6 Electrochemistry

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
CHAPTER 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
A ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES
Activity 1
1. State the meaning of electrolyte:
An electrolyte is a substance that can conduct (a) in (b)
state or (c) . (d). and undergo (e)
(f).......................
2. A non-electrolyte is a substance that cannot conduct (g). either in
(h). state or (i).. solution.
3. Ionic comounds in molten state or in a!ueous solution are electrolytes
because these substances contain freely (") . .
#. $o%alent comounds are non-electrolytes and these substances contain neutral
(&) ................... and no freely (l) 'o(e%er)
certain co%alent comounds such as hydrogen chloride) ammonia and ethanoic
acid (hen dissol%ed in (ater are electrolytes. *his is because these comounds react
(ith (ater to roduce freely (m) ..
1
Learning Outc!e":
You should be able to:
state the meaning of electrolyte,
classify substances into electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
relate the presence of freely moving ions to electrical conductivity.
+. Ionic comounds in molten state or in a!ueous solution are electrolytes (hile co%alent
comounds and ionic comounds in solid state are non-electrolytes. ,etals are non-
electrolytes but are good conductors of electricity.
C#a""i$y t%e "u&"tance" in t%e te't &' &e#( int e#ectr#yte an) nn-e#ectr#yte
E#ectr#yte Nn-e#ectr#yte
2
Solid lead(II) chloride) molten aluminium o-ide) lead(II) nitrate solution) solid sodium
chloride) sodium chloride solution) magnesium) molten lead(II) chloride) glucose
solution) glacial ethanoic acid) dilute ethanoic acid) molten nahthalene) ethanol) sil%er)
tetrachloromethane) sodium hydro-ide solution) a!ueous ammonia
* ELECTROLYSIS O+ MOLTEN COMPO,NDS
Activity -
1. .hat do you understand by the term electrolysis/
0lectrolysis is a rocess (hereby comounds in (a) .................... or (b) ..
states are bro&en do(n (or decomosed) into their constituent (c) by
assing (d) . through them.
2. Anode is the electrode (hich is connected to the (e) . terminal of a
battery.
3. $athode is the electrode (hich is connected to the (f) terminal of a
battery.
#. $arbon or latinum is chosen as electrodes as they are chemically inert or unreacti%e.
+. *he diagram belo( sho(s the set-u of aaratus of electrolysis of molten lead(II)
bromide. 1ame the main aaratus and materials in the diagram.
Activity .
1. 2iagram 3.1 sho(s the relationshi bet(een the resence of freely mo%ing ions and
electrical conducti%ity.
*he bo- belo( sho(s a list of statements that e-lain the (hy ionic comound in solid
state do not conduct electricity but (ill conduct electricity in a!ueous solution. *he
statements are arranged in random order.
$hoose the correct statement from the bo- belo( and (rite it into the correct te-t bo- in
2iagram 3.1.
3
Learning Outc!e":
describe electrolysis,
describe electrolytic cell,
identify cations and anions in a molten compound,
describe evidence for the existence of ions held in a lattice in solid state but move freely in
molten state,
describe electrolysis of a molten compound,
write half-equations for the discharge of ions at anode and cathode,
predict products of the electrolysis of molten compounds.
Diagra! ./1
2. $olour all the cations red and the anions blue in solid sodium chloride and in the
electrolyte in 2iagram 3.1 abo%e.
4
2uring electrolysis cations are attracted to the cathode and anions are attracted to the anode.
Solid sodium chloride contains sodium ions and chloride ions (hich are in fi-ed osition and
not freely mo%ing.
In solid state) sodium ions and chloride ions are strongly attracted by electrostatic forces in a
lattice.
0lectric circuit is comlete due to the flo( of electrons along the connecting (ires and
mo%ement of ions in the solution.
If the electrodes are laced further aart) the ammeter reading (ill decrease because there
(ill be an increase in internal resistance.
A!ueous sodium chloride contains freely mo%ing ions to conduct electricity.
Activity 0
1. 3i%en belo( is a list of ionic comounds in molten state. Identify the cation and anion in
each electrolyte.
E#ectr#yte
1M#ten2
Catin Anin
Na!e +r!u#a Na!e +r!u#a
Sodium chloride
4ead(II) o-ide
5otassium bromide
2. 3i%en belo( is a list of electrolytes and roducts discharged at both electrodes. 6ased
on the gi%en substance discharged at the electrode) (rite a half e!uation to reresent
the reaction occurring at the electrode.
E#ectr#yte
1!#ten2
Su&"tance )i"c%arge) at t%e e#ectr)e"
an) t%e %a#$ e3uatin
An)e Cat%)e

(i) Aluminium o-ide

7-ygen gas
'alf e!uation:
..

