Radio Link Budget Tools

France Telecom group restricted
Orange Labs
Radio Link Budgets of Orange Labs:
LTE LB V3.6 and HSPA LB V2.0
Orange Labs, RNM/REP/REM
France Telecom group restricted RNM/REP/REM/ R.NASRI
Synthesis 1/3
This presentation answers the following questions:
Objectives of Link Budget Tools
What is the principle of a link budget?
Calculating a cell radius and providing design thresholds to guarantee a target quality of
service
What are Radio Link Budget tool useful for?
Providing a city or country wide rough coverage dimensioning before an investment
committee by providing the maximum cell range.
Providing RSRP/RSRQ or RSCP/(Ec/No) design thresholds as inputs for the ASSET tool in
order to create coverage maps.
For comparison studies, the tool is useful to give ideas on system performances and the
sensibility of the outputs to some parameters: power impact, used frequency bands, and
other parameters or radio features.
How many versions? Which complexity?
3 versions available for Orange MCOs: DCH UL, HSPA (UL&DL), LTE (UL&DL)
What were improved with respect to the last versions?
The new version comes with important enhancements such as linear calculations in
DL/UL, restructuring of the tool around two modes (Basic/Advanced) and new modeling
of shadowing and interferences.
2
Technical description
What are the differences between the 2 modes of the link budget?
The objective of the basic mode is the maximum cell range knowing the target
Throughput, whereas the advanced mode targets at system performances knowing
inter-site distance.
The basic mode aims at calculating the maximum cell range that ensures a target
throughput, by counting all losses and gains affecting signals between transmitters and
receivers.
For the basic mode, UL and DL link budgets are independently performed. The maintained
planned cell range corresponds to the cell range of the limiting link.
Based on different assumptions related to the structure of the network and to the
propagation model, the advanced mode calculates the interferences from other cells and
thus the throughput are provided for different distances to the serving cell.
The basic mode is suitable for setting design thresholds and planning cell range. Advanced
mode is better when inter-site distance is averagely known and for strategic comparison.
What are the inputs, outputs and main characteristics of the tools?
The main inputs are related to the system, the equipment and the environment
The main outputs are MAPL, UL/DL cell radius, Throughput versus distance and
RSRP/RSRQ (or RSCP/Ec_Io for HSPA).
Synthesis 2/3
3
Models behind the development of the tool
What are the models and hypothesis taken?
The link budget uses a simple log-distance model including Ukumara hata and cost 231
models.
A new formula of shadowing margin taking into account the multi-cell server probability
is developed and implemented in the tool.
For the Advanced mode, in each unit area of the serving cell, the interference factor F(r)
and the SINR (C / I) are computed based on hexagonal Omni grid.
For DL & UL analysis, the Look Up Tables (LUTs) provide a throughput for each
calculated SINR in the cell and vice versa (Throughput => SINR).
Main limits of the models and hypothesis: the Link Budget tools are based on a simple
approach (gains, loss, margins) and formulae.
Other information, support
Where to find the tool, other information and which support?
All documentations and these tools are available in a dedicated folder (called Radio Link
Budget ) of the REM team SharePoint.
For support, contact: laurent.marceron@orange.com; ridha.nasri@orange.com
Synthesis 3/3
4
Objectives of Link Budget Tool
Technical description of the tool
References
Agenda
5
What is the principle of a link budget?
Calculating a cell radius and providing design thresholds to guarantee a target quality of service
look-up tables
Link Budget
Tool
equipment parameters
environment parameters
Maximum cell range

