Hydraulic Motors

Overview of Lesson
How they work
Types of Motors
Performance
Applications
How a hydraulic motor works
High pressure fluid is
used to turn a shaft.
This is done in many
different ways.
Much like a cylinder
the power comes from
the pressure acting
over a large area and
creating a large force.
Hydraulic Motors
Hydraulic motors are called rotary actuators
They convert fluid pressure and flow into
torque and rotational movement
Hydraulic Motors
Typical hydraulic motor application
Hydraulic Motors
All basic hydraulic motors consist of three
component groups:
Housing
Rotating internal parts
Power output shaft
Hydraulic Motors
Parts of a typical
hydraulic motor
Hydraulic Motors
System fluid enters the housing and applies
pressure to the rotating internal parts
This, in turn, moves the power output shaft
and applies torque to rotate a load
Hydraulic Motors
Primary parts that produce the rotating
motion in most hydraulic motors are either:
Gears
Vanes
Pistons
Hydraulic Motors
Four requirements of a motor
Hydraulic Motors
Displacement of a hydraulic motor indicates
the volume of fluid needed to turn the output
shaft one revolution
Fixed displacement
Variable displacement
Hydraulic Motors
In a fixed-displacement motor:
Internal geometry cannot be changed
Same volume needed per output shaft
revolution
Hydraulic Motors
In a variable-displacement motor:
Internal geometry can be changed
Displacement per shaft revolution can be
adjusted
Motor can operate at variable speeds with a
constant input flow
Hydraulic Motors
Hydraulic motors may be classified by the
type of load applied to the bearings of the
output shaft
Unbalanced indicates the output shaft is loaded
from one side, side loading the shaft bearings
Balanced indicates the bearing load is balanced
by use of two inlet ports arranged opposite of
each other and two outlet ports similarly
arranged
Types of Hydraulic Motors
Gear Motors
Vane Motors
Piston Motors
Limited Rotation Actuator
Gear Motors
The external gear hydraulic motor is the
most common and simplest of the basic
motor types
Fixed displacement
Unbalanced load on the bearings
External Gear Motors
2 rotating gears, the
area of the gear teeth
is where the pressure
acts to create force.
Both gears turn
simultaneously.
One gear is
connected to the
output shaft and the
other is an idler.
Model 21300 B1 Series Gear Motor
Eaton

