Engleza 2

C C U U P P R R I I N N S S
I. READING DIGEST 1: WORDS AND FEELINGS

Grammar Digest 1: Direct and Indirect Objects;
Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns

II. READING DIGEST 2: MYSTERIES OF MEMORY
Grammar Digest 2: Can, Know How to, Be Able to, And/But/So/Or

III. READING DIGEST 3: SECRET MESSAGES TO OURSELVES
Grammar Digest 3: Present Progressive Tense

IV. READING DIGEST 4: A DOLPHIN AND AN ASTRONOMER
Grammar Digest 4: Adjective Phrases; Another, The Other, Other(s), The Other(s),
Intensifiers; Past Tense of Be

V. READING DIGEST 5: ROMANIES
Grammar Digest 5: Past Tense

VI. READING DIGEST 6: SINK OR SWIM
Grammar Digest 6: Reflexive Pronouns, Reciprocal Pronoun: Each Other; Phrasal Verbs

VII. READING DIGEST 7: EUROPES TREES IN DANGER
Grammar Digest 7: Future Time: Will and Be Going To; May and Might; Questions with
How

ANSWER KEY

C CO ON NF F. . D DR R. . A AN NC CA A C CE EH HA AN N
C CO ON NF F. . D DR R. . T TE EF FA AN N C CO OL LI IB BA AB BA A

L L I I M M B B A A E E N N G G L L E E Z Z # #

Autorii mulumesc Nadinei Cehan pentru ajutorul primit la editarea acestui curs.

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READING DIGEST 1

WORDS AND FEELINGS

Exercise 1.1

Describe some of the gestures you often see people making. Can you express their meaning in
words?

Exercise 1.2

Read the text, then answer the questions that follow.

Are you always sure you know what people mean when they try to describe their feelings to
you? We use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but the problem is that these words and
gestures can be interpreted in different ways.
It is true that a smile means the same thing in any language. So does laughter or crying. There
are also a number of striking similarities in the way different animals show the same feeling. Dogs, tigers
and humans, for example, often show their teeth when they are angry. This is probably because such
behaviour patterns are inherited rather than learned.
Fear is another emotion that is shown in much the same way all over the world. In Chinese and
in English fiction, a phrase like 'he went pale and began to tremble' suggests that the man is either very
afraid or has just had a very nasty shock. However, 'he opened his eyes wide' is used to suggest anger
in Chinese whereas in English it conveys surprise. In Chinese, surprise can be described in a phrase
like 'they stretched out their tongues'. Sticking out your tongue in English is an insulting gesture or
expresses disgust.
Even in the same culture, people differ in their ability to interpret and express feelings.
Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men at recognizing fear, anger,
love and happiness in people's faces. Disgust, contempt and suffering seem to be the most difficult
emotions for people everywhere either to recognize or to express. Other studies have shown that older
people usually find it easier to interpret body language (the way people stand or move, etc.) than
younger people do. And psychologists such as E.G. Beier have also shown that some people frequently
give completely the wrong impression of how they feel. For instance, they try to show affection but in
fact actually communicate dislike. Or when they want to show interest, they give the impression that
they don't care. This can happen even among close friends and members of the same family.
In other words, what we think we are communicating through language, voice, face and body
movements may be the exact opposite of what other people understand.

1. According to the text, which of the following emotions should be easiest to recognize even in a
different culture?
a) surprise b) happiness c) anger d) fear e) disgust f) contempt
2. Which of the emotions a-f above are expressed in different ways in different cultures?
3. Give an example from the text of the way an emotion is described very differently in two
different cultures. From your own experience can you think of any other differences like this?
4. Can you think of any possible reasons why some people are better than other people at
recognizing certain emotions?
5. Give an example of how some people express the opposite of the emotion they are trying to
communicate. Think of other examples from your own experience.
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6. The text mentions that we can communicate our feelings through 'voice'. What do you think this
means? Can you think of any examples?

VOCABULARY

Exercise 1.3
Choose the best answer.

1. Each .......... of the family had to take it in turns to do the washing up.
A. individual B. character C. member D. person
2. I .......... rather go to Ireland than Scotland for my holiday.
A. had B. would C. did D. could
3. We live in a friendly community and everyone .......... each other very well.
A. gets up to B. gets out of C. gets on with D. gets down to
4. A few days after hitting his arm, he had a large black...........
A. break B. cut C. swelling D. bruise
5. .......... his flu, he got up and went to work.
A. Despite B. Although C. In spite D. Even though
6. He pretended that he agreed with me to avoid .......... my feelings.
A. hurting B. to hurt C. hurt D. having hurt
7. She is very important to him. He wouldn't get .......... without her.
A. over B. by C. down D. round
8. You .......... to eat if you don't feel like it.
A. needn B. mustn't C. don't have D. haven't
9. The police .......... the kidnapper from escaping by blocking all exits.
A. prevented B. encouraged C. allowed D. avoided
10. As I have been ill, I have had no .......... to discuss the plan.
A. possibility B. suitability C. opportunit D. ability
11. It takes most people three or four days to .......... from flu.
A. cure B. prevent C. recover D. get over
12. My brother is much better than I am .......... football.
A. to play B. in playing C. for playing D. at playing
13. Doctors usually have to study for at least seven years before becoming fully .......... .
A. tested B. qualified C. examined D. proved
14. The vet decided that he had to operate .......... the cat to save its life.
A. on B. with C. to D. at
15. He's a very .......... person, but he has absolutely no sense of humour.
A. amusing B. entertaining C. enjoyable D. pleasant
16. When are you going to give back that money you .......... me?
A. lend B. owe C. borrow D. debt
17. When she heard that her son had crossed the road without looking, she told him he .
do it again.
A. needn't B. didn't need to C. mustn't D. didn't have to
18. Research scientists are still looking for a cure .......... heart disease.
A. for B. to C. against D. on
19. I do play squash, but I .......... tennis.
A. like B. would rather C. choose D. prefer
20. Your husband is very rude. If I were you, I wouldn't stand .......... it.
A. by B. to C. at D. for
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Exercise 1.4

A. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in CAPITALS.

1. It is a great ......................... to meet you. PLEASE
2. The child smiled with ......................... HAPPY
3. Do you ever suffer from .........................? BORE
4. She spoke with great ......................... BITTER
5. What has caused all the .........................? EXCITE
6. The doctor asked me a lot of ......................... questions. EMBARRASS
7. He looked very ......................... SURPRISE
8. It was a ......................... experience. PAIN
9. We had a very ......................... holiday. ENJOY
10. The weather was very ......................... PLEASE

B. Complete each sentence with the correct preposition.

1. Are you afraid .......... dogs?
2. I was delighted .......... the present you gave me.
3. The boss is very angry .......... you!
4. I'm worried .......... my health.
5. She looked at me .......... surprise.
6. The patient was .......... great pain.
7. I was amazed .......... the news.
8. Were you offended .......... what I said?
9. .......... my astonishment, my son has finally found a job!

C. Which word or phrase in each group does not belong?

1. astonished amazed ashamed surprised
2. frighten delight depress upset
3. frighten amuse entertain please
4. angry irritated annoyed bored
5. surprising astonishing boring strange
6. funny bad immoral wrong
7. funny amusing entertaining disgusting
8. disgusting filthy horrible humorous
9. delight doubt joy fun
10. surprise fear anxiety terror

Give, cause, make or bring?
D. Complete each sentence with give, cause, make or bring. Use each word once only.

1. I don't want to .......... you angry.
2. It didn't .......... me any pleasure to do it.
3. I hope this will .......... a lot of happiness into your life.
4. I don't want to .......... you any pain or unhappiness.

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Phrasal verbs

Exercise 1.5

A. Study these examples. What is the phrasal verb in each one?

a) Sometimes life really gets Betty down.
b) She hasn't got a lot of money but she is usually able to get by.
c) She gets on with most people fairly well, but not with her husband.
d) Whenever there's something he should do for her, he gets out of it.
e) He'd never get over it if she left him.
f) He says he'll do things but never gets round to it.

Which phrasal verb above means

1. escape or avoid work, a meeting, etc;
2. find the time to do something;
3. depress / make unhappy;
4. have a good relationship / be friendly with;
5. survive / manage somehow;
6. recover from an illness, surprise, etc?

GRAMMAR DIGEST 1

DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS

DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

FOCUS 1

DIRECT OBJECTS

examples explanations
Subject Verb Direct Object
My friend sings. Some sentences have only a subject and a verb.
He loves music. Some sentences have a subject, a verb and an
object.
He buys compact discs. A direct object answers the question What?.
Compact discs is the direct object.
He loves the Beatles. A direct object also can answer the question
Who(m)?. The Beatles is the direct object.

Exercise 1.1

Underline the direct object in each sentence below.

Example: My friend loves sports.

1. My grandmother loves flowers. She always has fresh flowers on the dining room table.
2. Andrea and Bob have a new home.
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3. My mother adores jewelry.
4. My friends daughter has a doll collection. She owns ten different dolls.
5. Ann takes beautiful pictures.
6. My friend enjoys classical music. She prefers Mozart.
7. In my family, we always celebrate our birthdays together.

FOCUS 2

DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

Subject
My mother
My mother
Verb
loves
loves
Direct Object
my father.
him. The direct object can also be a pronoun.
My mother loves my father. She thinks about
himall the time.
My father loves my mother. He thinks about her
all the time.
Object pronouns refer to a noun that comes
before. In the first example, him refers to my
father. In the second example her refers to my
mother.

subject verb object pronoun subject verb object pronoun
I am me.
You are you.
He is him.
She is her.
It is it.
We are us.
You are you.
They are
a good person.

She loves
them.

Exercise 1.2

Fill in the correct subject or object pronoun.

1. My grandmother is a very special person. (a) __________ has a vegetable garden in her
backyard. (b) __________ plants tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplant, leeks and carrots. She picks (c)
__________ fresh every day. We love her fresh vegetables. (d) __________ taste delicious. We eat (e)
__________ in salads and soup. Her vegetable garden gives (f) _________ great pleasure.

2. Maria and Juan are newlyweds. (a) __________ have a new home, and (b) __________ really
love (c) __________ Their appliances are on order, but they dont have (d) __________ yet, so Maria
and Juan have a lot of work to do. He helps (e) __________ with the cooking. She helps (f)
__________ with the laundry.

3. Sally: Billy, do you like heavy metal music?
Billy: (a) __________ love (b) __________!
Sally: Really? I hate heavy metal. (c) __________ bothers (d) __________ I hate all that
noise.

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Exercise 1.3

This is a story about three people in a love triangle. Maggie has a steady boyfriend, Ted. She
also has a male friend, Jim. Read the text below. Cross out the incorrect pronouns and write the correct
pronouns above them.
her
Maggie loves her boyfriend, Ted. She also likes Jim. (1) Jim works with she. (2) She sees he every day.

(3) She sometimes invites he to dinner. (4) She likes to talk with he. (5) Maggie doesnt love Jim, but Jim

loves she. (6) Jim thinks about she all the time. Jim knows about Ted, but Ted doesnt know about Jim. Ted

is very jealous. (7) So, Maggie cant tell he about Jim. (8) Maggie doesnt want to leave he. But she cares

for both Ted and Jim. She doesnt know what to do. (9) She doesnt want to hurt they. She says to

herself, Whats wrong with me? (10) Ted loves I and I love he. (11) Jim is my friend and I like he. So

what can I do?

FOCUS 3

INDIRECT OBJECTS

Subject Verb Direct
Object
Indirect object
I want to
give
the
toaster
to the
newlyweds.
Some sentences have two objects: a direct
object and an indirect object. The toaster is the
direct object. It tells what I want to give. The
newlyweds is the indirect object. It tells to whom
I give the toaster.
I buy flowers for my grand-
mother.
My grandmother is the indirect object. It tells for
whom I buy flowers.
I want to
give
the
toaster
to the
newlyweds.
I want to
give
the
toaster

to them.
The indirect object can be a noun or a pronoun.

I fix the car for my grandmother.

I give earrings to my mother.
For and to
For tells us one person does the action to help or
please another person.
To tells us about direction of the action. The
earrings go from you to your mother.

Exercise 1.4

New Years Resolutions. Every January 1
st
, North Americans decide to change their lives and
do things differently. Read the resolutions below. Change each underlined noun to a pronoun. Then add
the information in parentheses.

Example: Every year, I give my father a tie. (golf clubs)
This year, I want to give him golf clubs.

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1. Used car salesman:
I always sell my customers bad cars. (good cars)
This year, I want to

2. Child away at college:
I always write to my parents once a month. (once a week)

4. Boyfriend:
I usually buy my girlfriend flowers for her birthday. (a diamond ring)

5. Teenager:
Sometimes I lie to my mother. (tell the truth)

6. Mother:
I never have time to read to my children at night. (every night)

7. Student:
I always give my homework to the teacher late. (on time)
This semester, I want to

8. Friend:
Every year, I lend money to you and your brother. (lend money).
This year, I dont want to

Now, write three things you want to do differently beginning New Years Eve.
1.
2.
3.

FOCUS 4

POSITION OF THE INDIRECT OBJECT

All verbs that take indirect objects can follow Pattern A

Pattern A
subject verb direct object indirect object
I give presents to my mother on her birthday.
I give presents to her.
I give them to her.
We have a party for our twin daughters on their birthday.
We have a party for them.
We have it for them.

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Some of these verbs also follow Pattern B. In pattern B, put the indirect object before the direct
object. Do not use to or for.

Pattern B
subject verb indirect object direct object
People send their friends birthday cards.
People send them birthday cards.
I make my friends birthday cakes.
I make them birthday cakes.

NOTE: Do not put an indirect object pronoun before a direct object pronoun.
I make my friend a cake.
I make her a cake.
NOT: *I make her it.

Verbs that follow both Pattern A and B
give
write
show
tell
send
bring
hand
sell
pass
read
lend
teach
mail
offer
pay
throw
make
buy
bake
cook
do (a favor)
find
get

Exercise 1.5

Make sentences about North American customs with the words below.

BIRTH: When a baby is born

1. mother/flowers/the/to/give/friends
Friends give flowers to the mother.