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0
cell throughput vs distance to
serving cell or RSRP/RSRQ
RSRP/RSRQ & RSCP/Ec/No for
ASSET
0
20
40
60
80
100
0,000 0,200 0,400 0,600
Distance (Km)
Throughput versus Distance
6
How can the Radio Link Budget tool be useful?
LTE/HSPA LB provide a city or country wide rough coverage dimensioning before an investment
committee, give RSCP/RSRP thresholds as inputs for ASSET and highlight system performances
for different deployment scenarios
1. Before going through an investment committee in order to deploy a new radio access
network: this tool allows to estimate the coverage of a site and then helps operators to
calculate the minimum number of sites to cover a target surface with the user-provided
inputs and parameters and so make a rough coverage dimensioning.
2. Before designing the network with the ASSET: this tool calculates RSRP thresholds and
RSRQ thresholds (for a Downlink and an Uplink Target Throughput), to be used as an
input in the ASSET tool.
3. For a strategic comparison between some deployment scenarios, the tool can give an
idea about the maximum achieved quality of service (in terms of throughput) in different
position from a serving cell and for different parameters values.
7
1. Typical cell ranges (Cell Radius):
To be used for a site count on a city or a country
Rough coverage dimensioning for a greenfield deployment before an investment
committee
% of the network covered for a target throughput
New technology rollout for an incumbent operator
What are Radio Link Budget useful for? (1/3)
Providing a city or country wide rough coverage dimensioning before an investment committee
Exemple of site dimensioning
LTE DL target throughput = 20 Mbps
LTE 2,6GHz, bandwidth 20Mhz, eNB power 49dBm,
Indoor Daylight and coverage probability 95%
The tool gives DL Cell Edge ~0,495Km and an area
of an hexagonal omni-sectorised cell ~ 0,635Km
So,~ 1,5 omni-sectorized cell per Km is required
Cell Edge= Maximum radius
Area of a cell=area of one
hexagonal cell
8
2. RSCP/RSRP thresholds as input for the ASSET tool in order to create coverage maps:
To be used as an input for the ASSET cell planning tool
Coverage plots computation to ensure a targeted throughput in UL and DL
Providing RSRP/RSRQ or RSCP/(Ec/No) design thresholds as inputs for the ASSET tool in order
to create coverage maps.
ASSET coverage map
Example: Coverage area for a HSDPA
target throughput.
For HSDPA DL 2 Mbps at cell Edge.
Dense Urban
Indoor Daylight
50% DL load
=> RSCP= -97,1 dBm
=>97% of coverage (ASSET)
9
3. The tool allows a strategic comparison between frequency bands
When the inter-site distance is known, LB tool gives a quick comparison between
different technologies or different deployment scenarios
For comparison studies, the tool is useful to give ideas on system performances and the sensibility
of the outputs to some parameters: power impact, used frequency bands, and other parameters or
radio features.
Example: LTE Power impact -
Link budget analysis : Source [1]
10
How many LB versions are shared with Orange Affiliates
3 versions available for Orange MCOs: DCH UL, HSPA (UL&DL), LTE (UL&DL).
Name
DCH UL
Radio Link Budget
HSPA
Radio Link Budget
LTE
Radio Link Budget
Version V2.5 V2.0 V3.6
Technology UMTS (R99) - UL HSDPA (R10) & HSUPA LTE (R8) - UL & DL
Duplex mode FDD FDD FDD & TDD
Availability Available Available Available
Time delivery of
the last version
January 2013 January 2013
Time of
computation
Instantenous Less than 10 sec Less than 10 sec
Project Radio Dimensioning tools
Target
MCOs, OLNC,Orange France
Studies and Internal projects
Interface/encoding Excel, VBA
Documentation User guide + Methodology
11
What were improved with respect to the last versions?
The new version comes with important enhancements such as linear calculations in DL/UL,
restructuring of the tool around two modes (Basic/Advanced) and modeling of shadowing and
interferences.
1. Restructuring of the link budget according to the operator needs: basic mode deals with the scenario
when the objectives are the maximum cell range and the RSRP/RSRQ design thresholds. Whereas,
advanced mode treats system performances of some network deployment scenarios when the inter-
sites distance is known.
2. Withdraw of the balanced and unbalanced modes.
3. For each link, the basic mode gives the planned cell range taking into account the limiting link.
4. Only UL was linear in the last version. In V3.6, the DL is also linear for the basic mode.
5. Modelling of the shadowing margin in multi-cellular environment for both UL and DL.
6. Modelling of DL interferences in basic and advanced mode; i.e. a closed formula of the interference
factor is developed and used.
7. For the advanced mode, both UL and DL are given whereas in V3.5, only DL existed.
8. In addition to RSRP threshold, RSRQ threshold is also given in V3.6 for the basic mode.
9. UL Fractional Power Control (FPC) feature is supported in V3.6 for the advanced mode.
10. New UL louk-up table (SNR vs Throughput) is provided allowing the use of high and different
throughput scenarios.
12
References
Agenda
13
2 Modes in the LB: What are the differences between them?
The objective of the basic mode is the maximum cell range knowing the target Throughput,
whereas the advanced mode targets at system performances knowing inter-site distance.

