2014buck Converter-Based Power Supply Design For Low Power Light em PDF

Published in IET Power Electronics
Received on 19th May 2013

Revised on 12th August 2013
Accepted on 27th August 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0391
ISSN 1755-4535
Buck converter-based power supply design for low
power light emitting diode lamp lighting
Bhim Singh, Ashish Shrivastava
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
E-mail: rewa.ashish@gmail.com
Abstract: This study deals with the analysis and implementation of an HPF (high power factor) single-stage, single switch buck
converter-based power supply design for an LED (light emitting diode) lamp load of 13 W operated at the universal ac mains. In
general purpose lighting applications, a buck converter is a good candidate for power factor correction with low component count
and reduced cost. In low-power lighting, it is a tough task to control the THD
i
(total harmonic distortion) of ac mains current
under the limits of strict international standards such as IEC-61000-3-2 with universal ac mains for class D equipments.
In the proposed optocouplerless topology, HPF operation at input ac mains is achieved by operating the buck acdc converter
in continuous conduction mode. The design, modelling and simulation of the proposed topology are executed using
MATLAB-Simulink and sim-power system toolboxes. A prototype of the power supply for LED lamp is developed for
multiple LEDs connected in series conguration. The efciency of the proposed LED lamp driver is observed as 83.76% at
rated voltage of 220 V and the THD of ac mains current less than 17.27% for a wide range of voltages of 90270 V.
1 Introduction
In the past few years, LED (light emitting diode) lighting has
become popular because of many advantages such as high
luminous efciency, long lifetime, small size, durability, no
mercury contents, ickerless start, robust and so on.
Moreover, high brightness LEDs are solid state devices,
hence they can withstand impact and vibration which
allows their utility in automotive and aircraft lightings,
trafc lightings, railway signals, indoor and outdoor
lightings and so on. LEDs are semiconductor devices which
emit visible light from a small square block of
semiconductor material, thus LED lighting is also known as
solid state lighting. The advantages of LEDs over compact
uorescent lamps are that they do not emit harmful
ultraviolet rays, turn on instantly to full brightness, their
lifespan is not shortened because of frequent use and also
there is no requirement of high ignition voltage [1, 2].
In general-purpose LED lighting, non-isolated and isolated
PFC (power factor corrected) LED drivers are used. From a
safety point of view, isolated converter topologies are
preferred. Many researchers are working to develop
single-stage PFC converter-based topologies with improved
power quality. An exhaustive review of PFC converter
topologies has been discussed by Singh et al. [3, 4]. The
traditional two-stage PFC-based LED drivers have many
drawbacks such as high component count, high cost and
inefciency, which can be improved by the use of
single-stage single switch PFC acdc converters. In
low-power applications, single-stage buck and yback PFC
converter topologies are most suitable because of low
component count and cost. In yback converter topology,
because of high voltage stress across active switch owing to
ringing phenomenon between the leakage inductance
and transition capacitance of the MOSFET, a good snubber
circuit design is required [58]. Moreover, this adds extra
cost and power loss in the snubber circuit. Therefore
because of low component count and minimum cost, an
optocouplerless buck PFC converter is preferred in this
work. The buck converter can be operated in DCM
(discontinuous conduction mode), CCM (continuous
conduction mode) or critical conduction mode and they are
discussed in detail in [911]. With an efcient design of
PFC buck converter, input power factor can be achieved
close to unity for the universal ac mains. In low power
LED lighting application, it is a tough task to full the
requirement as per the international mandatory regulations
IEC-61000-3-2 for class D equipments [12]. The concept of
leakage inductance energy transfer is used to achieve better
conversion efciency in the DCM buckboost converter
integrated with DCM yback converter based topology [7].
To increase the overall lifetime of the LED driver circuits,
electrolytic capacitorless topologies are reported in the
literature [1315], as the life of the electrolytic capacitor is
much less as compared with the other circuit components of
the LED driver. A PWM dimming is the most popular
technique to be used to drive multiple LED lamps for
universal voltage applications [16]. For medium and
high-power applications, both single-stage and two-stage
half bridge LLC resonant converter with soft switching are
a good candidate for driving LED lamps [1720].