2. cigars/gives/friends/father/his/the
____________________________________
3. send/and/parents/friends/family/to/birth/announcements/their/the
____________________________________
4. baby/family/friends/gifts/the/buy/and
_____________________________________
5. make/for/grandmothers/sweaters/new/the/baby
_____________________________________
6. grandfathers/for/toys/make/baby/the
_____________________________________
7. child/the/the/parents/everything/give
_____________________________________

ENGAGEMENT/MARRIAGE: When a couple gets engaged or married

8. diamond/man/a/woman/the/gives/ring/the/to/sometimes
_____________________________________________
9. friends/couple/an/party/the/for/have/engagement
_____________________________________________
10. gifts/woman/give/friends/at/a/party/the
_____________________________________________
11. at/the/wedding/to/couple/gifts/give/guests/the
_____________________________________________
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DEATH: When someone dies:

12. send/family/some/flowers/people/the
______________________________________________
13. people/special/cards/the/send/family/to
______________________________________________
14. some/to/give/people/money/charities
______________________________________________
15. some/food/for/family/bring/people/the
______________________________________________

FOCUS 5

POSITION OF NEW INFORMATION

New information in a sentence comes at the end. You can write a sentence in two different
ways. Both are correct, but the emphasis is different.
Whom do you give earrings to?
I usually give earrings to my mother.
The emphasis is on who(m). My mother is the new
information.
What do you usually give your mother?
I usually give my mother earrings.
The emphasis is on what. Earrings is the new
information.

Exercise 1.6
Answer the following question. The new information is in parentheses ( ).
Examples: Who(m) do you usually give presents to at Christmas? (my family)
I usually give presents to my family.
What do you usually give your father? (a good book)
I usually give him a good book.

1. Who(m) do you want to give a present to at work? (three of my co-workers)
___________________________________________________________
2. What do you usually give your parents for their anniversary? (tickets to a play)
___________________________________________________________
3. Who(m) do you tell jokes to? (my friend)
________________________________
4. What do you sometimes send your sister? (some new recipes)
__________________________________________________
5. Does she teach English to your brother or sister? (my brother)
__________________________________________________
6. Which story do you usually read to your little sister? Cinderella or Snow White?
(Cinderella)
_______________________________________________________________
7. Who(m) do you need to mail the application to? (the admissions office)
________________________________________________________
8. What do you usually buy for your son on his birthday? (compact discs)
________________________________________________________

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Exercise 1.7

Choose the best sentence.

Example: You are waiting for a friend in front of a restaurant.
You do not have your watch. You want to know the time.
You see someone coming. You ask him:
(a) Could you please tell me the time?
(b) Could you please tell the time to me?
1. You are alone at a restaurant. You finish your meal. You see the waiter. You ask him:
(a) Could you please give the check to me?
(b) Could you please give me the check?

2. You are celebrating someones birthday with a group of friends. You finish your meal. You want
to be sure you pay the check. You tell the waiter:
(a) Please give the check to me.
(b) Please give me the check.

3. What do children usually do for their mothers on Mothers day?
(a) They usually give flowers to them.
(b) They usually give them flowers.

4. You are at a friends house for dinner. The food needs salt. You say:
(a) Please pass me the salt.
(b) Please pass the salt to me.

5. You realize you dont have any money on you for the bus. You ask a friend:
(a) Could you lend a dollar to me?
(b) Could you lend me a dollar?

6. You are in class. It is very noisy. You say to a classmate:
(a) Do me a favor. Please close the door.
(b) Do a favor to me. Please close the door.

7. Why does your class look so sad on Mondays?
(a) Because our teacher gives us a lot of homework.
(b) Because our teacher gives a lot of homework to us.

8. You are speaking to the director f the English Language Institute. You want to apply to the City
University. You have the application form in your hand:
Director: (a) Please send the application form to the City University.
(b) Please send the City University the application form.

9. You come home from the supermarket. Your car is full of groceries. You need help. You say to
your roommate:
(a) Can you please give a hand to me?
(b) Can you please give me a hand?

10. There are three children at a table. They are finishing a box of cookies. A fourth child sees them
and runs toward them. The child says:
(a) Wait! Save me one!
(b) Wait! Save one for me!

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FOCUS 6

VERBS THAT DO NOT OMIT TOWITH INDIRECT OBJECTS

S + V + DO + IO
My mother reads stories to us.
S + V + IO + DO
My mother reads us stories.
Many verbs follow both Pattern A and B.
DO + IO
The teacher explains the grammar to us.
NOT: The teacher explains us the grammar.

Some verbs only follow Pattern A.
explain
introduce
solve
clean
fix
describe
report
open
do
repair
repeat
say
carry
prepare
spell
Verbs tat follow Pattern A ONLY.
Do not omit to/for.

Exercise 1.8

Read the following pairs of sentences or questions aloud. Check any sentence that is not
possible. In some pairs, both patterns are possible.

Example 1:
Pattern A: My husband sends flowers to me every Valentines Day.
Pattern B: My husband sends me flowers every Valentines Day.
(Both patterns are possible.)

Example 2:
Pattern A: The teacher always repeats the question to the class.
NOT:
Pattern B: *The teacher always repeats the class the question.

PATTERN A PATTERN B

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.

Tell the truth to me.
Please explain the problem to me.
Spell that word for me, please.
I need to report the accident to the insurance
company.
My father usually reads a story to my little
brother every night.
He always opens the door for me.
Let me introduce my friend to you.
Cynthia gives her old clothes to a charity.
The students write letters to their parents
every week.
Please repeat the instructions to the class.
Can you describe your hometown to me?
Can you carry that bag for me?

Tell me the truth.
Please explain me the problem.
Spell me that word, please.
I need to report the insurance company the
accident.
My father usually reads my little brother a
story every night.
He always opens me the door.
Let me introduce you to my friend.
Cynthia gives a charity her old clothes.
The students write their parents letters every
week.
Please repeat the class the instructions.
Can you describe me your hometown?
Can you carry me that bag?

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Exercise 1.9

Choose the correct pronoun to complete the story. The first one has been done for you as an
example.
My dad wakes up in a bad mood. __He___ (He, Him) gets a cut while (1) __________ (he, him)
is shaving. (2) __________ (He, Him) is grumpy. When my mom gives (3) __________ (he, him)
breakfast, (4) __________ (he, him) gets mad at (5) __________ (she, her). This makes my mom
angry. (6) __________ (She, Her) yells at my big brother. (7) __________ (She, Her) gets mad at (8)
__________ (he, him). My brother shouts at (9) __________ (I, me). (10) __________ (I, me) feel bad.
(11) __________ (I, me) yell at Ruff, my dog. Ruff just looks at (12) __________ (I, me). Ruff barks at
(13) __________ (I, me) and gives (14) __________ (I, me) a big kiss. The kiss tickles (15) __________
(I, me).

Exercise 1.10

Look at the underlined object pronouns. Draw an arrow from each object pronoun to the noun
phrase it refers to and circle the noun phrase. The first one has been done for you as an example.

I dont feel mad at my family any more. I want them to feel happy. I have to do something for
them. I go outside and pick some beautiful flowers. I give them to my brother, mother, and father. My
brother smiles at me. My mother gives me a kiss. I give her a hug. My father smiles at me too. I give him
a hug also. My family is laughing. I really like them when they are happy. Ruff is happy too; my brother
is petting him. He finds some milk on the floor and licks it up. When you are happy, everyone is happy
with you.

Exercise 1.11

At Christmas time Practical Pete gives at least a small present to everyone. Here are the things
he gave this year. Use the list to answer the questions below.

Example: Who(m) did Pete give socks to?
Pete gave socks to Brad.

Christmas gift list
Mom: dish towels
Dad: flashlight
Angela and Bob (Petes sister and brother-in-law): car wax
Brad (Petes nephew): socks
Secretary: dictionary
Cecilia (Petes girlfriend): hair brush
Mail carrier: dog repellant
The neighbors: screwdriver set

1. What did Pete give the neighbors?
________________________________________________________________

2. Who(m) did Pete give the hair brush to?
__________________________________________________________________

3. What did Pete give the mail carrier?
__________________________________________________________________

4. What did Pete give his girlfriend?
__________________________________________________________________
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5. Who(m) give the dictionary to?
__________________________________________________________________

6. What did Pete give his dad?
__________________________________________________________________

7. Who(m) did Pete give the dish towels to?
__________________________________________________________________

8. Who(m) did Pete give the car wax to?
__________________________________________________________________

9. What did Pete give to his secretary?
__________________________________________________________________

10. Who(m)did Pete give the screwdriver set to?
__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 1.12
Pete always gives practical gifts, but they arent always the best gifts. What gifts do you think
would be more appropriate? Write four sentences emphasizing what they will receive and four
sentences emphasizing who will receive it.

Example: Pete will give his mother perfume. (emphasis is on what)
Who
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
What
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________

Exercise 1.13

Underline the indirect object. Then change the underlined words to pronouns.
Example: I sent my letter of application to the admissions officers.
I sent them my letter of application.

1. Kim handed Lea his calculator.
__________________________________________________________________

2. Lea introduced Kim to her mother and father.
__________________________________________________________________

3. Lea showed Mr. Dickens her essay.
__________________________________________________________________

4. Kim taught it to Lea.
__________________________________________________________________
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5. Aunt Cain offered Kim help.
__________________________________________________________________

6. Kim sent a thank you note to the counselor and me.
__________________________________________________________________

7. I repeated what Kims mom said to Kim.
__________________________________________________________________

8. She explained the problem to Kim.
__________________________________________________________________

9. I read my sons the book.
__________________________________________________________________

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READING DIGEST 2

MYSTERIES OF MEMORY

Exercise 2.1
What are your earliest memories as a child? Do you have a family photograph album showing
some of these memories?

Exercise 2.2
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer to questions 1-4.

One day more than fifty years ago, a young man had an accident on his motor bike in which he
suffered a few apparently minor injuries. There was a bruise on the left side of his forehead and some
slight bleeding from his left ear. He was taken to hospital for examination but X-rays did not reveal any
other injuries. Nevertheless, the doctor who was treating him decided to keep him in hospital for further
observations because the young man was having difficulty in speaking and seemed very confused.
At the time of the accident, the young man was 22 years old, and the date was August, 1933. A
week later he was able to carry on what seemed a perfectly normal conversation. However, he told the
doctor that he was only 11 years old and that the date was February, 1922. What is more, he could not
remember anything that had happened since 1922. For example, he could not recall having spent five
years in Australia, or coming back to England and working for two years on a golf course.
As time went by, part of his memory of the eleven missing years came back. A few weeks later,
he even remembered his years in Australia. But the two years of his life just before the accident were
still a complete blank. Three weeks after his injury, he went back to the village where he had been living
for those two years. Everything looked unfamiliar and he did not recall ever having been there before.
Despite this, he was able to take up his old job again in the village and to do it satisfactorily. But
he often got lost when walking around the village and found it difficult to remember what he had done
during the day. Slowly, however, his memory continued to return so that, about ten weeks after the
accident, he could even remember most of the previous two years. There remained only one complete
gap in his memory: he could remember absolutely nothing about what he had done a few minutes
immediately before the accident or the accident itself. This part of his memory never came back.

1. The accident happened
A. in February 1922.
B. a few years ago.
C. when the young man was in Australia.
D. over half a century ago.

2. Immediately after the young man's accident on his motor bike, he
A. was able to hold a perfectly normal conversation.
B. was taken to hospital with severe injuries.
C. was found to have only minor injuries.
D. was too badly injured to be taken to hospital.

3. A few weeks after the accident he was unable to remember
A. the previous eleven years of his life.
B. anything about the village he had been living in.
C. the five years he had spent in Australia.
D. the two years before he came to live in the village.
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4 The only thing he was never able to remember again was
A. what happened immediately before or during his accident.
B. what he had done for ten weeks after the accident.
C. all of the previous two years before the accident.
D. his way round the village itself.

VOCABULARY

Words connected with memory

Study the definitions and the examples.
memory power of keeping facts in the conscious mind and of being able to call them back at will:
He has a bad ~ for dates.
recall bring back to the mind; recollect: I don't ~ his name/face/meeting him/where I met him.
remember have or keep in the memory; call back to mind the memory of: I can't ~ his name. I ~
posting your letters.
( = have the memory of that act in my mind).
remind ~ sb (to do sth, that ...): ~ sb of sth/sb, cause (sb) to remember (to do sth, etc); cause
(sb) to think (of sth): Please ~ me to answer that letter. He ~s me of his brother.

Exercise 2.3

Now complete the following sentences with the correct word.

1. Despite his age, he still has a very good .........
2. I don't think I know you; I mean I don't ......... seeing you before.
3. You look just like my brother. You really ......... me of him.
4. I haven't any soap. I must ......... to buy some on the way home.
5. I haven't any soap. Please ......... me to buy some on the way home.
6. The old woman has had an interesting life and has a lot of good ......... to talk about.

Exercise 2.4

A. Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition.

1. Accidents often happen ......... this road.
2. My daughter was badly hurt ......... an accident.
3. I learned about this purely ......... accident.
4. The patient was taken ......... hospital.
5. He was kept ......... observation for several days.
6. The injuries ......... his head weren't serious.
7. The woman had a slight loss ......... memory.
8. There are several gaps ......... it.
9. However, ......... any luck, she will be completely all right soon.
10. ......... other words, her memory should return ......... normal.

B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word in CAPITALS.

1. There was ......... some ice on the road that day. APPEAR
2. She still has no ......... of the accident. REMEMBER
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3. The doctor examined her to see if she was suffering from any serious INJURE
4. Her ......... isn't as good as it used to be. CONCENTRATE
5. At times she is very ......... FORGET
6. ......... most of the scars have disappeared. LUCK
7. Most patients make a complete ......... within a few years. RECOVER
8. Barbara's condition is now quite ......... SATISFY
9. The doctor she saw is a ......... in cases like these. SPECIAL
10. She is ......... to be alive after the accident. THANK

C. Complete the sentences below with one of the following words. Use each word once only.

injure damage harm hurt spoil ruin

1. I hope I didn't ......... your feelings when I said that.
2. Be careful with that tool or you will ......... the car.
3. This food will ......... unless it is kept cool.
4. Every year thousands of people ......... themselves by using tools carelessly at work.
5. The storm was terrible but the ship came to no ..........
6. If you put too much salt in the soup, you will completely ......... the flavour.