UL Link Budget
eNode B Tx Power,
local & neighboring cell load

UL Output
UL Throughput as a
function of distance & UL
Throughput versus DL
RSRP/RSRQ

DL Link Budget
Advanced Mode
Uplink & Downlink

Inputs
Coverage & Equipment considerations:
Cell area coverage probability
Penetration loss
LTE frequency
LTE bandwidth
Morphology type
Propagation parameters

UE Tx Power,
local & neighboring cell load
Inter-site distance

Inter-site distance

DL Output
DL Throughput as a function
of distance & DL Throughput
versus DL RSRP/RSRQ

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5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
T
hrou
gh
p
ut (M
b
p
s)
Distance (Km)
Cell Throughput versus Distance
UL Throughput Mbps
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-120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60
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RSRP (dBm)
Cell Throughput versus RSRP
UL Throughput Mbps
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80
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120
140
160
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
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Distance (Km)
DL Throughput Mbps
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RSRQ (dB)
Cell Throughput versus RSRQ
DL Throughput Mbps
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70
Throughput (M
bps)
RSRP (dBm)
DL Throughput Mbps
Basic mode requires the target
throughput to get the maximum cell
range (inter-site distance), RSRP,
RSRQ thresholds.
Advanced mode requires the inter-
site distance to get the throughput vs
distance to the serving cell.
For basic Mode, the throughput is
known only at cell edge, whereas for
advanced mode, the throughput is
known for every distance to the
serving cell.
At cell edge
The performances of the basic mode
are equal to those of advanced mode
only if the value of RoT (Rise over
Thermal) for the basic mode is taken
at the cell edge.
14
Basic Link Budget mode principles (1/2)
The basic mode aims at calculating the maximum cell range that ensures a target throughput,
by counting all losses and gains affecting signals between transmitters and receivers.
Counting all losses and gains affecting radio signals between
transmitter and receiver = Basic Link Budget calculation
Fast Fading
penetration loss
Body loss
Fixed RoT margin
A AA A
Feeder loss
Antenna
gain
UL MHA
Gain
eNB eNB eNB eNB power power power power
EIRP
Target DL
throughput
Target DL
SINR
D
L

L
i
n
k

c
u
r
v
e

m
a
p
p
i
n
g
Target UL
throughput
Target UL
SINR
Shadowing
margin
15
Basic Link Budget mode principles (2/2)
UL and DL basic link budgets are independently performed. The planned cell range
corresponds the cell range of the limiting link.
Input data
Coverage & Equipment considerations
Cell area coverage probability
Penetration loss
LTE frequency
LTE bandwidth
Morphology type
Propagation parameters
Calculate UL/DL MAPL
Calculate UL Cell
radius
Calculate DL Cell
radius
Select the
smaller radius
Calculate Cell area
coverage
Calculate Design
thresholds
16

Results (Outputs)

Inter-site distance and
user category
SINR calculation
Interference modeling
according to load assumption
and network structure

Throughput evaluation
according to distance
Look-up tables
Mapping
Cell throughput
Versus
- Distance to the
serving cell,
- RSRP/ RSRQ

Input data: System
parameters, frequency
band,
From
RNM/WTE/RIDE
Advanced Link Budget mode principles
Based on different assumptions related to the structure of the network and to the propagation
model, the interferences from other cells are calculated and the throughput are provided for
different distances to the serving cell.
SINR
Throughput

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r
Mi
R1
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1
r

