.
INTRODUCTION
Free radicals are highly reactive chemical substances
(Long et al., 2007) such as peroxide, hydroxyl radical and
singleton oxygen that travel around in the body and
cause damage to body cells (Alia et al., 2003). Free
radical damage is one of the most prominent causes of
devastating diseases that are responsible for killing
millions of people in the world and this can manifest as
heart attacks and cancers (Amic et al., 2003). Free
radicals naturally occur in the body as a result of
chemical reactions during normal cellular processes such
as conversion of food into energy in the body (Oboh and
Rocha, 2006).
Antioxidants are powerful free radical scavengers in
*Corresponding
Author
E-mail:
jnckay@gmail.com.
Source
Greater Accra region
Number collected
8
Ashanti region
Central region
Eastern region
Brong-Ahafo region
1
1
5
Western region
Upper East region
1
3
Accession
Labadi, Asontem-GAR, Atomic, CsLegon,
Legon
fingers,
Clemson
spineless, Indiana, Volta
Asontem-ASR, Agric type I, Debo,
Asante type II, Kortebortor-ASR, Agric
short fruit
Cape
Asontem-ER
Yeji-Local, Asontem nv, Asontem-BAR,
Kortebortor-BAR, Nkran Nkuruma
Juaboso
Mamolega, Wune mana, Mapelega
Flavonoids
Accession
Asontem-GAR
Asontem-ASR
Asante Type II
Asontem-ER
Wune Mana
Labadi
Agric Type I
Clemson Spineless
Volta
Agric Short Fruit
Debo'
Juaboso
Kortebortor-BAR
Legon Fingers
Indiana
Asontem-BAR
Mamolega
Nkran Nkuruma
Atomic
Cape'
Mapelega
Kortebortor-ASR
Yeji-Local
Cs-Legon
Asontem N V.
MEAN
Concentration
(ethanolic extract)
gh
2264.980.00
gh
2338.878.31
n
1339.722.12
hi
2235.140.89
b
4980.501.23
jk
1958.800.00
g
2420.543.36
n
1288.0692.91
e
3204.582.34
a
5159.2112.90
d
3387.60499.67
ij
2086.821.55
n
1515.503.88
c
3601.420.65
mn
1609.011.45
n
1517.550.60
n
1181.910.45
jkl
1940.7715.19
o
988.532.15
ef
3077.1811.14
kl
1874.811.78
lm
1774.3322.10
n
1595.612.24
o
871.573.84
f
2993.192.93
2288.2027.75
Phenolics
Concentration
(aqueous
extract)
k
492.899.56
k
493.0814.74
l
465.122.16
o
330.210.94
c
1449.241.28
n
379.290.96
o
345.521.89
j
532.772.11
m
400.222.16
k
487.6714.92
d
1402.502.38
g
648.163.00
p
279.7233.92
f
693.073.84
e
750.8328.82
k
485.243.39
j
517.912.51
kl
480.623.88
i
582.501.92
q
179.984.04
b
1579.183.84
c
1443.880.00
r
122.482.69
a
2003.692.55
h
608.396.68
686.176.17
Concentration
(ethanolic
extract)
defghi
11.381.77
cdef
13.182.30
efghi
10.211.84
efghi
10.631.20
b
18.192.25
ghi
9.020.28
cdefg
12.3172.21
fghi
9.691.17
cd
14.592.54
a
24.124.64
a
25.835.30
defgh
11.791.47
bc
15.761.71
efghi
9.890.61
efghi
10.510.63
hi
8.551.01
cdefg
12.231.26
ghi
8.890.54
cde
13.422.22
efghi
10.183.27
ghi
9.070.53
i
8.010.37
b
18.263.03
efghi
10.760.89
b
18.350.79
12.991.75
Concentration
(aqueous extract)
fg
20.940.00
ef
22.460.64
g
19.661.39
g
19.760.87
l
8.580.84
g
19.740.11
d
28.211.92
d
27.082.00
l
6.820.09
b
39.460.15
d
29.070.00
fg
20.161.93
e
23.621.33
hi
16.920.61
fg
19.970.00
ij
16.380.00
jk
14.251.17
ij
16.540.36
gh
19.560.24
k
12.991.22
c
32.275.40
a
63.223.95
k
13.370.75
l
7.970.00
l
8.330.00
21.090.99
sd=standard deviation, mean with same letters in a column are not statistically different (p0.05) from each other according
to Duncans multiple range test. Values bolded and underlined refers to accession with the highest concentration; Bolded
values represents accession with the lowest concentration. All concentrations were measured in mg/ml.
Accession
Ethanol Extract
%Inhibition
Aqueous Extract
%Inhibition
Conc.(mg/ml)
Conc.(mg/ml)
j
Asontem-GAR
Asontem-ASR
16.74
18.53
506.490.00
ij
665.020.13
Asante Type II
Asontem-ER
Wune Mana
Labadi
Agric Type I
Clemson Spineless
Volta
Agric Short Fruit
32.38
21.68
54.060
31.97
27.70
45.27
32.14
46.24
1012.001.11
hij
732.71.22
b
3030.3869.31
fghi
941.631.05
def
1183.440.76
c
1885.32732.38
de
1440.871.59
a
3705.810.00
Debo'
Juaboso
51.12
35.01
Kortebortor-BAR
46.12
2001.2212.19
Legon Fingers
Indiana
Asontem-BAR
Mamolega
Nkran Nkuruma
34.89
55.97
44.80
51.15
28.99
1001.851.02
c
1829.58483.00
def
1195.87506.53
d
1483.520.00
hij
763.450.94
Atomic
Cape'
Mapelega
Kortebortor-ASR
23.16
25.56
29.81
28.22
942.2213.17
efg
1135.490.00
hij
766.310.91
ij
643.360.41
Yeji-Local
Cs-Legon
47.21
29.02
2050.140.15
ghij
805.700.00
Asontem N V.
MEAN
22.89
35.23
705.491.66
2891.4432.34
efgh
29.13
27.13
906.690.00
efg
992.432.22
fgh
22.06
23.05
48.47
17.94
17.43
21.65
23.95
25.94
678.330.00
de
1074.27821.62
b
2660.700.00
lmn
514.140.00
ghijklm
726.921.52
efghij
877.830.00
de
1060.731.59
c
2039.890.00
3812.160.00
def
1206.490.61
50.84
23.47
3791.252.61
fghijk
796.161.22
20.96
883.920.00
fgh
21.51
24.90
23.71
15.09
18.18
605.542.03
fghijk
795.550.00
ijklmn
618.990.00
n
415.5111.18
mn
467.970.94
fghi
23.84
14.27
30.43
56.33
971.482.93
jklmn
612.194.77
ghijkl
782.770.00
d
1309.570.81
16.60
25.39
690.341.52
hijklm
700.900.98
28.01
26.01
870.660.55
1033.7934.26
hij
hijklmn
efghi
klmn
fg
hijklm
efghijk
sd=standard deviation, mean with same letters in a column are not statistically different (p0.05) from each other according to
Duncans multiple range test.Values bolded and underlined refers to accession with the highest concentration or inhibition
percentage; Bolded values represents accession with the lowest concentration or inhibition percentage. Conc = concentration.