Word combinations
Exercise 2.5

A. Explain what the following word combinations mean.

Example: short-term memory memory that lasts only for a very short time

1. short-term parking
2. long-term parking
3. a short-sighted person
4. a long-distance runner
5. a long-winded speech
6. a middle-of-the-road politician

B. What are the word combinations in English which express the following ideas?

Example: a runner who runs short distances a short-distance runner

1. a person who cannot see things that are very close
2. a loan you have to pay back after a very short time
3. the opposite of this kind of loan
4. a person who does not come from the upper or the lower classes
5. a man or woman whose age is somewhere between 45 and about 60
6. a shirt with short sleeves
7. a dog with three legs
8. a house that is of medium size

Exercise 2.6
1. Is there somewhere I can ......... this jumper?
A. look out B. try out C. try on D. look over

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2. The young man ......... case was described in the article never fully recovered his memory.
A. whose B. what C. whom D. that
3. You should always keep receipts from shops as proof ......... purchase.
A. to B. of C. by D. for
4. Will you please ......... what you just said. It was very rude.
A. take up B. take back C. take off D. take down
5. He spoke so fast I couldn't understand ......... he was talking about.
A. what B. which C. that D. how
6. Children who go up escalators should always be accompanied ......... an adult.
A. with B. beside C. from D. by
7. The customer, who was shouting at the top of his voice ......... his money back.
A. appealed B. asked C. requested D. demanded
8. Try to remember ......... bring your umbrella.
A. yourself to B. me to C. to yourself to D. to
9. The sign in the cinema asks people ......... smoke.
A. to not B. not to C. don't D. to stop
10. Could you ......... me to take back those library books tomorrow?
A. memorize B. remember C. remind D. recall
11. Our guests didn't leave until 2 a.m., so they ......... have enjoyed themselves.
A. must B. can't C. may D. might
12. She was angry with me for breaking the plate, but it happened quite ......... accident.
A. in B. by C. with D. on
13. Luckily, he remembered ......... up with petrol, so he didn't run out.
A. to fill B. filling C. filled D. having filled
14. You really ......... have come to the party, because all our old friends were there.
A must. B. ought C. may D. should
15. Her parents give her anything she asks for, and as a result, she's very .........
A. ruined B. damaged C. harmed D. spoilt
16. His car was ......... in the accident.
A. harmed B. injured C. damaged D. hurt
17. The goalkeeper's arm was so ......... injured that he couldn't play in the final.
A. deeply B. badly C. heavily D. hardly
18. It took Western economies many years to ......... from the oil crisis of the mid-70s.
A. recover B. regain C. retain D. get over
19. My brother is always late for appointments. He seems to be ...... of leaving the house on time.
A. unable B. impossible C. incapable D. unaware
20. I hadn't seen George for years, but when I saw him in the street, I ......... him at once.
A. reminded B. realized C. remarked D. remembered

Exercise 2.7
Make all the changes and additions necessary to complete the letter that Barbara never
finished.
Dear Anne,
1. It be/very nice/you/send me/that lovely book/my birthday.
2. I/not have time/read much but/it seem/very interesting.
3. Since/ accident /I have/some problems/my memory but now/begin to feel/almost normal again.
4. I/still have/some scars/face/but they be/not as bad/before.
5. My daughter/Sarah/do very well/school and hope/go/university next year.
6. How be you/your family?
7. I hope/hear from you/soon. Give my love/everybody.
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Exercise 2.8

Read the following passage quickly to get an idea of what it is about.

What is memory?

Memory is the ability ......... (1) store and recall information. Without it, we ......... (2) be
unable to see, hear or think, and would have no language or ......... (3) of who we are. In ......... (4),
we would be vegetables, without intellect, mentally ......... (5). This may ......... (6) strange since one
hears of people ......... (7) their memory who despite this are ......... (8) of perceiving, thinking and
talking. Why is this ......... (9) if they have lost their memory? The ......... (10) is simple. Human
memory is not a ......... (11) function, like the heart or liver. It ....... (12) of a number of complex,
interconnected systems which serve different ....... (13) and behave in very different ......... (14). The
systems interact with each other and can be ......... (15) into three major systems called long-term,
short-term and sensory; ......... (16) other words, you do not have a memory. You have several
memories. Consequently, someone who is said to ......... (17) lost their memory is someone who has
something ......... (18) with one or ......... (19) of these systems. If all of them ......... (20) been lost,
the person would be unconscious and probably dead.

A. What are the missing words? Fill each of the numbered blanks with one word.

B. Now do the following questionnaire.

How Good Is Your Memory?
We all forget things from time to time. Here are some fairly common examples. How often do
they happen to you? Write one of these numbers in each box.

1 Not at all.
2 Very rarely let's say once every six months.
3 Only now and then let's say more than once every six months but less than once a month.
4 Sometimes say once a month.
5 Fairly often say once a week.
6 Very often almost every day.

1. Forgetting where you have put something. Losing things around the house.
2. Not recognizing places; that is, you don't remember having been somewhere before but you
have.

3. Forgetting to pay bills or do something that someone has asked you to do.
4. Not remembering when something has happened even though it happened to you recently.
5. Forgetting someone's name soon after you have been told that person's name.
6. Forgetting a new word you have recently learned.
7. Forgetting important details of something you have done very recently; for example how
much you've paid for a very expensive purchase.

8. Forgetting the name of someone you used to know very well but haven't seen for some time.
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9. Forgetting important details about yourself; let's say your birthdate or where you live.
10. Getting lost or turning in the wrong direction in a place you have often been before.
11. Getting lost or turning in the wrong direction in a place you have been only once or twice.
12. Not remembering details of something someone has just told you; for instance a date or a
phone number.

13. Forgetting what you have just said; for instance you suddenly stop and say, 'What have I just
been talking about?'

14. Forgetting to keep an appointment or date with someone.
15. Disagreeing with or getting confused about what someone promised or told you; for example
a friend said you promised to meet at 5 and you are sure you said 6 o'clock.

Look at the answer key in the box below. Which things would you be most worried about? Why?

SCORE
85-90 very bad; perhaps you ought to see a doctor.
70-85 it could be serious but perhaps youve just been working too hard; it might be a good idea to
take a long holiday.
50-70 below average but no cause for serious worry.
40-50 pretty average.
25-40 above average.
15-25 congratulations! They should call you supermemory.

GRAMMAR DIGEST 2

CAN, KNOW HOW TO, BE ABLE TO, AND/BUT/SO/OR

FOCUS 1

Can

Can expresses ability.
affirmative negative negative contraction
I
You
He
She
We
You
They
can speak
English.
I
You
He
She
We
You
They
cannot speak
Chinese.
I
You
He
She
We
You
They
cant speak French.
She can DANCE.
He can SING.
In the affirmative, we pronounce can as /kn/ and stress the base
form of the verb.
He CANT DANCE.
She CANT SING.
In the negative, we stress both cant and the base form of the verb.
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Exercise 2.1

What can you do in English? Check Yes or No.
Yes No
1. I can introduce someone.
2. I can ask about prices.
3. I can describe people and places.
4. I can make a polite request.
5. I can give directions.
6. I can give advice.
7. I can ask for information about English.

FOCUS 2

QUESTIONS WITH CAN

Can you use a computer?
Yes, I can. No, I cant.
Can he cook?
Yes, he can. No, he cant
What can he cook?
He can boil water!
Who can cook in your family?
My mother can.
My father cant.
Exercise 2.2

Write yes/no questions with can. Then check Yes or No in the table to give your opinion about
each question. Finally, give reasons for you answers in the last section provided for you.

Yes No
1. a woman/work as a fire fighter
Can a woman work as a fire fighter?

2. women/be good soldiers
________________________________________________________________________________

3. a man/be a good nurse
________________________________________________________________________________

4. me/raise children
________________________________________________________________________________

5. women/be police officers
________________________________________________________________________________

6. a woman/be a construction worker
________________________________________________________________________________

7. a man/work as a housekeeper
________________________________________________________________________________

8. a woman/be President of a country
________________________________________________________________________________

9. a man/work as a baby sitter
________________________________________________________________________________

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Example: Women ca be police officers.
They can help people in trouble. They can use guns when necessary.
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2.3

Write questions with can using the given cues.

Example: a. Who/type?
Who can type?
b. How fast/type?
How fast can you/he/she/they type?

1. a. Who/cook?
__________________________________________________________________
b. What/cook?
__________________________________________________________________

2. a. Who/speak three languages?
__________________________________________________________________
b. What/say in your third language?
__________________________________________________________________
3. a. Who/play a musical instrument?
__________________________________________________________________
b. What/play?
__________________________________________________________________

4. a. Who/sew?
__________________________________________________________________
b. What/sew?
__________________________________________________________________

5. a. Who/fix a car?
__________________________________________________________________
b. What/fix?
__________________________________________________________________

6. a. Who/draw?
__________________________________________________________________
b. What/draw?
__________________________________________________________________

7. a. Who/run a marathon?
__________________________________________________________________
b. How fast/run a marathon?
__________________________________________________________________
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FOCUS 3

ASKING FOR HELP WITH ENGLISH
Can I say, She can to swim in
English?
When you are not sure your English is correct, use the
expression: Can I say in English?
How can I say, in English? When you dont know how to say something in English, ask
the question: How can I say in English?

FOCUS 4

EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN, KNOWHOWTO, AND BE ABLE TO

She can cook.
She knows how to cook.
She is able to cook.
To express learned ability, use can, know how
to, or be able to.
A blind person cant see.
A blind person isnt able to see.
NOT: A blind person doesnt know how to see.
To express natural ability, use can or be able to
only.
Be able to is more formal than can.
Use be able to in all tenses, not can.

Exercise 2.4

Read the following list. Check each activity which is a learned ability.

laughing reading
speaking English seeing
riding a bike crying
hearing tasting
flying an airplane swimming
smelling writing

Exercise 2.5

Make affirmative or negative statements with the words below. To express learned ability, make
one statement with can and one statement with know how to. To express natural ability, make only one
statement with can.

Example: fix/a flat tire
I can fix a flat tire.
I know how to fix a flat tire.
see/without glasses
I can see without glasses.

1. A blind person/see
__________________________________________________________________
2. A dog/live for twenty-five years
__________________________________________________________________

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3. Infants/walk
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. A deaf person/hear
__________________________________________________________________
5. Fish/breathe on land
__________________________________________________________________
6. Mechanics/fix cars
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Men/take care of babies
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. A man/have a baby
__________________________________________________________________
9. Doctors/cure some diseases.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2.6

Fill in the blanks with the affirmative or negative form of can or be able to.

Fran: Hello, Vanna. How are you today?
Vanna: Im sorry to say Im still no well, Fran. My back still hurts. I (1) can sit up now, but I (2) am not
able to walk very well.
Fran: What? You mean you (3) ______________________ come to work today? Vanna, I (4)
______________________ do my work without you. I (5) ______________________ use my
computer. I (6) ______________________ find any of my papers. I (7)
______________________ remember any of my appointments. This office is a mess. I (8)
______________________ all this work myself.
Vanna: What about your temporary secretary? What (9) ______________________ he do?
Fran: This temporary secretary is terrible. He (10) ______________________ do anything.
He (11) ______________________ even make a good cup of coffee! I need you here, Vanna.
Only you (12) ______________________ do everything in this office.
Vanna: Well, Fran, Do you remember our conversation about my pay raise?
Fran: O.K.O.K., Vanna. You can have your raise. But please come in today!
Vanna: O.K., calm down, Fran, and listen to me. I (13) ______________________ come in to the office
this morning, but I (14) ______________________ come in this afternoon.
Vanna: Oh thank you, Vanna See you later.

Exercise 2.7

Make Yes/No questions.

1. people/live without food for six months.
Can people live without food for six months?
Are people able to live without food for six months?

2. a computer/think
_____________________________________________________________________
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3. smoking/cause cancer
_____________________________________________________________________
4. an airplane/fly from New York to Paris in four hours
_____________________________________________________________________
5. a person/run twenty-five miles an hour
_____________________________________________________________________
6. a river/flow uphill
_____________________________________________________________________
7. we/communicate with people from other planets.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. a person/learn a language in one week
_____________________________________________________________________
9. modern medicine/cure AIDS
_____________________________________________________________________
10. a two-year old child/read
_____________________________________________________________________
11. the United Nations/stop wars
_____________________________________________________________________
12. you/think of any more questions
_____________________________________________________________________

FOCUS 5

SENTENCE CONNECTORS: AND/BUT/SO/OR

And, but, so, and or are sentence connectors. We use them to connect two complete sentences.
I can roller-skate and I can ski. And adds information.
I can dance, but I cant sing.
He can swim, but his brother cant.
But shows contrast.
I cant cook, so I often go out to eat. So gives a result.
You can go or you can stay. Or gives a choice.
I can speak English, but I cant speak Spanish.
I can speak Spanish, and my sister can speak
Japanese.
When you connect two complete sentences,
use a comma (,) before the connector.
I can say it in English, or I can say it in French.
I can say it in English or French.
When the subject is the same for the two
verbs, it is not necessary to repeat the subject
or can. Do not use a comma.

Exercise 2.8

What can you do? Write sentences about yourself with can or know how to with and or but.

Example: 1. use a typewriter/use a computer.
I can use a typewriter, but I cant use a computer.
I can use a typewriter and a computer.

2. roller-skate/roller-blade
__________________________________________________________________

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3. ride a bicycle/drive a car
__________________________________________________________________

4. use a camera/use a video camera
__________________________________________________________________
5. use a telephone/use a fax machine
__________________________________________________________________
6. cook rice/cook Chinese food
__________________________________________________________________
7. sew a button/sew a dress
__________________________________________________________________
8. walk fast/run fast
__________________________________________________________________

Now make three statement of your own.
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2.9

Fill in the blanks with and, but, or so.

1. Bob and Andrea love movies. (a) but they are often too busy to go to the movies on Saturdays.
They usually go to the first show on Sundays. On Sunday afternoon, the tickets are half-price, (b)
________ the theater is very crowded. There is one woman in the audience who is always a problem.
Today, Bob and Andrea are behind her. The woman has very bushy hair. (c) ________ Bob and
Andrea cant see the movie screen. She loves popcorn (d) ________ eats it non-stop during the movie.
Popcorn is delicious. (e) ________ it is also very noisy. (f) ________ Bob and Andrea cant hear the
movie. Sometimes they think its better to stay home and rent a movie!

2. Larry is in the hospital. He has a high fever (a) ________ he is very sick. The doctor wants him
to stay in the hospital. (b) ________ Larry wants to go home. The doctor says he needs to rest. (c)
________ Larry wants to go back to work. He is bored in the hospital (d) ________ misses his family.
He is unhappy. (e) ________ he decides to leave.

3. Tommy loves to listen to loud music. (a) ________ his mom hates his music. Tommys mom
had a headache, (b) ________ she asks Tommy to use his walkman. Tommy has a walkman, (c)
________ its broken.

Exercise 2.10

Answer the following questions.

What is something you know how to do?
__________________________________________________________________
What is something you dont know how to do?
__________________________________________________________________
What is something you can do?
__________________________________________________________________
What is something you cannot do?
__________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 2.11

This is a list of things Andy can and cant do. Write sentences about Andy using and or but as
connectors. The first one has been done for you as an example.

Can Cant
swim
float
dive
paint
draw
make jewelry
ice skate
ride a sled
ski
drive a car
fix a flat tire
repair the engine
wash clothes
iron
sew

1. Andy can swim, but he cant dive.
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2.12

Which of the following statements is correct in English?