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M
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Distance (Km)
DL Throughput Mbps
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20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-19,5 -18,5 -17,5 -16,5 -15,5 -14,5 -13,5 -12,5
T
h
r
o
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RSRQ (dB)
Cell Throughput versus RSRQ
DL Throughput Mbps
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20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70
T
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RSRP (dBm)
DL Throughput Mbps
17
What are the suitable use cases of each mode?
The basic mode is suitable for setting design thresholds and planning cell range. Advanced
mode is better when inter-site distance is averagely known.
Scenarios Basic Mode Advanced Mode
To dimension the
number of sites
It is suitable for this scenario, since it
gives the coverage of the cell as
output.
It can not be used unless you change many times
the intersite distance until that the target throughput
is achieved at cell edge.
To set design
thresholds
(RSRP/RSRQ)
suitable because the target throughput
is achieved at cell edge
Same arguments as above
To study the
performances of
the system when
inter-site distance
is known
It is not suitable because the
interference is taken as a fixed margin
and the tool gives only the minimum
achieved throughput at cell edge
It is better to use this mode because the
interference is better calculated at each point.
However because of the assumption related to the
network regularity, the interference at cell edge is
over-estimated.
Remarque
The coverage given by the basic mode is close to a shifted coverage on field when the RoT
(Rise over Thermal) is a fixed margin.
For a fixed and bounded RoT margin, the basic mode under-estimates the interference at cell
edge.
18
For the advanced mode, the interferences
calculated at cell edge (hatched surface) is
over-estimated because:
- In the majority of points the signals coming
from the first and second interferers are higher
than the signal of the serving cell (in reality this
cannot be happen).
Performances obtained by the advanced-mode
are under-estimated at cell edge.
Performances of advanced mode depend
strongly on link level curve, propagation
model and network structure.
For the basic mode, the used RoT (Rise
over Thermal) is
The interference factor is taken as the average
over the cell.
The average RoT is always lower than the
RoT calculated at cell edge.
Performances obtained by the basic mode
are quite over-estimated with respect to
terrain situation.
When the link curve (SNR vs
Throughput) is calibrated according to
the labs measures, results of the basic
mode are similar to labs results,
How does each mode deal with interferences?
The basic mode under-estimates the interferences at cell edge and the advanced
mode over-estimates it.
=

0
/ . . 1 10 10 N S f Log
RX
0
1
2
19
What are the common inputs of the 2 modes?
Main inputs are related to the system, the equipment and the environment
Input Parameter Description Possible values
System
Frequency band
The operating frequency band
for system.
R99, HSPA: 900, 1800, 2100 MHz
LTE: 800, 1800 , 2600 MHz
Bandwidth
The operating channel
bandwidth.
For LTE: 5, 10, 15 & 20MHz.
Environnent
Propagation
model
The used propagation model
for the cell range computation
Okumura Hata for 800 & 900MHz frequency band s
Cost231 Hata for higher bands (1800 MHz, 2.1GHz
and 2.6 GHz).
Morphology The environment morphology. Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban & Rural
Penetration type
The indoor configuration that
determines the penetration
margin.
Different types of penetration: indoor window to deep
indoor
Equipment
(e)Node B / UE
characteristics
(e)NB and UE characteristics
in terms of maximum output
power, noise figure, etc.
Default values are based on vendors' inputs.
Link-Level
Performance
Look Up Tables
(LUTs)
Tables of Throughput vs SNR
based on internal simulators
From HSPA Fast Simulator : Cat 6 to 14 , PA3
LMMSE Type, w/wo RxDiv
From LTE Fast Simulator: Cat 2 to 5, ePA3, 2x2
MIMO Close loop in DL, Cat 3: 1x2 SIMO in UL
20
What are the outputs of each mode?
The main outputs are UL/ DL cell radius, RSRP/RSCP Thresholds (for UL/DL)
according to target throughput and throughput versus distance (for the advanced
mode) .
Output Mode Description
Maximum UL/ DL Cell radius Basic
UL or DL maximum cell radius for a given UL or DL target
throughput. The corresponding Maximum allowable
pathloss (MAPL) is also provided,
Design Thresholds: RSRP/RSRQ
for LTE and RSCP/Ec/No for
HSPA
Basic
Design thresholds to be used in planning tools are
provided for target UL & DL throughputs
UL/ DL Throughput vs distance to
the serving cell or vs RSRP/
RSRQ
Advanced
The advanced mode suitable for strategic comparison
provides the evolution of throughput as a function of
distance or as a function of RSRP/ RSRQ :
0
20
40
60
80
100
0,000 0,200 0,400 0,600
Distance (Km)
Throughput versus Distance
21
References
Agenda
22
Propagation models
The link budget uses a simple log-distance model including Ukumara hata and
cost 231 models.
K1 and K2 depend on propagation environment, antenna heights, and carrier
frequency.
Two Propagation Models are used depending on K1 and K2:
Okumura-Hata Model (for f>1,5GHz),
Cost 231 Hata Model (f<1Ghz
The log-distance models are very simple and does not really depend on any terrain
clutter.
) ( log
10 2 1
d K K PathLoss + =
23
Shadowing model
A new formula of shadowing margin taking into account the multi-cell server
probability is developed and implemented in the tool.
New shadowing margin formula is
developed taking into account the multi-cell
context.
Jakes formulae is very pessimistic and it is
not recommended to be used.
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
0,9
0,95
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
C
e
l
l