A transformerless single-stage single-switch acdc converter
with improved efciency is discussed for the universal ac
mains in [21]. A novel output voltage regulated acdc
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converter with less stress on the dc-link capacitor using reset
winding is reported in the literature [22]. An implementation
of the buckboost converter to minimise the output voltage
ripples is discussed in the literature [23].
In this paper, PQI (power quality improvement) is
performed using an optocouplerless buck PFC converter
operating in CCM. The proposed buck converter is the
simplest, most cost-effective and efcient switching
converter for low power LED lighting applications.
A proper design of the PFC circuit is required to make it
suitable for the universal ac mains. The proposed LED
driver exhibits almost unity power factor with total
harmonic distortion (THD) of ac mains current less than
17.27% and CF (crest factor) of the order of 1.46 for the
universal ac mains voltage, which is as per the
IEC-61000-3-2 class D requirements [12].
2 Proposed buck LED driver
The schematic of the proposed power supply design for the
LED consists of a single-switch PFC buck converter as
shown in Fig. 1. The circuit is a combination of DBR
(diode bridge rectier) followed by a ripple lter and a PFC
buck converter to achieve improved power quality at the
universal ac mains.
The PFC buck converter using the current multiplier
control scheme draws sinusoidal ac current and maintains
nearly unity power factor. This closed-loop control allows
for achieving constant lamp current at high frequency to
maintain proper illumination. The operating switching
frequency under steady state is maintained at 66 kHz.
3 Analysis and design of the PFC buck LED
driver
The PFC buck acdc converter topology consists of a DBR, a
buck converter and an output ripple lter. The inductor stores
energy during turn on time and delivers power to the load
during off time of switch M. The detailed analysis and
design of the single-switch PFC buck converter are
presented for CCM of operation.
3.1 Design of the buck converter
The design of a PFC buck converter is carried out in CCM for
improving the power quality at the universal ac mains. The
average output voltage V
in
of DBR is given as
V
in
=
2
..
2
V
s
p
(1)
where V
s
is the rms value of the input voltage.
The buck converter maintains dc-link voltage at a set
reference value given as
V
dc
= DV
in
(2)
where D is the duty cycle of the PFC converter which is
varying over a complete cycle of input voltage by the PFC
controller.
A lter is designed for achieving constant output voltage so
that peak voltage ripples are maintained within specied
value for a particular switching frequency ( f
s
). The use of a
high switching frequency helps in reducing the size of the
magnetics and the lters.
For operating the PFC buck converter in CCM, minimum
or critical value of buck inductance, L
crit
is determined as
L
crit
=
1 D
max
_ _
V
dc
2f
s
I
o
= 543.3 mH (3)
where D
max
is the maximum duty cycle (0.2828), V
dc
is the dc
output voltage (36 V), I
o
is the output rated current (0.36 A)
and f
s
is the switching frequency (66 kHz). A value of 700
H for CCM is used in the implementation.
The output capacitor (C
o
) should have low ESR (equivalent
series resistance) and sufcient capacitance to store charge for
longer duration to maintain constant dc-link voltage. It should
also serve for eliminating the second harmonic component
present in dc-link voltage. It is calculated as
C
o

I
o
2vDV
co
= 199.044 mF (4)
where I
o
is the output rated current (0.36 A), is the angular
frequency of the ac mains (2f), V
co
is the % ripple voltage
of the output capacitor (selecting 8% voltage ripple). A value
of 220 F is used in this work.
Table 1 shows the selected values of the components of the
proposed LED driver.
4 Control scheme
As shown in Fig. 1, the current multiplier control strategy is
used in order to operate the dcdc converter in CCM. This
control scheme allows for controlling the input current in
phase with the input voltage to achieve nearly unity power
factor using a PFC buck converter. This control scheme is
formed by a PI (proportional integral) current controller,
reference current generation and PWM generation,
eventually it provides switching pulses to the solid state
power switch (M).
Fig. 1 Schematic of the buck converter-based power supply design
for LED lamp
Table 1 Selected component values
buck inductance (L) 700 H
PFC controller with integrated
MOSFET
LNK406EG
bulk capacitor 220 F, 50 V
ultrafast recovery diode (D) US1M
filter components (L
f
, C
f
) 2 1 mH, 100 nF (400 V)
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4.1 PI current controller
A PI current controller is selected for the outer current loop to
achieve good current regulation with zero steady-state error.