Aluminium
'alf e!uation:
..
(ii) 5otassium iodide Iodine
'alf e!uation:

5otassium
'alf e!uation:
..
(iii) Sodium chloride

$hlorine gas
'alf e!uation:
..

Sodium
'alf e!uation:
.
(i%) 8inc bromide

6romine gas
'alf e!uation:
..

8inc
'alf e!uation:
.

5
Activity 4
1 *he flo( chart belo( is used to redict the roducts formed at the electrodes during the
electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide.
2. In the saces belo() dra( a similar flo( chart (as in !uestion 1) to redict the roducts
formed at the electrodes from the electrolysis of molten 9inc chloride) 8n$l
2
.
C ELECTROLYSIS O+ A5,EO,S SOL,TION
Learning Outc!e":
identify cations and anions in an aqueous solution,
describe the electrolysis of an aqueous solution,
explain using examples factors affecting electrolysis of an aqueous solution,
write half equations for the discharge of ions at the anode and the cathode,
predict the products of electrolysis of aqueous solutions.
Activity 6
1. State three factors that may influence the selecti%e discharge of ions during the
electrolysis of an a!ueous solution.
(a)
(b) .
(c) .
6
d
Molten lead(II) bromide
a
g f
e
c b
Consists of
(Ions that are present)
( Movement of ions)
To anode
To cathode
(Half equation)
At Anode
At Cathode
(Products formed)
At Anode
At Cathode
2. In an a!ueous solution of sodium chloride) aart from sodium ions) 1a
:
and chloride
ions) $l
--
) ions) and .ions)
from the slight dissociation of (ater are also resent.
3. 4ist the electrochemistry series (cations and anions) in order of increasing ease of
discharge.
Ease of discharge increases
$ation: .
Anion: ..
#. *he follo(ing statements refer to the factors that affect the electrolysis of an a!ueous
solution. ;ill in the blan&s.
(a) *he ions that are laced in the electrochemical series (ill be
.. discharged.
(b) If the concentration of a articular ion is ) the ion is ..
(c) In the electrolysis of coer(II) sulhate) $uS7

#
..using coer
electrodes) no ions are discharged at the anode. Instead) the coer anode

and in the electrolyte.
Activity 6
*he diagram belo( sho(s the set-u of aaratus of an electrolytic cell containing
concentrated coer(II) sulhate solution. *(o test tubes filled (ith coer(II) sulhate
solution (ere laced o%er the electrodes 7 and 8 to collect any gas e%ol%ed. *he s(itch is
then turned on so that electrolysis of coer(II) sulhate solution can occur.
(a) Identify the cations and the anions resent in the a!ueous solution.
$ations: .. Anions: ..
(b) Identify (hich electrode ( < or = ) is the anode and the cathode:
7
Anode .. $athode .
(c) (i) .hich ion is selecti%ely discharge at the anode/
(ii) 3i%e a reason for your ans(er in (c) (i). ..
...
(iii) .hat do you obser%e at the anode/
(i%) 3i%e one test to confirm the gas released at =.
.
(%) .rite a half e!uation to reresent the discharge of ions at anode.
.
(d) (i) .hich ion is selecti%ely discharge at the cathode/
(ii) 3i%e a reason for your ans(er in (d) (i) .
(iii) .hich do you obser%e at the cathode/

(i%) .rite a half e!uation to reresent the discharge of ions at the cathode.
. .
(e) .hat do you obser%e about the coer(II) sulhate solution/

..


Activity 9
T%e ta&#e &e#( "%(" t%ree e#ectr#ytic ce##" (it% )i$$erent e#ectr#yte" an) )i$$erent e#ectr)e"/ Yu are re3uire) t an"(er eac%
"ectin &y (riting yur an"(er in t%e ":ace" :rvi)e)/
1. In the diagrams) label the cathode (ith
the symbol >? and the
anode (ith the symbol >:?.
2. Sho( the direction of the flo( of the
electrons (ith arro(heads) > @ >
3. .rite the formula of all ions in the
electrolyte.
#. .rite the formula of ions (hich are
attracted to the cat%)e.
Anderline the formula of ion (hich is
selecti%ely discharged.
+. .rite the half e!uation to reresent the
reaction at the cat%)e.
B. .hat (ill you obser%e at the cat%)e/
C. .rite the formula of ions (hich are
attracted to the an)e.
Anderline the formula of ion (hich is
selecti%ely discharged.
D. .rite the half e!uation to reresent the
reaction at the an)e.
E. .hat (ill you obser%e at the an)e/
!
1"
D ELECTROLYSIS IN IND,STRIES
Learning Outc!e":
state uses of electrolysis in industries,
explain the extraction, purification and electroplating of metals involving electrolysis in industries,
write chemical equations to represent the electrolysis process in industries,
justify uses of electrolysis in industries,
describe the problem of pollution from electrolysis in industry.
Activity ;
1. ;ill in the blan&s.
*he alication of electrolysis in industries are (a) .
(b) and (c)
In the e-traction of aluminium from its ore) (d) . electrodes are used
and (e) ... is added to aluminium o-ide to lo(er its melting oint.
In urification of metals) the ure metal is made the (f) .. and the
imure metal is made the (g) .. *he electrolyte used is an a!ueous
salt solution of the metal ions.
In electrolating of metals) the (h) ...is made the anode and the (i)
to be (") ...... is made the cathode. *he electrolyte
used is an a!ueous salt solution of the electrolating metal.
*he uroses of electrolating metals are to ma&e the electrolated ob"ect more (&)
.. and (l) .. to corrosion.
2. 6elo( are sho(n the three uses of electrolysis in industries. ;ill in the blan&s.
0-traction of aluminium
from bau-ites
5urification of coer
from imure mined
coer
0lectrolating of iron
soon (ith sil%er
1. Substance
used as cathode
and anode
$athode:
Anode:
$athode:
Anode:
$athode:
Anode
2. 0lectrolyte
used
3. 'alf
e!uation
reresenting
the rocess.
$athode:
Anode:
$athode:
Anode:
$athode:
Anode:
11
E <OLTAIC CELLS
Activity 1=