a
r
e
a

c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
Shadowing Margin (dB)
Jakes
New formula
Jakes Modified
24
Step 1: calculation of geometric factor F:
Closed formula is used
Step 2: SINR calculation:
Step 3: Mapping between SINR and Throughput
via Look Up Table (LUT)

0
1
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4
5
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6
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14
13
12
17
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15
18
r
Mi
R1
R
1
r

Network structure & Interferences
For the Advanced mode, in each unit area of the serving cell, the interference
factor F(r) and the SINR (C / I) are computed based on hexagonal Omni grid
se ThermalNoi
r PL
P
r F r I r
r C
r SINR
NodeB
Intra
HSDPA
+ +
=
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
) (
0
i
C
i
i
k
PL
PL
F =
0
DL
Subcarrier
LTE
P PL N r F
r SINR
/ ) (
1
) (
0 0
_
+
=
25
LUTs provide throughput vs
SINR curves according to:
channel model
UE category
UE receiver
multiple antenna use
Link Level curves
For DL & UL analysis, the Look Up Tables (LUTs) provide a throughput for each
calculated SINR in the cell
Cat10 PA3 LMMSE RxDiv
SINR (dB)
HSDPA
Throughput
(kbps)
-15 2
-13 11
-11 23
-9 36
-7 52
-5 81
-3 134
-1 226
1 360
3 548
5 805
7 1132
9 1522
11 1986
13 2604
15 3674
17 5257
19 7183
21 9081
23 10656
25 11686
27 12291
29 12555
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
K
b
i
t
s
/
s
)
Distance (Km)
Applicative Throughput versus
Distance
2
3
26
Other parameters
Main limits of the models and hypothesis: Link Budget tools are based on a
simple approach: Values of gains, losses and margins are fixed
Simple approach
Gains (Antenna, MHA)
Losses (Body Loss, Penetration Loss)
Margins (Shadowing, UL interference)
Simple formulae
Load (uniform distribution)
Inter-cell interference
SINR
Network design
Does not utilize database of realistic sites (but ASSET does)
Omni site (tri secto is more complex)
UL analysis (UL DCH R99, HSUPA,UL LTE) reflects only coverage dimensioning
27
References
Agenda
28
Where to find the tool, other information and which support?
All these tools and the related documents are available on a dedicated SharePoint
in Wireless Access. A dedicated support is ensured by Orange Labs/REM team
Sharepoint link: Link budgets
For support, contact: laurent.marceron@orange.com; ridha.nasri@orange.com &
fabien.duchon@orange.com
29
Roadmap, next steps, other information, support
References
Agenda
30
What are all the coverage dimensioning studies which were made
within Orange Labs with such tools and are available for MCOs?
Lots of studies had been provided with the Link Budget tools
# Study name Reference Project
[1] LTE Power impact - Link
budget analysis
RESA/NET/REM/10.286
Frdric Marache & Olfa Ben Haddada
Beyond 3G
[2] CoMP Technology in LTE-A
Link Budget and Capacity
Analyses
Results of Mame Fatou Gueye internship
January 2011
Research
[3] Coverage area for a target
throughput in HSDPA
/ RAN Engineering
[4] Gain of LTE relays Lee Rong , Olfa Ben Haddada & Salah El
Ayoubi, 2010
Beyond 3G
[5] HSDPA Link budget
comparison with Lab Tests
Christophe Simon, June 2011 RAN Engineering
[6] LTE 2600 vs 800 R. Nasri, Dec 2012 RAN Engineering
[7] Radio Link Budgets of Orange
Labs
PEAK/REM/ F. M, Sept 2012 RAN Engineering
31
France Telecom group restricted
Orange Labs
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