The dc current, I
o
is sensed and then compared with the set
reference current I
o
. The output current error I
er
(t) is given as
I
er
(t) = I
o
(t) I
o
(t) (5)
This output current error is fed to a PI controller and the PI
current controller output is given as
I
c
(t) = K
p
I
er
(t) +K
i
_
t
o
I
er
(t) dt (6)
where K
p
and K
i
are the proportional and integral gains.
4.2 Reference current generation
The purpose of the current controller is to control current such
that it follows the shape of rectied line voltage as close as
possible to improve the input power factor. The input
voltage template, u(t) obtained from the ac mains voltage is
multiplied with the output of the PI current controller and
the resulting signal forms the reference for the input current
I
dc
(t) = I
c
(t)
u(t), u(t) = |V
sm
|/V
sm
(7)
4.3 PWM generation
The current error is the difference between the reference
current and the sensed rectied current. This error signal is
amplied by a gain K
c
and compared with a xed
frequency carrier wave to generate PWM signals required to
turn on the power MOSFET of the buck converter
DI
dc
= I
dc
(t) I
dc
(t) (8)
If K
c
DI
dc
. carrier signal then
M = 1 else M = 0
This PWM signal (M= 1) is applied at the gate terminal of the
MOSFET.
5 Design of the controller and its stability
analysis
The stability analysis of the CCM buck converter-based LED
driver is conducted by using a small-signal state-space model.
The state-space model of the buck converter is developed
considering that the active switch, diode, PFC buck
inductor and dc-link capacitor are considered ideal. Fig. 2a
shows the basic diagram of the buck converter. When the
switch is closed for the DT interval, then different
equations can be written as
v
in
= L
di
L
dt
+v
dc
= L x
1
+v
dc
(9)
i
L
= C
o
dv
dc
dt
+
v
dc
R
= C
o
x
2
+
x
1
R
(10)
i
in
= i
L
= x
1
and v
dc
= x
2
(11)
The above equations can be written in the state space matrix
form during the turn on period as
x
=
x
1
x
2
_ _
=
0
1
L
1
C
o
1
RC
o
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
x
2
_ _
+
1
L
0
_ _
v
in
= Ax +Bv (12)
y =
v
dc
i
in
_ _
=
0 1
1 0
_ _
x
1
x
2
_ _
+
0
0
_ _
v
in
(13)
when the switch is open for the (1 D)T interval, then
different equations can be written as
0 = L
di
L
dt
+v
dc
= L x
1
+x
2
(14)
x
1
= i
L
= C
o
dv
dc
dt
+
v
dc
R
= C
o
x
2
+
x
2
R
(15)
The above equations can be written in the state-space matrix
form during the turn off period as
x
=
x
1
x
2
_ _
=
0
1
L
1
C
o
1
RC
o
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
x
2
_ _
+
0
0
_ _
v
in
(16)
y =
v
dc
i
in
_ _
=
0 1
0 0
_ _
x
1
x
2
_ _
+
0
0
_ _
v
in
(17)
Fig. 2 Basic diagram of the buck converter
a Schematic of the buck converter
b PI controller network
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From (12) and (13) and (16) and (17), the state equation
matrices are given as
A
1
= A
2
=
0
1
L
1
C
o
1
RC
o
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
, B
1
=
1
L
0
_ _
, B
2
=
0
0
_ _
C
1
=
0 1
1 0
_ _
, C
2
=
0 1
0 0
_ _
, E
1
= E
2
=
0
0
_ _
(18)
The state-space average equilibrium matrices are calculated as
A = DA
1
+(1 D)A
2
=
0
1
L
1
C
o
1
RC
o
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
B = DB
1
+(1 D)B
2
=
D
L
0
_ _
(19)
C = DC
1
+(1 D)C
2
=
0 1
D 0
_ _
E = DE
1
+(1 D)E
2
=
0
0
_ _
(20)
The equilibrium state equations are given as
0 = AX +BV
Y = CX +EV
(21)
0
0
_ _
=
0
1
L
1
C
o
1
RC
o
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