1. My mother can cooks the best chicken and rice.
2. I know how to breathe.
3. You can speak English very well.
4. You can fishing from this bridge?
5. Do you know how to play a card game?
6. I can no finish in time.
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READING DIGEST 3

SECRET MESSAGES TO OURSELVES

Exercise 3.1
Do you dream: often? never? in colour?
Can you remember your dreams afterwards?
Can you describe a dream you have had?

Exercise 3.2
Read the text and choose the best answer to the questions that follow.
Early one morning, more than a hundred years ago, an American inventor called Elias Howe
finally fell asleep. He had been working all night on the design of a sewing-machine but he had run into
a very difficult problem: it seemed impossible to get the thread to run smoothly around the needle.
Despite his exhaustion, Howe slept badly. He tossed and turned. Then he had a nightmare. He
dreamt that he had been captured by a tribe of terrible savages whose king threatened to kill and eat
him unless he could build a perfect sewing-machine. When he tried to do so, Howe ran into the same
problem as before. The thread kept getting caught around the needle. The king flew into a rage and
ordered his soldiers to kill Howe. They advanced towards him with their spears raised. But suddenly the
inventor noticed something. There was a hole in the tip of each spear. The inventor awoke from the
nightmare with a start, realizing that he had just found the solution to the problem. Instead of trying to
get the thread to run around the needle, he should make it run through a small hole in the centre of the
needle. This was the simple idea that finally enabled Howe to design and build the first really practical
sewing-machine.
Elias Howe was far from being unique in finding the answer to his problem in this way. Thomas
Edison, the inventor of the electric light bulb, said that his best ideas came to him in dreams. So did the
great physicist, Albert Einstein. Charlotte Bronte also drew on her dreams in writing Jane Eyre. The
composer, Igor Stravinsky, once said the only way he could solve his problems in musical composition
was 'to sleep on them'.
To appreciate the value of dreams, you have to understand what happens when you are
asleep. Even then, a part of your mind is still working. This unconscious, but still active, part digests
your experiences and goes to work on the problems you have had during the day. It stores all sorts of
information and details which you may have forgotten or never have really noticed. It is only when you
fall asleep that this part of the brain can send messages to the part you use when you are awake.
However, the unconscious part expresses itself through its own logic and its own language. It uses
strange images which the conscious part may not understand at first. This is why dreams are
sometimes called 'secret messages to ourselves'.
1. According to the passage, Elias Howe was
A. the first person we know of who solved problems in his sleep.
B. much more hard-working than other inventors.
C. the first person to design a sewing-machine that really worked.
D. the only person at the time who appreciated the value of dreams.

2. The problem Howe was trying to solve was
A. what kind of thread to use.
B. how to design a needle which would not break.
C. where to put the needle.
D. how to stop the thread from getting caught around the needle.
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3. The solution to the problem came from something
A. the king said to Howe.
B. Howe remembered about another sewing-machine.
C. Howe noticed about the soldiers' weapons.
D. one of the soldiers was wearing.
4. Thomas Edison is mentioned because
A. he also tried to invent a sewing-machine.
B. he got some of his ideas from dreams.
C. he was one of Howe's friends.
D. he also had difficulty in falling asleep.
5. Dreams are sometimes called 'secret messages to ourselves' because
A. strange images are used to communicate ideas.
B. we can never understand the real meaning.
C. images are used which have no meaning.
D. only specially trained people can understand them.

VOCABULARY

Exercise 3.3

A. Which is the word or phrase in each group that does not belong?

Example: sleep nap wake dream wake
steep flat high tall
success power wealth failure
deny admit confess reveal
deny admit cover up hide
find out discover learn cover up
exhausted tired awake sleepy

B. Complete the following sentence with the correct form of the word in CAPITALS.

1. The sewing-machine was a very important ..... INVENT
2. I am reading a book called 'The ..... of Dreams'. INTERPRET
3. Elias Howe is not the only person who had found the ..... to his problems while he
was asleep. SOLVE
4. Charlotte Bronte is not the only writer who used dreams as well as her .....
IMAGINE
5. Many artists as well as psychologists give a great deal of ..... to dreams.
IMPORTANT
6. The opera singer's dream symbolized her desire to give a perfect ..... PERFORM
7. Sometimes, of course, there is a great deal of ..... about what a dream means.
DISAGREE
8. To be able to interpret dreams, some ..... of the dreamer is essential. KNOW

Phrasal verbs

Exercise 3.4

A. Look at the following examples of phrasal verbs based on take. In pairs or groups, match the
examples with the meanings below (1-6).

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a) The planes take off every few minutes.
b) This table takes up a lot of space.
c) I just can't take in all this information.
d) That girl really takes after her mother. She looks just like her.
e) A big American corporation is trying to take over our company.
f) If I were you, I wouldn't take on so much responsibility.

1. resemble 2. accept 3. absorb, understand
4. leave the ground 5. gain control of 6. occupy

B. Use along, over, out of, into or through to complete the following sentences with run.

Example: He spends and spends and has run out of money.

1. Elias Howe ran . a lot of problems when he tried to design the first practical sewing-machine.
2. The plane ran . of petrol when it was over the mountains.
3. Youve already explained these instructions to me but could we run . them again?
4. Run . now, children! Go and play outside.
5. A drunken driver ran . the cat and killed it.

C. Which phrasal verb based on run means:

1. hit and knock down?
2. encounter, meet?
3. read or examine quickly?
4. have no more, become short of something?
5. go away, leave?

Exercise 3.5


1. He was so tired that he ....... asleep in the chair.
A. dropped B. fell C. went D. became
2. Our company is a small organization with only a few .......
A. employees B. employments C. employers D. employs
3. I'm not going to help you with your homework and neither ....... John.
A. is going to B. isn't going to C. is D. isn't
4. Before we start the lesson, I'd like to ....... what we did yesterday.
A. run up B. run through C. run along D. run into
5. ....... experience of working in an office environment is essential for this job.
A. Earlier B. First C. Initial D. Previous
6. The witness told the court that he ....... the accused before.
A. had never seen B hasn't seen C. had ever seen D. didn't see
7. The company has had a bad year, and will therefore not be ....... any new workers.
A. taking up B. taking off C. taking on D. taking after
8. The estate agent spent a ....... deal of time trying to persuade me to buy the house.
A. large B. big C. great D. wide
9. A professor recently came ....... an unknown poem by Shakespeare while he was looking
through an old book.
A. round B. off C. up against D. across
10. The children were ....... by the television programme.
A. fascinated B. fascinate C. fascination D. fascinating
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11. He has had a bad day - in addition ....... being late for school, he forgot his homework.
A. with B. to C. by D. for
12. The child woke up crying because she had ....... a nightmare.
A. had B. seen C. dreamt D. felt
13. Psychiatrists spend a lot of time studying the mind. So ....... psychologists.
A. does B. do C. did D. spend
14. Do you know anyone who's interested ....... having a kitten?
A. at B. to C. in D. for
15. The shirt I was wearing today was torn, but I don't think anyone .......
A. watched B. remarked C. mentioned D. noticed
16. Oh, I forgot to tell you. I am having a party on Friday ....... ?
A. will you come B. do you come C. don't you come D. shall you come
17. The organizers decided to go ahead with the match ....... the bad weather.
A. in spite B. although C. unless D. despite
18. When I learned to ski, I practised on a slope that was not too .......
A. high B. steep C. rising D. tall
19. The policeman who stopped him asked him if ....... been drinking.
A. had he B. has he C. he had D. he has
20. I don't know what to do this weekend. Perhaps I ....... at home and do some work.
A. will stay B. am staying C. stay D. would stay

GRAMMAR DIGEST 3

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

FOCUS 1

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

The food is burning.
The baby is crying.
The dog and the baby arefighting.
Use the present progressive to talk about an
action that is happening right now: an action in
progress.
now
right now
at the moment
Use these time expressions with the present
progressive.

subject be base form of the verb + -ing
I am
You are
He
She
It
is
We
You They
are
working.

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Affirmative Contractions

subject + becontraction base form of the verb + -ing
Im
Youre
Hes
Shes
Its
Were
Youre
Theyre
working.

Exercise 3.1

Underline all the present progressive verbs in the text.

Example: Regis isnt having a good day.

Today is not a normal day at the Harrisons. Usually, Robins babysitter comes at 3:00 when
Robin leaves for work. But today, Robin is attending an all-day meeting at the college, and her
babysitter cant come. So Regis is spending the day at home. Hes taking care of the children and the
house. Hes trying very hard, but everything is going wrong. Regis isnt having a good day. Actually,
poor Regis is going crazy. Hes thinking about Robin. Hes learning something today. Its not easy to
stay home with the children. Hes beginning to understand this.

FOCUS 2

SPELLING OF VERBS ENDING IN ING

verb end rule examples
1 consonant + e Drop the e, add ing. write writing
2 vowel + consonant
(one syllable)
Double the consonant, add
ing.
sit sitting
Exception: verbs that end in w,
-x, and y.
Do not double w, x, and y. show
fix
play
showing
fixing
playing
3 consonant + vowel +
consonant. There is more
than one syllable, and the
stress is on the last syllable.
Double the consonant, add
ing.
beGIN
forGET
beginning
forgetting
If the stress is not on the last
syllable
Do not double the
consonant.
LISten
HAPpen
listening
happening
4 -ie Change ie to y, add ing. lie
die
lying
dying
5 All other verbs Add ing to the base form
of the verb.
talk
study
do
agree
talking
studying
doing
agreeing

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Exercise 3.2

Fill in the blanks with the present progressive.

Todays a normal day at the Harrisons. It is 4:00. Robin (1) _________________ (prepare)
dinner in the kitchen. She (2) _________________ (slice) onions and (3) _________________ (wipe)
the tears from her eyes. The house is quiet, so she (4) _________________ (listen) to some music. She
(5) _________________ (think) about her class tonight. She (6) _________________ (wait) for her
babysitter to arrive. The baby (7) _________________ (sleep). The dog (8) _________________
(chew) on a bone. Jimmy (9) _________________ (play) with his toys. Suzy (10) _________________
(clean) her room. Everything is under control.

Exercise 3.3

Fill in the blanks with the present progressive of the verb.

Example: Youre driving me crazy. Turn off the TV!

1. That crazy dog _________________ (bite) me!
2. I _________________ (walk) into a zoo!
3. Quiet! You _________________ (make) a lot of noise. I cant hear the TV.
4. Stop that, Jimmy. You _________________ (hurt) me.
5. Oh no! The food _________________ (burn)!
6. I _________________ (die) to take off my shoes. My feet _________________ (kill) me.

FOCUS 3

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

subject + be+ not negative contraction becontraction + not
I am * Im
You are You arent Youre
He
She
It
is He
She
It
isnt Hes
Shes
Its
We
You
They
are
not
working.
We
You
They
arent
working.
Were
Youre
Theyre
not working.

NOTE*: There is no standard English contraction with I am not.

Exercise 3.4

Make sentences with negative contractions.

Example: Robin/take care of the children today.
Robin isnt taking care of the children today.

1. Robin/wear comfortable shoes today.
______________________________
2. Robins babysitter/come today.
______________________________
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3. The baby and the dog/get along.
______________________________
4. Regis/relax.
______________________________
5. The children/listen to Regis.
______________________________
6. Suzy/do her homework.
______________________________
7. Suzy/help Regis.
______________________________
8. Regis/pay attention to the dinner in the oven.
______________________________
9. Regis/laugh.
______________________________
10. Regis/enjoy his children today.
______________________________

FOCUS 4

CHOOSING SIMPLE PRESENT OR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

The simple present and the present progressive have different uses.

use the simple present for: use the present progressive for:
habits and repeated actions
Suzy usually does her homework in the
afternoon.
actions in progress now
Suzys watching TV right now.
things that are true in general
Women usually take care of children.
actions that are temporary, not habitual
Regis is taking are of the children today.
situations that are changing
These days, men are spending more time with
their children.
time expressions time expressions
always
often
usually
sometimes
seldom
rarely
never
every day
once a week
on the weekends
right now
today
this week
this year
these days
now
at the moment
this evening
this month

Exercise 3.5

Read the story. If the underlined verb describes an action in progress write a P on the line in
front of the sentence. If the underlined verb describes a temporary action or a changing situation
write T/C in front of the sentence.

Example: T/C Dad is under a lot of stress. But, this year hes taking better care of
himself.

1. ____ These days, he is jogging more often.
2. ____ He is jogging right now.
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3. ____ He is also trying to eat better.
4. ____ Nowadays, he is eating more fruits and vegetables and less junk food.
5. ____ These days he is also spending more time with his family.
6. ____ But that isnt helping his stress.
7. ____ The kids are jogging with him.
8. ____ They are driving him crazy.

Exercise 3.6
Complete each of the following sentences to tell about an action that is temporary or a situation
that is changing in your life.

1. This week ______________________________________________________
2. Today ______________________________________________________
3. These days ______________________________________________________
4. This month ______________________________________________________
5. Nowadays ______________________________________________________
6. This year ______________________________________________________

Exercise 3.7
Read each statement. If the statement is in the simple present, make a second statement in the
present progressive. If the statement is in the present progressive, make a second statement in the
simple present.
Simple Present Present Progressive
1. Suzy usually does her homework in the
evening.
a. Tonight she is watching cartoons on TV.
2. _____________________________
_____________________________
b. Tonight, Robin isnt cooking dinner
3. Robin usually takes care of the children. c. _____________________________
_____________________________
4. _____________________________
_____________________________
d. Today, Regis is spending the day at
home.
5. The baby sitter usually takes car of the
children when Robin goes to work.
e. _____________________________
_____________________________
6. _____________________________
_____________________________
f. Right now, the baby and the dog are
fighting.
7. The babysitter usually doesnt go crazy. g. _____________________________
_____________________________

Exercise 3.8

Make sentences with these days or today to show changing situations.

Example: women/get more education
These days, women are getting more education.

1. Women/get good jobs
______________________________________________
2. Fifty percent of American women/work outside the home
_______________________________________________
3. Women/earn money
_______________________________________________
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4. Women/become more independent
________________________________________________
5. Me/share the work in the home
________________________________________________
6. Husbands/help their wives
________________________________________________
7. Fathers/spend more time with their children
________________________________________________
8. The roles of men and women/change
________________________________________________

Add two sentences of your own.

9. __________________________________________________________________

10. __________________________________________________________________

FOCUS 5

VERBS NOT USUALLY USED IN THE PROGRESSIVE

There are some verbs we usually do not use in the present progressive. These verbs are not
action verbs. They are called nonprogressive (or stative) verbs.
examples nonprogressive (stative) verbs
Robin loves her job.
NOT: Robin is loving her job.
The children need help.
NOT: The children are needing help.
FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS
(like, love, hate, prefer, want, need)
Regis understands his wife.
MENTAL STATES
(think, believe, understand, seem, forget,
remember, know, mean)
Regis hears the telephone ringing. SENSES (hear, see, smell, taste, feel, sound)
Robin and Regis own a house. POSSESSION (belong, own, have)

There are some stative verbs you can use in the present progressive, but they have a different
meaning.
Simple Present Present Progressive
I think youre a good student.
(Think means believe.)
I amthinking about you now.
I havetwo cars.
(Have means possess.)
Imhaving a good time.
(Have describes the experience.)
This soup tastes delicious.
(Taste means how the food is.)
Imtasting the soup.
(Taste here means the person is putting the
soup in his or her mouth.)