1. A simle %oltaic cell can be constructed by immersing t(o .
metals in an . connected by
2. In a %oltaic cell) energy is con%erted to . energy.
3. *'0 040$*F7$'0,I$A4 S0FI0S is an arrangement of metals based on the tendency
of each metal atom to donate electrons. $omlete the table belo(.
E#ectrc%e!ica# "erie" $ !eta#"
Catin $r!e) an) nu!&er $
e#ectrn1"2 re#ea"e) )uring t%e :rce""
= =
:
: e
Al Al
3:
: 3e
G ote: !ydrogen is not a metal, but it is included in the Electrochemical "eries.
Learning utc!e":
describe the structure of a simple voltaic cell and #aniell cell,
explain the production of electricity from a simple voltaic cell,
explain the reactions in a simple voltaic cell and #aniell cell,
compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of various voltaic cells,
describe the differences between electrolytic and voltaic cells.
Tendency of
metal
atoms to
donate
electrons to
form ions
increases
12
#. *he diagram belo( sho(s an e-amle of a simle %oltaic cell.
In the te-t bo- belo( are sentences e-laining the roduction of electricity from a simle
%oltaic cell. *he sentences are listed in random order. Hou are re!uired to arrange these
sentences in the best ossible order so as to gi%e a clear descrition of the reactions
occurring in a simle %oltaic cell.
I$f you have any problem, you can refer to page %&' of the text boo( for guidance.)
Ans(er:
(a)
(b)
(c) ..
An e-amle of a simle %oltaic cell is a magnesium stri and a coer stri immersed in
dilute sodium chloride solution.
*he electrons then flo(s from the magnesium ribbon to the coer late through the (ire
and this results in the flo( of electrical current.
'ence magnesium atom releases electrons more easily than a coer atom and the
magnesium act as the negati%e terminal of the cell.
*he o%erall e!uation for the reaction is gi%en as follo(s.
,g(s) : 2'
:
(a!) ,g
2:
(a!) : '
2
(g)
,agnesium is laced higher than coer in the electrochemical series.
At the negati%e terminal) each magnesium atom releases t(o electrons and the ,g
2:

formed mo%ed into the solution.
,g(s) ,g
2:
(a!) : 2e
At the ositi%e terminal (hich is the coer late) the electrons are acceted by the '
:

ions in sodium chloride solution.
2'
:
: 2e '
2
(g)
13
(d)

(e)
(f)

(g) .
..
Activity 11
1. (a) 2ra( and label the set-u of aaratus of a 2aniell cell consisting of a salt bridge.

(b) (i) .hich metal in the 2aniell cell is the negati%e terminal/
(ii) 3i%e reason for your ans(er in (b)(i).

(iii) .rite a half e!uation to reresent the reaction occurring at the negati%e terminal.
.
(c) .rite a half e!uation to reresent reaction at ositi%e terminal.

(d) .hat do you obser%e at
(i) negati%e terminal
..
(ii) ositi%e terminal
..
(e) State t(o functions of the salt bridge.
1. ..