I
L
V
DC
_ _
+
D
L
0
_ _
V
in
(22)
X =
I
L
V
DC
_ _
=
DV
in
R
DV
in
_ _
(23)
The equilibrium output equation is given as
Y =
0 1
D 0
_ _
I
L
V
DC
_ _
=
DV
in
D
2
V
in
R
_
_
_
_
(24)
To construct a small-signal ac model at an operating point, the
duty ratio is considered as
d(t) = D +

d(t) = D +d
m
sin vt (25)
where D and d
m
are the constants and d
m
D
The small-signal ac model can be given by the following
state equations
d x(t)
dt
= A x(t) +B v(t) + A
1
A
2
_ _
X + B
1
B
2
_ _
V
_ _
d(t)
y(t) = C x(t) +E v(t) + C
1
C
2
_ _
X + E
1
E
2
_ _
V
_ _
d(t)
(26)
Fig. 3 Bode plots of the buck converter
a Bode plot of the buck converter without compensation
b Bode plot of the buck converter with compensation
Fig. 4 Proposed PFC buck converter-based LED driver
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The small-signal ac state-space equations are given as
d
i
L
(t)
dt
d v
dc
(t)
dt
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
0
1
L
1
C
o
1
RC
o
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
i
L
(t)
v
dc
(t)
_ _
+
D
L
0
_ _
v
in
(t)
+
1
L
0
_ _
V
in

d(t) (27)
v
dc
(t)
i
in
(t)
_ _
=
0 1
D 0
_ _

i
L
(t)
v
dc
(t)
_ _
+
0 0
1 0
_ _
I
L
V
DC
_ _
d(t) (28)
From (27), after taking the Laplace transform and
simplication, the equation can be written as
v
dc
(s) =
D
LC
o
s
2
+(L/R)s +1
v
in
(s)
+
V
in
LC
o
s
2
+(L/R)s +1
d(s)
(29)
G
vd
(s) =
v
dc
(s)
d(s)
v
in
(s)=0
=
V
in
LC
o
s
2
+(L/R)s +1
(30)
where G
vd
(s) is the converter control-to-output transfer
function of the buck converter.
The transfer function of the pulse-width modulator is
estimated as
G
dc
(s) =
d(s)
v
dc
(s)
=
1
V
osc
(31)
For the rated ac input voltage of 220 V, the open-loop transfer
function of the buck converter G
o
(s) is estimated as
G
o
(s) = G
vd
(s)G
dc
(s)H(s) = G
vd
(s)
1
V
osc
V
ref
V
dc
=
4.462
1.6 10
7
s
2
+7.4 10
6
s +1
(32)
where V
osc
= 2.4 V, V
ref
= 1.24 V (from IC datasheet) and
V
dc
= 36 V.
The phase margin of the open-loop buck converter is only
0.555. Hence, a proper controller design is required to
increase the phase margin by more than 45. Thus, a PI
controller is selected for the stability of the buck converter
in closed-loop control. Fig. 2b shows the schematic of the
PI controller network. The transfer function of this network
is calculated as
G
controller
(s) =
1 +sR
1
C
1
_ _
sR
2
C
1
+C
2
_ _
+sR
1
C
1
C
2
_ _ (33)
For the buck converter values of L = 700 H, C
o
= 220 F,
f
s
= 66 kHz, V
dc
= 36 V and V
ovp
= 3 V (from the IC
datasheet), BW= 30 Hz, the values of different components
of the PI controller network are given as
R
2
=
DV
ovp
20 mA
= 150 kV (34)
R
3
=
R
2
V
ref
V
dc
V
ref
= 5.35 kV selected as 5 kV ( ) (35)
R
1
=
R
3
V
ref
V
osc
V
ref
= 5.36 kV selected as 5 kV ( ) (36)
Fig. 5 Simulated performance of the proposed LED driver in terms
of different ac mains voltages
a Simulated performance of the proposed LED driver in terms of ac mains
voltage (V
s
), ac mains current (I
s
), dc current (I
dc
), buck inductor current
(I
Lbuck
), lamp voltage (V
lamp
) and lamp current (I
lamp
) at 90 V
b Simulated performance of the proposed LED driver in terms of ac mains
voltage (V
s
s
), dc current (I
dc
(I
Lbuck
), lamp voltage (V
lamp
lamp
) at 220 V
c Simulated performance of the proposed LED driver in terms of ac mains
voltage (V
s
s
), dc current (I
dc
(I
Lbuck
), lamp voltage (V
lamp
lamp
) at 270 V
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f
o
=
1
2p
.....