Exercise 3.9
Fill in the blanks with the present progressive or simple present form of the verb. Read the
dialogues aloud. Use contractions.
Example: Regis: Im going (go) crazy in this house.
Robin: I think (think) you need a vacation!
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1. Regis: Suzy, I need your help here.
Suzy: But, Dad, you (a) _______________ (need) my help every five minutes! I (b)
_______________ (watch) TV right now!

2. It is 3:00. The telephone is ringing.
Regis: Hello.
Laura: Hello, Regis. What are you (a) _______________ (do) home in the middle of the
afternoon?
Regis: Oh, hi, Laura. I know I (b) _______________ (be) never home in the afternoon,
but today I (c) _______________ (try) to be a house husband!
Laura: Oh, really? Wheres Robin?
Regis: Robin (d) _______________ (attend) a meeting at the college, so I (e)
_______________ (take care of) the kids.
3. Jimmy interrupts Regiss telephone conversation:
Regis: Hold on a minute, Laura Jimmy (a) _______________ (pull) on my leg!
Jimmy, I (b) _______________ (talk) to Mommys friend Laura right now. You (c)
_______________ (know) Laura. She (d) _______________ (come) to see Mommy
every week. Now, just wait a minute, please.
Laura: Is everything O.K., Regis?
Regis: Oh, yes, Laura, dont worry. We (e) _______________ (do) just fine. Talk to
you later. Bye!

4. It is 5:30. The telephone rings.
Regis: Hello.
Robin: Hi, honey! The meeting (a) _______________ (be) over. I (b)
_______________ (be) on my way home. What (c) _______________ (happen)? I
hope the children (d) _______________ (behave).
Regis: They (e) _______________ (act) like wild animal, Robin. I (f)
_______________ (yell) at them ell the time, but they dont listen to me. I (g)
_______________ (not/have) a very good day. Please come home soon.
Robin: You (h) _______________ (sound) terrible. Can I bring anything home dear?
Regis: Yes, a bottle of aspirin!

FOCUS 6

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: YES/NOQUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

yes/no questions short answers
Am I Yes, you are. No, you arent.
Are you Yes, I am. No, Im not.
Is he
she
it
Yes, he
she
it
is.
No, he
she
it
isnt
Are you
we
they
working?
Yes, we
you
they
are.
No, we
you
they
arent.

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FOCUS 7

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: WH-QUESTIONS

wh-word be subject verb + -ing answers
What am I doing? (Youre) getting ready for the beach.
When
Where
Why
How
are
you going?
(Im going) at 2:00.
(Were going) to the beach.
(Were going) because we can.
(Were going) by car.
Who(m) is she meeting? (Shes meeting) her friends.
Who* is having a nice
day?
Clara (is having a nice day).
*Who is asking about the subject.

Exercise 3.10
Write the question that asks for the underlined information.
1. Q: Who is watching television?
A: Suzy is watching television.
2. Q: Who(m) is Regis taking care of tonight?
A: Regis is taking care of the children.
3. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: Frankie and the dog are fighting because they both want the toy.
4. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: Robin is meeting her colleagues at the college.
5. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: Robins thinking that shes so lucky to be at work!
6. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: Theyre eating sandwiches for dinner because Regiss dinner tastes terrible.
7. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: Regis is watching the children today.
8. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: Regis is taking two aspirin because he has a terrible headache.
9. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: Robins meeting is taking place at the college.
10. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: Robin is coming home right now.
11. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: Regis is feeling very tired right now.
12. Q: ____________________________________________________________
A: The children are making a lot of noise.

Exercise 3.11

Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

Example: Is the pizza tasting good?
Does the pizza taste good?

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1. Frankie and the dog are fight.
______________________________________
2. Hes having a new TV.
______________________________________
3. Why are you working today?
______________________________________
4. Are you needing my help?
______________________________________
5. What Robin is thinking?
______________________________________
6. Is she believing him?
______________________________________
7. Right now, he plays cowboy on his fathers back.
_______________________________________
8. The soup is smelling bad.
_______________________________________
9. Where you are going?
_______________________________________
10. People no are saving money nowadays.
_______________________________________
11. You working hard these days.
_______________________________________
12. How you doing today?
_______________________________________

Exercise 3.12
I am Jose. This is my family. I have three sisters. Jennifer is my older sister. My two younger
sisters, Carmen and Margarita, are twins. I also have a younger brother Tito and a baby brother, Ricky.
We are on vacation. Right now we are having fun at the Wild Water amusement park.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present progressive tense.
Example: Jennifer is looking (look) at the lifeguard.
1. Tito _______________ (eat) a hot dog.
2. The lifeguard _______________ (watch) the swimmers and blowing his whistle.
3. Carmen and Margarita _______________ (bury) Dad in the sand.
4. The man _______________ (jump) into the water.
5. Mom _______________ (buy) the ho dogs and hamburgers.
6. Dad _______________ (sleep) on the sand.
7. Ricky _______________ (wade).
8. I _______________ (slide) down the water slide.
9. The hot dogs _______________ (burn).
10. The drinks _______________ (spill).

Write a sentence describing each activity using the words in parentheses as cues. Be sure to
spell the verb correctly and use the correct form.

Example: (Ricky/wade)
Ricky is wading.

1. (Dad/get/sunburn)
__________________________________________________________________
370
2. (Carmen/dig)
__________________________________________________________________
3. (swimmers/splash)
__________________________________________________________________
4. (the girls/bury/Dad)
__________________________________________________________________
5. (hot dogs/burn)
__________________________________________________________________
6. (I/slide)
__________________________________________________________________
7. (lifeguard/blow/whistle)
__________________________________________________________________
8. (Dad/lie in sand)
__________________________________________________________________
9. (Mom/buy/food)
__________________________________________________________________
10. (Jennifer/flirt)
__________________________________________________________________
11. (Tito/eat)
__________________________________________________________________

Now were on our way home from the park. Everyone is hot and tired. We arent having fun
anymore.

Using the negative form, complete the sentences using the given cues.

Example: Tito/feel well
Tito isnt feeling well.

1. The family/have fun
__________________________________________________________________
2. Dad/drive carefully
__________________________________________________________________
3. Carmen and Margarita/sit still
__________________________________________________________________
4. Mom/agree with dad
__________________________________________________________________
5. The air conditioning/work
__________________________________________________________________
6. I/talk to my family
__________________________________________________________________
7. Traffic/move
__________________________________________________________________
8. Jennifer/smile
__________________________________________________________________
9. Ricky/sleep
__________________________________________________________________
10. Dad/watch the road
__________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 3.13

At Christmas time things are different around my house. We arent doing the things that we
usually do.

Complete each complex sentence below by adding a phrase in the simple present or the
present progressive. Use but to connect the two phrases. Be sure to use the correct time expression
in your answer.

Example: I usually go to school, but today Im shoveling snow.

1. Im usually in my math class right now, _________________________________.
2. _______________________________ today hes putting up the Christmas lights.
3. Mom rarely makes cookies, __________________________________________.
4. __________________________________ now she isnt at her boyfriends house.
5. Ricky usually takes a nap, ____________________________________________.
6. _____________________________________ at the moment hes eating cookies.
7. _____________________________ at present they are arguing over a decoration.
8. Mom usually takes care of Ricky during the day, _________________________.
9. Dad usually helps me shovel the snow, _________________________________.
10. Tito usually eats good food, __________________________________________.

Exercise 3.14

Now we are getting ready for a big family reunion. There are so may people that Mom made a
list f who is coming, what food they are bringing, when they are coming, how they are coming, and
where they are sleeping. I hope they bring enough food for Tito.

Look at the lists, and write 15 questions about the people coming to the family reunion. Use as
many different question words as possible. Then answer the questions you write. There are many
correct answers to this exercise.

Example: When are Grandma and Grandpa arriving?
They are arriving Friday morning.

Who What When How Where
Grandma & Grandpa Potato Salad Friday Morning Car Twins room
Uncle Manuel Drinks Friday 7:00 am Train Living room
Cousin Carla & her
husband
Fresh Fruit Friday Noon Plane Joses room
Aunt Luz Cake Friday Evening Car Guest room
Uncle Raul Chips Friday Morning Bus Garage

1. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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6. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
15. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

TUTOR-ASSESSED TASK

WRITING

Retell in writing a dream you, or someone you know, can remember. Use between 120 and 180
words. In retelling this dream, try to answer the following questions:
What was the scene (when, where, why)?
What happened (why)?
How did it end?
If possible, try to offer an interpretation of this dream.

GRAMMAR

Choose the one word or phrase that best complete the sentence.

1. Kim likes ice cream, but _____________ makes her cold.
(A) she (B) it
(C) he (D) you

2. Artie and Gilberto go _____________ London every year.
(A) in (B) on
(C) to (D) at
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3. Monica flies _____________ San Antonio every week.
(A) out of (B) out on
(C) out off (D) out at

4. Please, _____________ find my keys.
(A) me help (B) you help me
(C) help me (D) help you

5. The teacher walked _____________ the classroom.
(A) on (B) through
(C) off (D) over

6. Drink water instead of cole. It is more healthy for _____________.
(A) me (B) him
(C) you (D) them

7. Betty has a problem with her daughter. She is always thinking about _____________.
(A) him (B) she
(C) them (D) her

8. Ricardo plays the guitar and practices _____________ every day.
(A) it (B) onto it
(C) on them (D) to it

9. _____________! That car is out of control!
(A) Watch out (B) Please, turn right
(C) Put on your blinker (D) Please, try my new car
when you turn

10. The marathon race goes _____________ the center of the city and _____________ the bridge.
(A) throughup (B) pastthrough
(C) throughacroos (C) overdown

11. The rice is always overcooked. Please, _____________ more carefully.
(A) watch it (B) watch them
(C) you watch them (D) watch you it

12. A hurricane can blow a roof _____________ a house.
(A) out of (B) off of
(C) at (D) down

13. _____________ First Street.
(A) Turn left on (B) You turn
(C) Turn left into (D) Turn you on

14. There are many fast-food restaurants _____________ the highway.
(A) to (B) along
(C) into (D) out of

15. When the cat and the dog need food I give _____________ some.
(A) it (B) they
(C) them (D) him

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Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be
grammatically correct.

16. Enrique has many new books; he can read it during the winter break.
A B C D
17. How often do you call your parents? I call him all the time.
A B C D
18. Excuse me, how do I get to the park? Go straight. Walk one block. Then turn in the corner of
A B C D
Central Ave.

19. Please, has some more juice. Thanks, its delicious. Where did you buy it? At the fruit stand.
A B C D

20. How do I get there? Walk at the corner and turn left.
A B C D
21. Who likes action movies? Mona likes they; she watches them often.
A B C D
22. After they climb up the mountain, the explorers climb off of the mountain.
A B C D
23. This is my best advice about learning a new language. Dont afraid to use it even if you make
A B C D
a mistake.
24. The helicopter always flies up the city. The pilot looks for traffic accidents. He tells the drivers
A B
on the ground how to get away from traffic jams.
C D
25. The dog likes to play with the cat, but when the dog comes into the house the cat runs away it.
A B C D

You will send these tasks to your tutor for assessment.

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READING DIGEST 4

A DOLPHIN AND AN ASTRONOMER

Exercise 4.1
A. Read through the following list of animals and divide them into two categories: animals which are
useful or friendly to humans, and animals which are dangerous or a nuisance to humans.
spiders mosquitoes horses whales rats elephants
tigers dogs sheep wolves cats mice

B. Do you think we should train animals to entertain us, for example, in circuses? Why? Why not?

Exercise 4.2

Read the text and choose the best answer to the questions that follow.
One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a
little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate
with each other. He was standing at the edge of one of the tanks where several of these highly intelligent,
friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back. He
wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar
was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute
or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the word 'More!'
The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.
'Oh, yes. That's one of the words he knows,' the director said, showing no surprise at all.
Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, and it has been
known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to
have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and much
further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better
developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a 'language', in the real
sense of the word? Scientists don't agree on this.
A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words. A language has a structure, or
what we call a grammar. The grammar of a language helps to give it meaning. For example, the two
questions 'Who loves Mary?' and 'Who does Mary love?' mean different things. If you stop to think about
it, you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in
structure. That is why the question 'Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins
not only make sounds but also arrange them in ways which affect their meaning.

1. The dolphin leapt into the air because
A. Sagan had turned his back.
B. it was part of the game they were playing.
C. he wanted Sagan to scratch him again.
D. Sagan wanted him to do this.

2. When Sagan told the director about what the dolphin had done, the director
A. didn't seem to think it was unusual.
B. thought Sagan was joking.
C. told Sagan about other words the dolphin knew.
D. asked him if he knew other words.

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3. Dolphins' brains are particularly well developed to
A. help them to travel fast in water.
B. arrange sounds indifferent structures.
C. respond to different kinds of sound.
D. communicate with humans through sound.

4. The sounds we call words can be called a language only if
A. each sound has a different meaning.
B. each sound is different from the other.
C. there is a system of writing.
D. they have a structure or grammar.

VOCABULARY

say, tell, talk or speak?

Exercise 4.3

Complete the following sentences with say, tell, talk or speak.

1. How many languages can you ..... ?
2. What is the first word most children learn to ..... ?
3. Stop it! Don't ..... nonsense!
4. Please ..... us another joke.
5. When do children usually learn to ..... ?
6. Please ..... me when to get off this bus.
7. Actions ..... louder than words.
8. Sorry, I wasn't listening. What did you ..... ?

Exercise 4.4

A. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate word formed from the word in
CAPITALS.

Example: Notice the similarity of these words. SIMILAR

1. Language is a means of ...................... COMMUNICATE
2. Dolphins are ...................... very intelligent. APPEAR
3. How do they show their ...................... ? INTELLIGENT
4. Sagan looked at Elvar in ...................... ASTONISH
5. He wanted to learn more about the ...................... of a dolphin's brain. DEVELOP
6. The chimp's trainer made several ...................... CORRECT
7. His ...................... to stop annoyed the chimp. REFUSE
8. The chimp looked at Tim ...................... ANGRY
Which is the phrasal verb?