2.
14
2. *he table belo( listed are fi%e tyes of
%oltaic cells commonly used in our daily
li%es. 0ach %oltaic cell has its ad%antages
and disad%antages. $omlete the table by
stating the ad%antages and disad%antages
of each %oltaic cell.
<#taic ce##
A)vantage" Di"a)vantage"
1. 4ead-acid
accumulator
2. 2ry cell
3. ,ercury cell
#. Al&aline cell
+. 1ic&el-cadmium cell
Activity 1-
.hat are the differences bet(een an electrolytic cell and a %oltaic cell/
*able 12.1 are statements sho(ing differences bet(een an electrolytic cell and a %oltaic cell.
$omlete *able 12.2 by choosing the correct matching statements.
It does not re!uire a source of electric
current
It re!uires a source of electric current
*he electrical energy causes chemical
reactions to occur at the electrodes.
0lectrical energy chemical energy
*he chemical reaction that occur at the
electrodes roduces electric current.
$hemical energy electrical energy
*he electrodes must be of t(o different
metals
*he electrodes may be of the same material
such as carbon
0lectrons flo( from the ositi%e electrode
(anode) to the negati%e electrode (cathode).
0lectrons flo( from the more electroositi%e
metal (negati%e terminal) to the less
electroositi%e metal (ositi%e terminal).
Ions recei%e electrons at the ositi%e
terminal.
(Feduction)
Ions donate electrons at the ositi%e terminal.
(7-idation)
Ions recei%e electrons at the negati%e
terminal.
(Feduction)
Ions donate electrons at the negati%e
terminal.
(7-idation)
Ta&#e 1-/1
15
DI++ERENCES
E#ectr#ytic ce## A":ect C%e!ica# ce##
Surce $
e#ectric current
Cnver"in $
energy
Ty:e $
e#ectr)e"
Directin $ $#(
$ e#ectrn"
Ty:e $ reactin
at :"itive
ter!ina#
Ty:e $ reactin
at negative
ter!ina#
Ta&#e 1-/-
16
+ THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
Learning Outc!e":
describe the principles used in constructing the electrochemical series,
construct the electrochemical series,
explain the importance of electrochemical series,
predict the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution,
write the chemical equations for metal displacement reactions.
Activity 1.
*hree e-eriments (ere conducted to in%estigate the otential differences bet(een three
airs of metals in a %oltaic cell. An electrochemical series for four metals 5) J) S and * is
then constructed based on the otential difference obtained. *hree air of metals used as
electrodes in different %oltaic cells are: 5 and J) J and S and S and *.
All the metals are cleaned (ith sandaer before used.
+K cm
3
of 1.K mol dm
-3
sodium nitrate solution is oured into a bea&er as electrolyte.
0-eriment I
*he electrodes 5 and J are immersed into the solution. *he t(o electrodes are connected to
a %oltmeter using coer (ires. E#ectr)e 5 i" t%e :"itive ter!ina#. *he %oltmeter
reading is recorded.
0-eriment II
*he electrodes J and S are immersed into the solution. *he t(o electrodes are connected to
a %oltmeter using coer (ire. E#ectr)e 5 i" t%e :"itive ter!ina#. *he %oltmeter reading
is recorded.
0-eriment III
*he electrodes S and * are immersed into the solution. *he t(o electrodes are connected to
a %oltmeter using coer (ire. E#ectr)e T i" t%e :"itive ter!ina#. *he %oltmeter reading
is recorded.
6ased on 0-eriment I) II and III) ans(er the !uestions belo(.
(a) Fecord the %oltmeter reading of each e-eriment in the saces ro%ided.
0-eriment 1 0-eriment II 0-eriment III

Loltmeter reading: . Loltmeter reading: Loltmeter reading: ...
(b) $onstruct a table to record the data from the abo%e e-eriments.
"
1
2
3
4
5
6
#
"
1
2
3
4
5
6
#
"
1
2
3
4
5
6
#
17
(c) 4ist the aaratus and materials that you (ill need to carry out this e-eriment.
Aaratus: .
..
,aterials: ..
(d) State all the %ariables:

1. ,aniulated %ariable: ..
2. Fesonding %ariable: .
3. $ontrolled %ariable:
(e) State the hyothesis: .
..
(f) 6ased on the information obtained in 0-eriment I) (hat can you infer about metal 5 and
J/
(g) .rite a half e!uation for the reaction occurring in negati%e of 0-eriment I) assuming the
cation has a :2 charge.
.
(h) Arrange the metals 5) J) S and * in descending order of their tendency to donate
electrons.
...
(i) Another %oltaic cell is set-u using metals * and J as electrodes. 5redict the otential
difference roduced in the cell.
..
(") 3i%en that metal M is laced bet(een metal S and metal J in the electrochemical series)
can metal M dislace metal S from its salt solution/ 3i%e an e-lanation for your ans(er
.
.
(&) 3i%en that coer is more electroositi%e than metal *) a dislacement reaction (ill occur
(hen coer is immersed into a salt solution of metal *) *17
3
.
.rite the chemical e!uation for this reaction.
.
(l) State three imortant uses of the electrochemical series
..
.
...
1

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6 Electrochemistry

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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

(c) In the electrolysis of coer(II) sulhate) $uS7

(iii) .hich do you obser%e at the cathode/

WAJA F4 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry

(ii) 3i%e reason for your ans(er in (b)(i).

(d) State all the %ariables:

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