LC
o
_ = 380 Hz (37)
f
z
= 0.75f
o
Hz = 285 Hz (38)
C
1
=
1
2pR
1
f
z
= 111.74 nF selected as 100 nF ( ) (39)
C
2
=
1
2p R
2
||R
3
_ _
BW
= 1.06 mF selected as 1 mF
_ _
(40)
Fig. 6 Simulated performance of the proposed LED driver in terms of ac mains current waveform and its harmonic spectra at ac mains
voltages of
a 90 V
b 220 V
c 270 V
Table 2 Simulated performance parameters of the proposed LED driver
V
s
, V I
s
, mA V
lamp,
V I
lamp,
mA PF DPF %THD
i
CF
90 131.0 34.87 332.1 0.9969 1 5.18 1.387
100 123.5 35.68 321.4 0.9968 1 4.89 1.391
110 115.9 36.25 326.9 0.9966 1 4.84 1.395
120 109.5 36.80 331.6 0.9964 1 4.82 1.396
130 102.4 37.02 333.9 0.9955 0.9999 4.98 1.398
140 96.39 37.25 336.0 0.9953 0.9999 4.85 1.392
150 91.04 37.45 337.9 0.9941 0.9999 5.43 1.396
160 86.14 37.61 339.2 0.9933 0.9999 5.62 1.398
170 81.35 37.65 339.7 0.9927 0.9999 5.98 1.398
180 77.51 37.77 340.7 0.9906 0.9999 6.32 1.397
190 73.57 37.78 340.9 0.9893 0.9999 7.15 1.408
200 70.11 37.81 341.4 0.9879 0.9999 7.19 1.394
210 67.17 37.86 341.7 0.9846 0.9999 7.85 1.390
220 64.19 37.85 341.8 0.9834 0.9999 8.56 1.388
230 61.57 37.87 341.9 0.9816 0.9999 8.85 1.386
240 59.43 37.89 342.1 0.9757 0.9999 10.58 1.378
250 57.21 37.91 342.4 0.9740 1 10.48 1.374
260 55.22 37.89 342.3 0.9699 1 11.46 1.370
270 53.60 37.87 342.3 0.9615 1 14.15 1.360
Fig. 7 Complete prototype circuit diagram of the proposed topology
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Using the above calculated values of different components of
the PI controller network, the transfer function can be given as
G
controller
(s) =
1 +5 10
4
s
7.5 10
5
s
2
+0.165 s
(41)
Without compensating network, the open-loop phase margin
of the system has been obtained as 0.555 as shown in
Fig. 3a. Now from the Bode plot shown in Fig. 3b, the
phase margin of the buck converter with a PI controller has
reached 90.1, which ensures the stable operation of the
buck converter in closed-loop control.
6 Results and discussion
To validate the design of the proposed power supply for the
LED lamp, a prototype has been developed and tested for
the universal ac voltage applications. Fig. 4 shows the
photograph of the developed single-stage single-switch
buck converter-based LED driver.
6.1 Simulation results
The analysis, design and simulation of the proposed LED
driver are conducted to achieve improved power quality
such as low crest factor, high power factor (HPF) and low
THD of the ac mains current. With the use of the CCM
control scheme and proper buck converter design, the lamp
voltage is maintained almost constant at 36 V, thus, the
lamp current remains nearly constant for a universal ac
mains. This is conrmed by observing the waveforms
shown in Figs. 5ac of the input ac mains voltage (V
s
),
input ac mains current (I
s
), dc current (I
dc
), buck inductor
current (I
Lbuck
), lamp voltage (V
lamp
) and lamp current
(I
lamp
) at ac mains voltages of 90, 220 and 270 V,
respectively.
The input ac mains current waveforms along with their
harmonic spectra and THD are shown in Fig. 6 at the ac
mains voltages of 90, 220 and 270 V, which ensures the
low THD of the ac mains current of the simulated proposed
LED driver for the universal ac mains.