B. Study these examples. The same pair of words is used twice. But is the meaning the same in
both examples? Which of the two is the phrasal verb?

a) Have you ever looked into a microscope?
b) Carl Sagan has looked into the way dolphins communicate with each other.

c) When the chimps hear a certain cry, they look up.
d) Look up the words you don't understand in the dictionary.
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e) When I was very young, I wanted to go on the stage as an actor.
f) If you give him a chance, he will go on talking forever.

g) Go up the stairs and turn left.
h) Prices go up but never come down.
i) Come down here!

LANGUAGE STUDY

Structure changes meaning

Exercise 4.5

A. What is the difference in meaning in the following three pairs of sentences? What is it that
causes this change of meaning?

a) Sound travels through water very fast.
b) The sound travels through the water very fast.
c) Who loves Mary?
d) Who does Mary love?
e) Stop to think about it!
f) Stop thinking about it!

Which sentence could be rephrased as follows?

1. Stop for a moment and think about it.
2. Don't think about it.
3. Mary loves someone. Who?
4. Someone loves Mary. Who?

Can you rephrase the other two sentences?

Two types of question with who

B. Study each sentence carefully. Then answer the two questions about each sentence.

1. Tom loves Mary but Mary loves Dick.
a) Who loves Mary? b) Who(m) does Mary love?
2. Lee Oswald killed Kennedy and Jack Ruby killed Oswald.
a) Who killed Oswald? b) Who(m) did Oswald kill?

C. What questions would you ask in these situations?
1. Someone broke the window. (You want to know who.)
2. Someone always leaves the door open. (Ask who.)
3. Cleopatra loved someone. (Ask who.)
4. The teacher works for someone. (Find out who.)
5. Only a very few people like doing exercises like these. (Find out who.)
When do you have to use the?

Exercise 4.6
Use the words and phrases below to make complete sentences.
Example: sound/travel/very fast/water. Sound travels very fast in water.
378
1. sound/your television set/very loud.
2. you enjoy/listen/classical music?
3. you like/music/Beethoven and Mozart?
4. love/money/be/often/strongest feeling/all.
5. I be/very interested/science.
6. I be/particularly interested/science of marine biology.
7. I/not like/food/this restaurant.
8. Everybody need/food/in order/live.

How words change from verb to noun

Exercise 4.7
A. Look at the word in CAPITALS. What form of the word do you need to complete the
sentences? Does the word always change?

1. Scientists don't ............... about this. AGREE
2. Let's sign this ............... AGREE
3. What does this word ...............? MEAN
4. What's the ............... of this? MEAN
5. Where do you ............... ? LIVE
6. It's a hard ............... LIVE
7. When will we ............... in London? ARRIVE
8. Pan Am announces the ............... of flight 704 from New York. ARRIVE
9. This news will ............... you. ASTONISH
10. Sagan looked at Elvar in ............... ASTONISH
11. I ............... stamps. COLLECT
12. Would you like to see my ............... ? COLLECT

B. When a verb changes to a noun, the form can change in a number of ways. Can you think of
other examples of each of the following (a-e)?

a) A special ending (a suffix) is added:
amuse - amusement act - action
appear - appearance refer - reference
refuse - refusal tend - tendency

b) A vowel and/or consonant changes:
sell - sale believe - belief

c) Sometimes the spelling is the same but the pronunciation changes:
I don't use (/z/) soap.
I have no use (/s/) for soap.

d) In a few cases, the stress changes:
We import (imPORT) cars.
This is an import (IMport).

e) But with many verbs, the noun form is exactly the same:
I love you. Love is a dangerous thing.
I hate you. Hate is a strong feeling.

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C. How do these forms change? Give the missing form of the words below.

VERB NOUN

suggest
...............................
satisfy
...............................
interfere
...............................
encourage
...............................
see
...............................
give
...............................
prove
...............................
advise

...............................
explanation
...............................
permission
...............................
appearance
...............................
delivery
...............................
breath
...............................
export
...............................
practice
...............................

1. From the completed table above and from any other words you know; make a list of
endings like -ion which show you a word is a noun.
2. Pronounce the words in the table. Do you notice any other changes from verb to noun?

Pronunciation changes with ion

D. Pronounce the words below. What do you notice about the sound of the final consonant (d,
s, t) as the verb changes to a noun?

decide - decision express - expression
confuse - confusion direct - direction

Give the noun forms (-ion) of these verbs. Pronounce them.

add confess inflate
divide impress suspect
persuade possess pollute

Exercise 4.8

Read the following passage quickly to get an idea of what it is about.

Dolphins are not the only animals .............. (1) humans that use sounds in an apparently
intelligent manner. Whales also use a complex system of sounds .............. (2) is similar in many ways to
a human language. One type of whale even sings, and its songs can .............. (3) on for as long as
three or four hours. What is more, they can be heard under water at .............. (4) of more than 300
kilometres. After analysing one of these songs with the aid of a computer, Carl Sagan said it ..............
(5) at least a million 'bits' of information. This is approximately the same .............. (6) of 'bits' as in a long
poem like the Odyssey.
Chimpanzees also use a system of different sounds to communicate with each .............. (7).
One type of cry .............. (8) to mean something like 'danger in the air' or 'big bird' and another
apparently means 'danger on the ground' or 'snake'. When they .............. (9) the first cry, they hide
under trees or in holes and look up at the sky. The second cry causes them to hide in the upper
.............. (10) of trees and to stare nervously at the grass.
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Chimpanzees are also .............. (11) of learning sign language. So are gorillas. One chimp
called Washoe learned to .............. (12) about 160 separate signs meaning .............. (13) things as
'Give me a drink' and 'banana'. Washoe even .............. (14) to swear. She had a teacher called Jack
.............. (15) once refused to give her a drink. Washoe .............. (16) angrier and angrier and used
several signs which .............. (17) 'dirty Jack'!
A group of chimps at a research institute in Atlanta, Georgia, have recently .............. (18) taught
to type sentences, using a kind of computer. The chimps' trainer was called Tim, and he kept correcting
the .............. (19) one of the chimps made. The chimp obviously wanted Tim to stop .............. (20) him
and typed out the following request: Tim, please leave room!'

Here are the missing words. Fill each of the numbered blanks with one word. Notice that
sometimes more than one alternative is possible.

got such learned other hear
correcting contained distances make/use go
been besides branches seems/appears meant
who mistakes capable number/amount which/that

GRAMMAR DIGEST 4

ADJECTIVE PHRASES

Another, The Other, Other(s), The Other(s), Intensifiers

Past Tense of Be

FOCUS 1

ADJECTIVE PHRASES

noun adjective phrase verb
The man
The food
in the suit
on the table
is the school principal.
is delicious.

Adjective phrases are groups
of words that describe nouns.
The woman is in a white coat. The woman is the school nurse.
The woman in the white coat is the school nurse.
Adjective phrases can
combine two sentences.

The man with the books is the science teacher.
The verb agrees with the
subject, not with the noun in
the adjective phrase.

Exercise 4.1

Put parentheses around the adjective phrases. Underline the subject and the verb in each
sentence.

Example: The man (in the suit) works in an office.
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381
1. The man in the suit and tie is the school principal.
2. The man with the books and microscope is the science teacher.
3. The woman in the white coat is the school nurse.
4. The woman with the whistle is the girls basketball coach.
5. The man with the white hat works in the school cafeteria.
6. The woman with the easel and paints is the art teacher.

Exercise 4.2

Circle the adjective phrases in each of the sentences.

1. The men in the ambulance are paramedics.
2. The boy on the skateboard is going to crash.
3. The man at the stoplight is in a hurry.
4. The minivan on the highway is full of children.
5. The car with the red light on top is a police car.
6. The tricycle with the squeaky wheel belongs to the little girl.
7. The truck parked at the grocery store is full of bread.
8. The fire engine with the ladder is blocking the intersection.
9. The bulldozer with the woman driver is new.
10. The car with a dent is a sports car.
11. The elegant lady with the chauffeur owns a limousine.

Exercise 4.3

Combine each of the sentence pairs into one sentence with an adjective phrase.

1. The girl has pigtails. She is kicking her partner.
The girl with pigtails is kicking her partner.
2. The boy has a striped shirt and black pants. He is throwing a paper airplane across the room.
__________________________________________________________________
3. The girls are near the window. They are waving to their friends outside.
__________________________________________________________________
4. The boy is in a baseball uniform. He is standing on the teachers desk.
__________________________________________________________________
5. The boys are in the back of the room. They are fighting.
__________________________________________________________________
6. The boy is in the corner. He is reading.
__________________________________________________________________
7. The girl is in the closet. She is crying.
__________________________________________________________________
8. The girl has a walkman. She is singing.
__________________________________________________________________
9. The man has a rope around him. He is the new teacher.
__________________________________________________________________
10. The man is in a suit and tie. He is the school principal.
__________________________________________________________________
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FOCUS 2

QUESTIONS WITH WHICH

Which woman is wearing a white coat?
The school nurse.
Which teachers are women?
The coach and the art teacher.
Use which when there is a choice between two or
more people or things.
Which coat do you like, Mom?
I like the black one.
Which shoes do you like, Dad?
The brown ones.
Substitute the words one or ones for nouns so you
do not repeat the noun.
Which shoes do you want?
The ones in the window.
You can also use adjective phrases after one and
ones.

Exercise 4.4

Cheryl and her daughter Rachel are going shopping for school clothes. They each have
different ideas about what kind of clothes to buy. Complete the following by writing which questions for
each answer.

1. __________________________________________________________________
Cheryl wants to get the long skirt.
2. __________________________________________________________________
Rachel likes the high heel shoes.
3. __________________________________________________________________
Rachel prefers long, dangling earrings.
4. __________________________________________________________________
Cheryl wants to buy the pullover sweater.
5. __________________________________________________________________
Rachel likes the skirt with holes.
6. __________________________________________________________________
Cheryl prefers the small earrings.
7. __________________________________________________________________
Rachel likes the tight blouse.
8. __________________________________________________________________
Rachel wants to buy the hooded sweater.
9. __________________________________________________________________
Cheryl wants to buy the flat shoes.
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FOCUS 3

ANOTHER, THE OTHER, OTHER(S), THE OTHER(S)
adjective pronoun meaning
A: Im hungry.
B: Here. Have a chocolate.
A: Im still hungry. Can I have another
cookie? / (Can I have another?)
another
cookie
another one more cookie,
one more from a
group
B: There are no more cookies in the box.
A: There are two other boxes in the closet.
/ (There are two others in the closet.)
other boxes others more than one
more
B: I found one box. Where is the other box? /
(Where is the other?)
A: The other box is behind it.
A: How many more cookies can I have?
the other box the other the one you spoke
about; the last one
in a group
B: You can have one more. The other
cookies are for me!
(The others are for me!)
the other
cookies
the others the ones you
spoke about; the
last ones in a
group

Exercise 4.5

Thor is visiting Earth from another planet. Ed Toppil interviews Thor on television.

Fill in the blanks with another, the other, other(s), or the other(s).
Ed: We on Earth are really excited to know there is (1) _____________ planet out there, Thor.
Many of us know there are (2) _____________ but we are not able to find them. Do you know
of any (3) _____________ planets?
Thor: Yes, we do. We know two (4) _____________ Limbix and Cardiax. I have photos of the people
from both of (5) _____________ planets. The Limbix are the ones on the left. The Cardiax are
(6) _____________ ones. We also now know the planet Earth. We are sure there are (7)
_____________ out there, but (8) _____________ are very far away.
Ed: I am surprised that you speak English so well, Thor. Do the Thoraxes have (9) _____________
language too?
Thor: Yes, of course. We speak Thoracic, but English is a universal language, you know, so we all
learn it in school. People on (10) _____________ two planets speak English too!
Ed: So what brings you to Earth?
Thor: Well, Ed, we are looking for (11) _____________ intelligent beings in the universe.
Ed: On Earth?!! I dont know if you can find many intelligent being on Earth, Thor! But we can
discuss that at (12) _____________ time. Right now, lets stop for a station break.

Exercise 4.6
Thor tours America. Fill in another, other(s), or the other(s).
1. George: You only have one tie, Thor. You need to buy (a) _____________ one.
Thor: Why?
George: Because Americans are consumers. They like to buy things.
Thor: But I dont like (b) _____________ ties here.
George: O.K. Look at (c) _____________ over there. Maybe you can find (d)
_____________ one.
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2. Thor is in a candy store with a child.
Thor: Which candy is good here?
Child: This one is good, but first taste (a) _____________ one in the brown and green paper.
Its out of this word!
Thor: Hmmmm, excellent. Is it O.K. to take (b) _____________ one?

3. Soaprah: So, Thor, tell us about your family. Are you married?
Thor: Yes, I am, and I have two children. One is a specialist in interplanetary
communication and (a) _____________ owns a spaceship factory.
Soaprah: And what does your wife do?
Thor: My wife is a spaceship pilot.
Soaprah: What about (b) _____________ people one Thorax? What do they do?
Thor: (c) _____________ do different jobs. We have doctors, teachers, artists, and
so on. We dont have any tax collectors.
Soaprah: Are there any (d) _____________ professions you dont have?
Thor: We dont have any lawyers, Im happy to say.
Soaprah: That sounds great to me!
Thor: Do you have (e) _____________ questions?
Soaprah: I have a million (f) _____________ questions! But our time is up. I was nice
meeting you, Thor. Thanks so much for coming.

FOCUS 4

INTENSIFIERS

Intensifiers are words that make adjectives more or less strong.
subject be intensifier adjective
Earth is very beautiful.
The people on Thorax are quite similar.
The people on Earth are rather / pretty* / fairly different.
Thorax isnt very** beautiful.

subject be article intensifier adjective noun
Earth is a very special place.
Thorax is a rather / pretty / fairly small planet.
Thorax isnt a very attractive place.
*Pretty has the same meaning as rather, but is very informal.
**Very is the only intensifier we use in negative sentences.

subject be intensifier article adjective noun
Thorax is quite a small planet.

Exercise 4.7

Test Thors knowledge. How many of the objects can Thor (and you) guess?

1. This is fairly long and thin.
People eat it.
It is very popular in Italy.
What is it? ___________________________

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385
2. This is a liquid.
People usually drink it hot.
They like its rather strong smell.
It is brown.
What is it? ___________________________

3. This is an electrical appliance.
It is quite common in peoples homes.
Sometimes it is very hot.
You put bread into it.
What is it? ___________________________

4. This is very cold.
Its also pretty hard.
People put it in drinks on hot days.
Its quite slippery.
What is it? ___________________________

5. This is quite a big metal box.
Its electrical and pretty practical.
Its very useful in tall buildings.
People go inside the box.
The box goes up and down.
What is it? ___________________________

6. This is a very popular piece of plastic.
It isnt very big.
With it, we can buy rather expensive things without money.
What is it? ___________________________

7. There are different kinds of candy.
All of them are good.
But this one is very special.
It comes in brown or white.
Its pretty fattening.
Its quite delicious.
What is it? ___________________________

8. This thing is quite colorful.
It isnt very common.
It sometimes follows rainstorms.
It is quite a beautiful sight.
What is it? ___________________________

Exercise 4.8

Ed Toppil continues his interview with Thor. Write an intensifier in each blank. There is more
than one possible answer.