Heavy Duty Series 1 Variable Motor

Gear Motors
Internal Gear Motors
Two categories
Direct drive gerotor,
works much like a
rotary engine.
Two gears, an inner
and an outer.
The pressure pushes
them around a center
point, turning a shaft
Internal Gear Motors
The most common internal gear motor has a
gerotor design
Courtesy of Eaton Fluid Power Training
Internal Gear Hydraulic Motors
The specially shaped gear teeth of the
gerotor form variable-volume chambers that
allow system fluid flow and pressure to turn
the motor output shaft
Gerotor motors are fixed-displacement units
operating with an unbalanced bearing load
Internal Gear Hydraulic Motors
An orbiting gerotor motor is a variation of
the basic gerotor design
Uses a fixed outer gerotor gear with internal
teeth and an inner gear with external teeth
Center point of the inner gear orbits around the
center point of the fixed gear with internal teeth
Motor operates at a slower speed, but has a
higher torque output
Internal Gear Hydraulic Motors
Orbiting gerotor motor
Courtesy of Eaton Fluid Power Training
Vane Motors
Spring loaded vanes
are connected to a
rotor
The rotor turns inside
a cam ring (elliptical
hole)
The vanes slide in and
out of the slots in the
rotor to make contact
with the cam wall.
Vane Motors
Basic vane motor has a slotted rotor located
off center in a circular chamber and fitted with
movable vanes
Space between the vanes creates a number of
variable-sized chambers
Forcing fluid into the small-size chambers causes
the volume of the chambers to increase, turning
the motor shaft
Basic vane motor is fixed displacement with an
unbalanced bearing load
Vane Motors
Basic vane motor
Vane Motors
Balanced vane motors evenly distribute the
load on the bearings
Achieved by operating the rotor and vanes in a
slightly oblong chamber
Allows two inlet ports and two outlets ports to be
used in the motor
Placing ports opposite each other balances bearing
loading
Vane Motors
A basic, balanced vane motor
Vane Motors
Vane Motors
Vane motors are available as either fixed or
variable displacement
The variable-displacement feature allows an
operator to change the speed of a motor
without changing the system flow rate
Vane Motors
In variable-displacement designs, the
chamber in which the rotor and vanes
operate is contained in a moveable ring
When the center point of the rotor and ring are
concentric, the displacement is zero
Moving the ring so the center points are not
concentric increases the motor displacement
and changes motor speed
Piston Motors
Many different types of piston motors
All of them use the same basic principles
Much like a cylinder, only turns a shaft like
the cylinders in your car engine.
Generally the most efficient
High power, high speed, high pressure
Piston Motors
Most efficient
Often used in
aerospace applications
due to high power to
weight ratio
Piston Motors
Piston motors are available having either
fixed or variable displacements
In variable-displacement designs, the length
of the piston stroke is changed to vary the
volume of fluid needed to rotate the motor
one revolution
Piston Motors
Two basic classifications of piston motors
are axial piston and radial piston
An axial piston motor has pistons with
centerlines parallel to the axis of the output
shaft
A radial piston motor has pistons with
centerlines perpendicular to the axis of the
output shaft
Piston Motors
Axial piston motor
The Oilgear Company
Piston Motors
Axial piston motors are available in two
configurations:
Inline
Bent axis
Piston Motors
In an inline piston motor:
Centerline of the barrel is concentric with the
centerline of the power output shaft
A swash plate transmits force from the pistons
to the shaft
In-line Piston Motors
Simple construction
Low cost
Used in low torque
high speed
applications, such as
machine tools
In-line Piston Motors
Inline piston motor
The Oilgear Company
Radial Piston Motors
High Torque
Low speed
Possible application
could be a roller.
Bent Axis Piston Motor
Is one example of variable
displacement motor.
The angle is altered to
change the displacement.
Bent Axis Piston Motors
In a bent-axis piston motor:
Centerline of the barrel is at an angle to the
centerline of the output shaft
A universal joint and other fittings are used to
transmit force between the barrel and the output
shaft
Bent Axis Piston Motors
Bent-axis piston motor
Courtesy of Eaton Fluid Power Training
Limited Rotation Actuator
Also sometimes called
a oscillator.
Has limited movement
High torque
Performance
The mechanical torque
desired must be
specified in order to
find required working
pressure.
Pin= (T*2 )/Disp.
The rpm desired must
be specified in order to
find required flow
rate.
Q= (rpm * Disp.)/231
Power
Hpout= (Tlb-ft * rpm)/5252
Effoa= (Hpout * 100)/ Hpin
Hydraulic Motors
A number of alternate motor designs are used
in specialized hydraulic applications
Screw motor designs for quiet, continuous
operation
Special piston-motor designs allowing the direct
mounting and drive of wheels for off-road, heavy-
transport vehicles
Hydraulic Motors
Hydraulic motors may be incorporated into
circuits using series or parallel connections
Series circuits: total system pressure is
determined by adding the loads placed on each
unit
Parallel circuits: each motor receives full
system pressure; loads must be matched or
equal flow supplied to each motor if constant
speed is desired from each unit
Hydraulic Motors
Motors in series
Hydraulic Motors
Motors in parallel
Hydraulic Motors
Motors in parallel with flow control
Hydraulic Motors
Braking circuits are used to slow hydraulic
motors to a stop
Inertia of a heavy rotating load can continue to
turn the motor shaft
Braking occurs when fluid discharged from the
motor outlet port is forced to pass through an
adjustable pressure control valve before
returning to the reservoir
Hydraulic Motors
Braking circuit
Hydraulic Motors
An open-loop hydraulic motor system uses
a layout typical of a basic hydraulic system
Pump moves fluid from a reservoir, through a
directional control valve, to the motor
Fluid is then returned from the motor to the
reservoir through the same control valve
Hydraulic Motors
Closed-loop hydraulic motor systems
continuously circulate fluid between the
pump and the motor without returning it to a
system reservoir
These systems use a replenishment circuit
to replace fluid lost through leakage
Hydraulic Motors
Replenishment circuit
Hydrostatic Drives
Hydrostatic drive systems consist of the basic
components typically found in other hydraulic
motor circuits
MDMA EquipmentMenomonie
Hydrostatic Drives
Hydrostatic drives provide effective
transmission of power and allow easy
adjustment and control of:
Output shaft speed
Torque
Horsepower
Direction of rotation
Hydrostatic Drives
When compared to conventional
transmissions, hydrostatic drives:
Have a high power outputtosize ratio
May be stalled under full load with no internal
damage
Accurately maintain speed under varying load
conditions
Provide an almost infinite number of
input/output speed ratios
Hydrostatic Drives
Hydrostatic drives may be open or closed
circuits
Open circuit has the layout of a basic hydraulic
motor circuit
Closed circuit has the outlet of the pump
directly connected to the inlet of the motor and
the outlet of the motor directly connected to the
inlet of the pump
Hydrostatic Drives
Open circuit design
Hydrostatic Drives
Closed circuit design
Sauer-Danfoss, Ames, IA
Hydrostatic Drives
Four combinations of pump/motor
arrangements can be used
Fixed-displacement pump and motor
Fixed-displacement pump and variable-
displacement motor
Variable-displacement pump and fixed-
displacement motor
Variable-displacement pump and motor
Hydrostatic Drives
Fixed-displacement pump and motor:
Maximum horsepower, torque, and output shaft
speed are fixed
Pump and motor have fixed displacement, so
these characteristics cannot be changed
Hydrostatic Drives
Fixed-displacement pump and variable-
displacement motor:
Maximum horsepower is fixed
Torque and speed are variable
Due to use of a relief valve, efficiency is lowered
Output shaft rotation may be reversed if the pump
is reversible
Hydrostatic Drives
Variable-displacement pump and fixed-
displacement motor:
Torque output is fixed
Horsepower and output shaft speed are variable
Output shaft rotation may be reversed if pump
is reversible
Hydrostatic Drives
Variable-displacement pump and motor:
Horsepower, torque, output shaft speed are
variable
Output shaft direction is reversible
Most versatile of the four pump/motor
combinations
Hydrostatic Drives
Hydrostatic drives are typically considered
hydrostatic transmissions when both the
pump and motor have variable displacement
This combination allows manual or
automatic control of torque, speed, and
power output
Hydrostatic Drives
Two different general techniques are used
in the construction of hydrostatic
transmissions
Integral
Nonintegral
Hydrostatic Drives
Integral construction combines all of the
transmission parts into a single housing
Nonintegral construction involves separate
pump, motor, and accessories connected by
hoses or tube assemblies