Table 2 shows the variations of the PF (power factor), the
DPF (displacement power factor), % THD of the ac mains
current and CF of the simulated PFC buck converter-based
LED driver with improved power quality at the universal ac
mains.
6.2 Experimental results
The developed prototype of a CCM operated PFC buck
converter-based LED driver is meeting strict power quality
requirements as per the mandatory international standard of
IEC 61000-3-2 (Class D) at universal ac mains. The
complete prototype of the proposed topology is shown in
Fig. 7, which conrms the low component count and cost.
The buck converter-based proposed circuit (Fig. 7) is
composed of LNK406EG (power switch + controller), D
3
(free-wheeling diode), L (buck inductor) and C
0
(output
capacitor). Diode D
2
is used to prevent negative voltage
appearing across the drain-source of LNK406EG especially
near the zero-crossing of the input voltage. Diode D
1
and
capacitor C
1
detect the peak ac mains voltage. The voltage
across C
1
along with R
1
, R
2
and R
3
sets input current fed
into the V pin. This current is used to control the line
under-voltage (UV), over-voltage (OV) and feed-forward
current which in conjunction with the FEEDBACK (FB)
pin current provides constant current to the LED load.
The FEEDBACK pin current is provided by the voltage to
current converter network formed by resistances R
5
R
8
, PNP
transistor Q, capacitor C
5
and diode D
4
. Resistor R
5
sets the
feedback current (I
FB
) for a given output voltage. Changes
in the output voltage are seen by the voltage across
resistance R
7
which serves as the reference for the current
source formed by R
5
, R
7
and Q. Zener diode D
5
protects
the output circuitry during an open load condition. If the
load is open for an extended period then the unit will go
into the auto-restart condition.
Test results of the developed prototype of the PFC buck
converter-based LED driver are demonstrated and the
results are given in Table 3 for varying voltages of the ac
mains. Figs. 8ac show the input ac mains voltage (V
s
) and
current (I
s
) waveforms at 90, 220 and 270 V, which conrm
the operation of the proposed circuit at almost unity power
factor. It has been observed that controlling the power
factor for high ac mains voltage is difcult, since the input
current magnitude decreases substantially. The task
Table 3 Experimental performance parameters of the proposed LED driver
V
s
, V I
s
, mA V
lamp
, V I
lamp,
mA P
in,
W P
o,
W % PF %THD
i
CF
90 136.15 36.789 279.9 12.14 10.30 84.84 0.989 14.34 1.422
100 131.17 36.797 300.5 13.05 11.06 84.75 0.992 11.79 1.426
110 124.95 36.784 315.7 13.70 11.61 84.74 0.994 9.81 1.428
120 117.39 36.891 323.2 14.06 11.92 84.77 0.995 8.73 1.421
130 109.07 36.761 326.2 14.15 11.99 84.73 0.996 8.18 1.415
140 105.71 36.773 339.9 14.75 12.50 84.74 0.994 8.42 1.419
150 103.40 37.244 352.4 15.45 13.13 84.98 0.995 8.10 1.422
160 97.40 37.079 355.0 15.48 13.16 85.01 0.993 9.56 1.425
170 92.87 37.092 358.0 15.65 13.28 84.85 0.991 9.91 1.430
180 88.94 37.146 361.5 15.84 13.43 84.78 0.990 10.56 1.432
190 85.42 37.120 365.4 16.04 13.56 84.53 0.988 11.13 1.435
200 82.02 37.158 367.6 16.18 13.66 84.42 0.986 11.70 1.441
210 78.76 37.147 369.0 16.28 13.71 84.21 0.984 12.11 1.442
220 75.76 37.220 368.6 16.38 13.72 83.76 0.982 12.74 1.442
230 73.01 37.292 369.9 16.45 13.79 83.82 0.979 13.34 1.446
240 69.68 37.192 366.4 16.30 13.63 83.61 0.974 14.31 1.445
250 66.81 37.146 363.3 16.21 13.50 83.28 0.970 15.46 1.448
260 64.31 37.130 360.9 16.14 13.40 83.02 0.965 16.34 1.452
270 62.01 37.201 357.2 16.06 13.29 82.75 0.959 17.27 1.462
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doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0391
becomes more troublesome when the circuit is designed for
low-power lighting applications (< 25 W), but in the
developed prototype of the LED lamp driver, input power
factor has been obtained in the range of 0.9590.996 and %
THD of the ac mains current is less than 17.27% for the
universal ac mains. The evaluation of the test results of
reduced cost, low component count and optocouplerless
proposed single-stage prototype are considered as good PQI
Fig. 8 Experimental results of the PFC buck LED driver in terms of different ac mains voltages
a Experimental results of the PFC buck LED driver in terms of ac mains voltage (V
s
) and ac mains current (I
s
) at 90 V (Scale: 100 V/div, 200 mA/div and 10 ms/div)
b Experimental results of the PFC buck LED driver in terms of ac mains voltage (V
s
s
c Experimental results of the PFC buck LED driver in terms of ac mains voltage (V
s
s
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doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0391
953
at the ac mains for high brightness LED load with universal
voltage applications, which is comparable with the results
achieved in the literature [611, 14].