Ed: So tell me, Thor, what do you think of our planet?
Thor: Well, Earth is a beautiful planet, but its (1) quite a strange place. Many of your leader are not
doing a (2) _____________ good job. Some people on Earth are (3) _____________ rich.
Others are (4) _____________ poor. There can be a (5) _____________ big difference among
386
people. On Thorax, we are all equal. Money isnt (6) _____________ important. Learning is (7)
_____________ important. Thats why were visiting Earth. Your knowledge can be (8)
_____________ useful to us. Also, your art and music (9) _____________ beautiful.
Ed: Thats (10) _____________ interesting. Im sure we can learn many (11) _____________
useful and exciting things from you, too, Thor.

Exercise 4.9

How necessary or important is each thing? Make statements about Thors opinion and give your
opinion. Use intensifiers. Explain your answers.

1. a spaceship
For me, a spaceship is not necessary. I travel by car.
For Thor, a spaceship is very important. Thor travels by spaceship.

2. a credit card
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. music
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. knowledge
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. money
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. a good leader for the country
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. a computer
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. teachers
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
9. a beautiful planet
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. friends
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Exercise 4.10

Fill in a verb (affirmative or negative) and an intensifier in each blank. There are many possible
answers.

1. A walkman is fairly useful.
2. A cordless telephone ____________________ practical.
3. Big cars ____________________ economical.
4. A microwave oven ____________________ necessary.
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387
5. A drivers license ____________________ important.
6. A credit card ____________________ dangerous.
7. Fast food ____________________ popular in my country.
8. American movies ____________________ violent.
9. Airplanes ____________________ safe.
10. A university degree ____________________ important.

FOCUS 5

PAST TENSE OF BE

subject verb
I was
You were
He
She
It
was
We
You
They
were
famous.
There
There
was
were
a famous actress in that film.
many political leaders at the meeting.

Exercise 4.11
Use the past tense of be to make correct statements about the following famous people.
1. The Beatles _________ a famous British rock group in the 1960s.
2. Indira Gandhi _________ the Prime Minister of India.
3. Marie and Pierre Curie _________ French scientists.
4. Mao Tse Toung _________ a revolutionary and political leader in the Peoples Republic of
China.
5. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt _________
presidents of the United States.
6. Matin Luther King Jr. _________ an American civil rights leader.
7. Marilyn Monroe _________ an American movie star.
8. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis _________ the wife of president John F. Kennedy and of Aristotle
Onassis, a Greek millionaire.

Fill in the blanks in the postcard. Use be in the simple past.

Dear Grandma and Grandpa,
Here we are in Florida. What a place! Yesterday we (1) _________ at Disneyworld all day. The
sun (2) _________ really strong and it (3) _________ very hot. The lines (4) _________ long, but the
rides and the shows (5) _________ fun. Disneyworld (6) _________ crowded, but all the people (7)
_________ friendly and polite. our favorite place (8) _________ Cinderellas palace! The fireworks at
night (9) _________ beautiful! It (10) _________ great for us, but Dad (11) _________ really hot and
tired at the end of the day!

We miss you! See you soon.
Love,
Melanie and Michele
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Exercise 4.13

This story is a story similar to the story of Cinderella, but it is from Canadian Indians who live on
the Atlantic coast of North America. Complete the story using was or were. The first one has been done
for you as an example.

The Indian Cinderella

Once there was an Indian maiden. Her mother _________ dead, so her sisters took care of her.
The maiden _________ very beautiful, and her sisters _________ jealous. They _________ mean to
her. They made her do all the work. The older sisters _________ rich, but the maidens clothes
_________ old rags.
In the same village, there _________ a great warrior named Strong Wind, the Invisible. He
_________ very powerful. He _________ different from all the other warriors because he could make
himself invisible. Many girls in the village wanted to be Strong Winds wife. When Strong Wind
_________ ready to marry, he made an announcement he would marry whoever could see him when
he was invisible.
The three sisters all wanted to marry Strong Wind.
The first sister said, I see Strong wind. He is there, but she was lying. She couldnt see him at
all.
The second sister said, Yes, I see him, hes there. But she _________ not truthful either.
The Indian maiden looked and looked, then said, No, I cannot see him. She _________
honest.
Strong Wind liked her honesty, so he made himself visible only to her. Then the maiden
shouted I see Strong Wind. Strong Wind became visible to all the people of the village and they saw
she was telling the truth.
The two sisters _________ angry and tried to hurt the maiden. But Strong Wind turned them
into aspen trees. That is why the aspen trees shake when Strong Wind passes. Strong Wind and the
maiden _________ married and they _________ very happy together.

FOCUS 6

PAST TENSE OF BE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

subject be +not negative contractions
I was not I wasnt
You were not You werent
He
She
It
was not
He
She
It
wasnt
We
You
They
were not
famous.
We
You
They
werent
famous.
There was no time to eat. There wasnt any time to eat.
There were no dates in the task. There werent any dates in the task.

Exercise 4.14

How do Michael and Carol remember their trip to Disneyworld? Fill in the blanks with the
affirmative or negative of be in the simple past.
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389
Alice: Oh, hi, Michael. Hi, Carol. how (1) was your trip to Disneyworld last week?
Carol: Hi, Alice. Oh, it (2) _________ fun.
Michael: Fun! That vacation (3) _________ (not) fun, it (4) _________ terrible!
Carol: But Michael, how can you say that? I think the children and I (5) _________ very
satisfied with our vacation.
Michael: Carol, the weather (6) _________ boiling hot.
Carol: It (7) _________ (not) boiling hot, it (8) _________ very comfortable.
Michael: The food (9) _________ (not) very good.
Carol: The food (10) _________ fine, Michael.
Michael: The people (11) _________ (not) friendly.
Carol: Of course, they (12) _________ friendly.
Michael: The kids (13) _________ very difficult.
Carol: The kids (14) _________ (not) difficult, Michael. Come on, they (15) _________ great.

Exercise 4.15
Make sentences about last weekend with the adjectives in the box.
cheap cold rainy polite sunny rude
interesting friendly windy comfortable terrible slow
warm small wet nice delicious crowded
good charming wonderful

Last weekend, you were in the country with your friends
1. The weather? How was the weather?
It was cold.

2. In the evening, you were at an expensive restaurant.
How was the restaurant? The food and service?
__________________________________________________________________

3. After the restaurant, you were at a party.
How were the people?
__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4.16
Using the list of characters and descriptions, write five negative statements about the
characters in The Indian Cinderella. Then make a true affirmative statement. There are many correct
answers to this exercise.
Example: Strong Wind was not weak. He was powerful.
Characters Descriptions
Strong Wind
Sisters
Maiden
honest
beautiful
powerful
weak
angry
rich
a great warrior
nice
jealous
happy
dishonest
poor
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.17

Make the following statements true by changing them into negative statements.

Example: There was a mother in the story.
There was not a mother in the story.

1. The story was about two good sisters.
__________________________________________________________________
2. The maidens clothes were new.
__________________________________________________________________
3. There was a princess in the story.
__________________________________________________________________
4. The maiden was unhappy at the end of the story.
__________________________________________________________________
5. The story was sad at the end.
__________________________________________________________________

FOCUS 7

YES/NOQUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS WITH BE IN THE SIMPLE PAST

verb subject affirmative negative
Was I you were. you
you
were not.
werent.
Were you I was. I
I
was not.
wasnt.
Was
he
she
it
he
she
it
was.
he/she/it
he/she/it
was not.
wasnt.
Were
we
you
they
right? Yes,
you
we
they
were.
No,
you/we/they

you/we/they
were not.

werent.
Was there any good food at
Disneyland?
Yes, there was. No, there was not.
No, there wasnt.
Were there long lines at
Disneyworld?
Yes, there were.

No, there were not.
No, there werent.

Exercise 4.18

Read the answers. Write the yes/no questions about the Indian Cinderella story.

Example: Were the sisters nice to the maiden?
No, they were not nice to the maiden.

1. __________________________________________________________________
Yes, there were three sisters.
2. __________________________________________________________________
Yes, her sisters were rich.
3. __________________________________________________________________
Yes, the sisters were jealous and mean.
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4. __________________________________________________________________
No, her clothes werent new.
5. __________________________________________________________________
Yes, he was a powerful warrior.
6. __________________________________________________________________
No, they werent honest.
7. __________________________________________________________________
Yes, she was honest.
8. __________________________________________________________________
No, the sisters were not married.
9. __________________________________________________________________
Yes, the ending was happy.

Exercise 4.19

Detective Furlock questions a police officer about a crime. Fill in the blanks with there + be in
the simple past.

Example: Was there a crime last night?
There were several police officers at the house.

Police Officer: The body was here, Detective Furlock.
Furlock: (1) _________________ a weapon?
Police Officer: Yes, (2) _________________ a gun next to the body.
Furlock: (3) _________________ any fingerprints on the gun?
Police Officer: No, sir. (4) _________________.
Furlock: (5) _________________ any motive for this crime?
Police Officer: We dont know, sir.
Furlock: How about witnesses? (6) _________________ any witnesses to the crime?
Police Officer: Yes, sir. (7) _________________ one witness a neighbor. She said (8)
_________________ loud noises in the apartment at midnight.
Furlock: Where is she? Bring her to me

FOCUS 8

WH-QUESTIONS WITH BE

wh-questions be subject answers
What November 22, 1963? It was the day of President
Kennedys assassination.
Where
How
Who
When
was
the assassination?
the day?
the assassin?
the assassination?
It was in Dallas, Texas.
Very sad.
Lee Harvey Oswald, we think.
November 22, 1963.
Why were people sad? Because Kennedy was a popular
president.
Whose gun was it? Lee Harvey Oswalds.

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Exercise 4.20
Fill in the wh-question word and the correct form of be to complete each sentence.
Andrea: (1) _________________ you on the day of Kennedys assassination?
Helene: I was in school. There was an announcement over the loud speaker.
Andrea: (2) _________________ you with at the time?
Helene: I was with my friend Patty.
Andrea: (3) _________________ it in school that day?
Helene: It was terrible. We were all very upset and silent.
Andrea: (4) _________________ you all silent?
Helene: Because it was hard to believe he was dead.
Andrea: And at home? (5) _________________ things at home?
Helene: At home, things were very bad. My parents were in shock too.
Andrea: (6) _________________ their feelings after the assassination?
Helene: They were angry, sad, confused, and afraid.

Exercise 4.21
1. Do was Indira Gandhi and Golda Meir Prime Minister?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The Beatles wasnt fashion designers.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Was hot the weather at Disneyworld last week?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Where the earthquake was in Japan in 1996?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why the people were on Mount Everest?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Was good the service at the restaurant?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. No was any dates in the document.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. How it was the trip to Disneyworld?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4.22

Create 10 sentences that contrast past and present meaning using but. Each sentence should
contain on word or phrase from each box. There are many correct answers.

Examples: Last year English was difficult for me, but this year it is easy.
English is easy this year, but it was difficult last year.
yesterday
last night
yesterday morning
last year
before
I
my parents
my teacher
my classmates
my car
my friend
my clothes
my house (apartment)
you
we
my family
English
today
this year
tonight
this morning
now
this time
excited
clean
neat
broken
fixed
pretty
old
new
busy
lazy
hard
happy
unhappy
sad
angry
homesick
beautiful
ugly
easy
difficult
soft
noisy

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1. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4.23

Imagine that you were a newspaper reporter who attended the wedding of Strong Wind and the
Indian maiden. You interviewed one of the wedding guests to find out how the bride and groom met.
Write the questions you asked. Be sure to use be in the simple past.

Example: What was she like before they met?

1. What _________________________________________________________________
2. When ________________________________________________________________
3. Where ________________________________________________________________
4. Why _________________________________________________________________
5. How _________________________________________________________________
6. Whose sisters __________________________________________________________
7. Who _________________________________________________________________

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READING DIGEST 5

ROMANIES

Exercise 5.1
How are Romany people (Gypsies) treated in this country? Do you know anything about their lifestyle?
Exercise 5.2
You are going to read a magazine article about the Romany people. Choose from the list (A-H)
the sentence which best summarises each part (1-6) of the article. There is one extra sentence which
you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).
A. The Gypsy people originally came from India.
B. The Gypsy culture and lifestyle will continue unchanged into the future.
C. In Medieval England, the people mistakenly believed the Gypsies came from Egypt.
D. The fair has a long history.
E. Many millions of Gypsies live in Britain.
F. Gypsies in England have an annual fair where horses are bought and sold.
G. Some Gypsies may hide their identity to escape persecution.
H. Throughout the year Gypsies travel around Britain, working and taking part in fairs.

Romanies: 1,000 years on the road
0. F
Every June, the larger part of Britain's 75,000-strong Gypsy population gather together at the
town of Appleby for the famous horse fair. All week long silver caravans and trailers arrive at the site -
one of the world's very few remaining displays of Gypsy culture.

1.
The main attraction of the fair is horse dealing. Travellers have been coming to Appleby for
hundreds of years. References to the fair itself are found as early as 1176 and it's believed that Gypsies
started to attend it in the 13th century.

2.
From Appleby the gypsies move on to another town, St Boswell's in the borders then on to
Cambridgeshire for strawberry picking followed by the Stow-on-the-Wold fair and Barnet fair. That's it
until the next season, which begins in June with a week of horse racing at Epsom, where the Epsom
Derby race is the main horse racing event of the Gypsy calendar. As the saying goes, "You're not a
proper Gypsy if you don't go to Epsom."

3.
What makes a Gypsy? This has proven a very difficult question to answer. It seems that the
Gypsy people left Northern India in the 10
th
century, gradually working their way westwards and picking
up parts of different languages and various cultures along the way.

4.
The use of the word "Gypsy" as a description for Romany people actually came about by
mistake. When these mysterious dark-haired people began arriving in England in the Middle Ages,
people assumed they came from Egypt. Gypsy is a modification of the word Egyptian. Gypsies actually
claim to be specific people, a nation among nations, and describe themselves using the word "Rom"
which includes all descendants of the people who left India a thousand years ago.

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5.
There are thought to be around 15 million Romanies in the world, with the largest number
(around 2 million) living in Romania. Many hide their Gypsy roots to avoid the trouble it can bring them.
They have concealed their language too. In England in the 16th century the punishment for speaking
Romany was death.