The experimental results shown in Table 3 have good
improvement in the power quality parameters and the
efciency of the proposed topology for the universal ac
mains. The performance of the CCM operated PFC buck
converter-based LED driver in terms of input PF, input
power (P
in
), input current (I
s
), output power (P
o
), output
voltage (V
dc
) and output current (I
o
) have been shown in
Figs. 9ac for 90, 220 and 270 V, respectively. The %
current THD varies from 8.10 to 17.27% with the universal
input ac voltages and it is well within the norms of the IEC
61000-3-2:2005 mandatory requirement in terms of power
Fig. 9 Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms of different parameters
a Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms of different parameters shown in multimeter reading and total current harmonics
spectrum at 90 V
b Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms of different parameters shown in multimeter reading and total current harmonics
spectrum at 220 V
c Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms of different parameters shown in multimeter reading and total current harmonics
spectrum at 270 V
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doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0391
factor correction and harmonic contents for class D
equipments [12].
To conrm the CCM operation of the developed prototype,
the buck inductor current waveforms have been shown in
Figs. 10ac for 90, 220 and 270 V, respectively. The LED
lamp voltage and current waveforms are also shown in
Figs. 11ac at 90, 220 and 270 V, respectively, which
ensure approximately constant voltage constant current
operation.
7 Conclusion
A low component count, cost effective and an
optocouplerless, PFC buck converter have been proposed
with low crest factor and HPF for a 13 W LED lamp load
at the universal input ac mains. In the proposed LED driver,
the overall measured efciency is 83.76% at rated input ac
mains of 220 V. The CCM operated buck converter has
shown good power quality improvement in low power
applications ( < 25 W) giving 12.74% THD and input PF of
0.982 at rated voltage of 220 V. The current harmonics of
the proposed LED driver has been found well within the
limits of the IEC 61000-3-2 Class-D equipments and also
the crest factor is well below the limit of 1.7. The
developed prototype has been operated with constant lamp
voltage to achieve ac mains current THD between 8.1 and
17.27% for the universal ac mains of 90270 V.
8 References
1 Komine, T., Nakagawa, M.: Fundamental analysis for visible-light
communication system using LED lights, IEEE Trans. Consum.
Electron., 2004, 50, (1), pp. 100107
Fig. 10 Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based
LED driver in terms of buck inductor current
a Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms
of buck inductor current at 90 V (Scale: 174 mA/div and 5 ms/div)
b Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms
c Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms
Fig. 11 Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based
LED driver in terms of lamp voltage and lamp current
a Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms
of lamp voltage and lamp current at 90 V (Scale: 7.2 V/div, 340 mA/div and
time: 10 ms/div)
b Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms
time: 10 ms/div)
c Experimental results of the PFC buck converter-based LED driver in terms
time: 10 ms/div)
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doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0391
955
2 Torok, L., Beczkowski, S., Munk-Nielsen, S., Gadegaard, J., Kari, T.,
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9 Appendix
Rated lamp power: 13 W, rated lamp current: 360 mA, rated
lamp voltage: 36 V, switching frequency ( f
s
): 66 kHz, buck
inductor (L): 700 H, dc-link capacitor (C
o
): 220 F.
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956
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0391

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