6.
Gypsies and non-Gypsies often look at each other with suspicion. Gypsy customs are rarely
revealed and this is because of a distrust of outsiders. However, the Gypsy lifestyle of travelling and
working, along with their customs and religion, have been maintained through the centuries, whatever
the attitude of outsiders, and will undoubtedly continue for centuries into the future.

VOCABULARY

Exercise 5.3
Fill in the gaps with the correct word(s) from the list below.
distrust of reference to persecution reveal
maintain modifications conceal descendant

1. The Indians try to ........................ their ancient customs in the modern world. (keep)
2. He has made some ........................ to his car. He has repainted it and changed the engine. (changes)
3. The ........................ of witches was widespread in the Middle Ages. (cruel and unfair treatment)
4. She is a(n) ........................ of Winston Churchill - he was her great-great-grandfather. (relative)
5. Peter was afraid of being arrested, so he tried to ........................ his identity from the police. (hide)
6. His mother's ........................ him was such that he wasn't allowed to go out alone. (lack of faith in)
7. The spy was instructed never to ........................ her true identity. (make known)
8. The lawyer made no ........................ the burglar's criminal past. (mention of)

Exercise 5.4

Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list. Use the word only once.
gypsy to move on to work
the saying long to attend
racing customs to pick up

horse ............... event ............... their way westwards ............... to another town
............... history ............... are maintained ............... a language
............... a fair as ............... goes ............... roots

Exercise 5.5
Complete the following text with the correct word derived from the words in brackets.
The Masai people of 1) ................... (centre) Africa are one of the few ancient tribes that remain
almost untouched by 2) ................... (civilise) as we know it today. They are a very close-knit people and
live in clans, with the eldest members of the tribe acting as 3) ................... (lead). The food that they eat
consists 4) ................... (sole) of produce that they have grown and meat that their warriors have caught
while hunting. Only Masai men are allowed to hunt while the women are responsible for the 5)
................... (cultivate) of grains and vegetables.

396
Exercise 5.6

Find the odd word out.

1. reveal conceal uncover expose
2. gather pick deal collect
3. recommend attend suggest propose
4. trailers inhabitants residents population

Exercise 5.7

Choose the correct item.

1. Sam was so tired that he caught the wrong train by ......... .
A. error B. fault C. mistake D. oversight
2. Are there any ......... reasons why you don't like him?
A. specific B. chief C. main D. characteristic
3. Her ......... towards her mother was rude and unacceptable.
A. handling B. treatment C. behaviour D. position
4. There was a huge fireworks ......... to celebrate the royal wedding.
A. display B. exhibition C. show D. performance
5. She ......... the identity of the murderer to the police.
A. demonstrated B. uncovered C. revealed D. exposed
6. People have an endless ......... with Hollywood film stars.
A. attraction B. appeal C. charm D. fascination

Exercise 5.8

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word.

a) culture, custom, tradition, civilisation
1. The Incas were an ancient South American ..................... .
2. Music is an important part of American ..................... .
3. The Japanese have a ..................... of bowing to each other when they meet.
4. It is a Christmas ..................... to hang out a stocking on Christmas Eve.

b) race, match, game, contest
1. The runners were extremely tired after the ..................... .
2. The football ..................... was called off because of the rain.
3. The children played a ..................... of football.
4. My sister entered a beauty ..................... and came second.

c) occasion, incident, episode, event
1. In the ..................... of fire, raise the alarm.
2. A nasty ..................... took place outside that bar last night; two men were stabbed.
3. On that ....................., she was lost for words.
4. This is the second ..................... of the TV series.

d) fair, festival, bazaar, gala
1. The children enjoyed the rides at the fun ..................... .
2. A ..................... performance took place to mark the Queen's birthday.
3. The Cannes film ....................., is a big event for the film industry.
4. I bought a jar of home-made jam at the" church ..................... .

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Exercise 5.9
Fill in the appropriate particles.
1. The party didn't quite come ..................... as well as I'd hoped as hardly anyone turned up.
(succeed)
2. "Why don't you come ..................... more often? We all miss you," she said. (visit casually)
3. If you come ..................... that new book, will you buy it for me? (find by chance)
4. Tickets for tomorrow's performance will be very hard to come ..................... . (obtain)
5. I wanted to go sailing last week but I came ..................... ..................... a bad cold and couldn't
go. (became ill with)
6. John came ..................... a fortune when his uncle died. (inherited)
7. The teenager could not come ..................... ..................... a good excuse for coming home so
late. (find)
8. When Helen's new novel came ....................., it caused a sensation. (was published)

Exercise 5.10
Fill in as or like
1. He wasn't ............. surprised ............. I expected him to be, which isn't ............. him.
2. John looks so much ............. Sarah; it's ............. if they were brother and sister.
3. The professor is seen ............. an expert in the field of archaeology but ............. far ............. I
know he's never been to Egypt.
4. It looks ............. though it's going to rain. It didn't rain ............. much ............. this last spring, did
it?
5. He treats me ............. a child. It's ............. if I was still ten years old. I feel ............. I'm still at
school.
6. ............. I mentioned, we must try to behave more ............. adults if we want to be treated
............. them.
7. If you do ............. I say, you will soon feel ............. a new person, ............. if you've started a
new life.
8. She's ............. pretty ............. a picture, just ............. her mother was at that age.

GRAMMAR DIGEST 5

PAST TENSE

FOCUS 1

OPENING TASK

Exercise 5.1
Read the mystery.

For most students, Ms. Ditto was the best English teacher in the English Language Center.
Three years ago, she began to use VCR in her classes. She brought in interesting videotapes for her
students to watch every week. The students enjoyed her classes and really liked her.
398
Only one student, Harry, didnt like Ms. Ditto. Harrys writing wasnt very good, so he failed Ms.
Dittos class twice. Last summer he got a job in the language lab to pay tuition for her class again this
semester. Yes, Harry felt angry with Ms. Ditto.
Just before the new semester started, the Director of the English Language Center heard the
university didnt have money to pay the teachers. They were not able to give Ms. Ditto a job this
semester. Everyone was sad. Harry just laughed!
On the first day of class, Professor Brown wanted to use the VCR. He asked Harry to open the
language lab. But when Harry opened the door to the lab, the VCR was not there. In its place, there was
a typed note with a signature on it. The note said:

Today, I very sad. I no can work in English Language Center because there no have money to
pay me. What I can do now? How can I live? I take this VCR because I have angry. Please understand
my, I sorry
C. Ditto
Exercise 5.2

Read the sentences and check True or False.

True False
1. Ms. Dittos students didnt like her.
2. Harry needed money.
3. Harry worked in the language lab.
4. Ms. Ditto didnt have a job this semester.
5. Harry disliked Ms. Ditto.
6. Harry did well in Ms. Dittos class.

FOCUS 2

SPELLING OF REGULAR PAST-TENSE VERBS

subject base form + -ed
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
started three years ago.

Regular verbs can change spelling in the simple past tense.

if the verb ends in: spelling rule
a consonant
want
need
Add ed
wanted
needed
a vowel + y
enjoy
play
Add ed
enjoyed
played
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a consonant -e
like
smile
Add d
liked
smiled
a consonant + y
study
worry
Change y to i, add ed
studied
worried
consonant + vowel + consonant
(one syllable verbs)
stop
drop
Double the consonant, add ed

stopped
dropped
-x, -w
(one syllable verbs)
show
fix
Do not double the consonant,
add ed
showed
fixed
two-syllable verbs
stress on the last syllable
oCCUR
preFER
Double the consonant,
add ed
occurred
preferred
two-sylable verbs
stress on the first syllable
LISten
VISit
Do not double the consonant,
add ed
listened
visited

Exercise 5.3

Go back to the Opening Task and underline all the regular past-tense verbs in the text.

Example: They enjoyed her classes and really liked her.

Exercise 5.4

Fill in the blanks with the past tense of the verbs.

1. Ms. Ditto enjoyed (enjoy) her classes.
2. Ms. Ditto ____________________ (use) interesting videotapes in her classes.
3. She ____________________ (help) her students to understand the tapes.
4. The students ____________________ (study) new vocabulary.
5. They ____________________ (learn) about American life.
6. They ____________________ (discuss) the tapes in class.
7. The students ____________________ (play) language learning games in class.
8. Many students ____________________ (register) for her class every semester.
9. All the students really ____________________ (love) her.
10. Ms. Ditto ____________________ (stop) teaching because the university didnt have money to
pay her.
11. Ms. Dittos students ____________________ (cry).
12. One day, a robbery ____________________ (occur) at the English Language Center.
13. A VCR ____________________ (disappear) from the language lab.

400

FOCUS 3

PRONUNCIATION OF THE EDENDING
verb end examples
Group I
After voiceless sounds*, the final ed is
pronounced /t/.
/t/
asked
kisses
stopped
Group II
After voiced sounds**, the final ed is
pronounced /d/.
/d/
robbed
killed
played
Group III
After /t/ and /d/, the final ed is pronounced
/id/.
/id/
pointed
wanted
waited
* Voiceless sounds: s, k, p, f, sh, ch, x.
** Voiced sounds: b, g, l, m, n, r, v, z, or a vowel.

Exercise 5.5
Put each verb in the simple past. Check the column that shows the pronunciation of each verb.
Benny was an excellent student.
/t/ /d/ /id/
1. Teachers always liked (like) Benny.
2. He __________________ (work) hard in school.
3. He always __________________ (finish) his work first.
4. The teacher always __________________ (call) on him.
5. He always __________________ (answer) questions correctly.
6. He __________________ (remember) all his lessons.
7. he never __________________ (talk) out of turn.
8. The other students __________________ (hate) Benny.
9. One day, they __________________ (decide) to get him into trouble.
10. They __________________ (roll) a piece of paper into a ball.
11. They __________________ (wait) for the teacher to turn his back.
12. They threw the paper ball at the teacher. It _________________
(land) on the teachers head.

13. The teacher was really angry. He ______________ (yell) at the class.
14. Who did that? he __________________ (ask).
15. All the students __________________ (point) to Benny.
16. But the teacher __________________ (trust) Benny.
17. The teacher __________________ (punish) the other students.

Exercise 5.6

The solution to the Ms. Ditto story is in this exercise. Fill in the blanks with the past tense of the
verbs in the box.
discuss look remember fire notice learn
type confess believe lock ask sign
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When the Director of the English Language Center (1) learned about the robbery, she was sad.
She (2) ________________ Ms. Ditto was an honest person.
To solve the mystery, the Director (3) ________________ herself in her office alone. She (4)
________________ the problems between Harry and Ms. Ditto. Then, the Director (5)
________________ at the note again. She (6) ________________ all the grammar mistakes! And the
signature on the not was not Ms. Dittos signature.
The Director (7) ________________ Harry to come to her office. She (8) ________________
the problem with him. Finally, Harry (9) ________________ to the crime. Harry said, I (10)
________________ the note and (11) ________________ Ms. Dittos name. In the end, the Director
(12) ________________ Harry.

FOCUS 4

IRREGULAR PAST-TENSE VERBS: AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

Many verbs in the past tense are irregular. They do not have the ed form.
subject verb
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
went to New York last year.

You can learn irregular past-tense forms in groups:
base form simple past base form simple past
/i/ sound
begin
drink
ring
sing
sink
swim
/ae/ sound
began
drank
rang
sang
sank
swam

buy
bring
catch
fight
teach
think

-ought/-aught
bought
brought
caught
fought
taught
thought

Base form and past-tense forms are the
same
-ow
blow
grow
know
throw
-ew
blew
grew
knew
threw
cost
cut
hit
hurt
put
quit
shut
let
cost
cut
hit
hurt
put
quit
shut
let
/ly/ sound
feed
feel
keep
lead
leave
meet
read
sleep
/e/ sound
fed
felt
kept
led
left
met
read
slept
402
-d
lend
send
spend
bend
build
-t
lent
sent
spent
bent
built

break
choose
sell
tell
speak
steal
drive
ride
wake
write
/o/ sound
broke
chose
sold
told
spoke
stole
drove
rode
woke
wrote
Change of vowel Other
become
come
dig
draw
fall
forget
get
give
hold
hang
run
sit
win
became
came
dug
drew
fell
forgot
got
gave
held
hung
ran
sat
won
be
bite
do
eat
find
fly
go
have
hear
hide
lose
make
pay
say
see
shake
shoot
stand
take
tear
understand
wear
was
bit
did
ate
found
flew
went
had
heard
hid
lost
made
paid
said
saw
shook
shot
stood
took
tore
understood
wore

Exercise 5.7

Go back to The Opening Task. Circle the irregular past-tense verbs.

Example: For most students, Ms. Ditto was the best English teacher in the English
Language Center.

Exercise 5.8

Lisa and Kate are from Finland. They had a dream vacation in London last autumn. Fill in the
blanks with the past tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1. Lisa and Kate flew (fly) to London on Sunday, November 4.
2. They ________________ (find) many interesting things to do in the city.
3. They ________________ (eat) great food every day.
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403
4. They ________________ (go) to the British Museum.
5. They ________________ (take) a boat to the Maritime Museum at Greenwich.
7. They ________________ (spend) an evening at a jazz club.
8. Lisa ________________ (buy) gifts for her friends in Finland.
9. They ________________ (see) an exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art.
10. They ________________ (meet) a nice woman at the museum.
11. They ________________ (speak) English with her all afternoon.
12. They ________________ (think) London was a beautiful, friendly city.

Exercise 5.9

Monique and Daniel are from France. Their vacation in London was a nightmare. Fill in the
blanks with the past tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1. On Sunday, November 4, Monique and Daniels flight to London was late, so they sat (sit) in the
airport for four hours.
2. The airline company ________________ (lose) all their luggage, so on Monday they
________________ (go) shopping for new clothes.
3. On Tuesday, they ________________ (get) stuck in the underground when their train
________________ (break) down.
4. On Wednesday, they ________________ (pay) fifty pounds to rent a car, and
________________ (drive) to Brighton.
5. They ________________ (leave) the car on the street and ________________ (get) a ten-
pound parking ticket!
6. A thief ________________ (throw) a rock through the car window and ________________
(steal) Moniques camera.
7. On Thursday, they ________________ (buy) a new camera downtown.
8. On Friday, they ________________ (go) ice skating. Monique had the new camera around her
neck.
9. Monique ________________ (fall) on the ice ________________ (hurt) her knee.
10. She ________________ (break) her new camera.
11. Monique was wet and frozen, so she ________________ (catch) a cold.
12. On Saturday night, they ________________ (eat) some unusual food on a restaurant.
13. On Sunday morning, they each ________________ (wake) up with stomach problems.
14. Later that Sunday, they ________________ (take) a taxi to the airport and finally
________________ (leave) for home.

FOCUS 5

TIME EXPRESSIONS

Time expressions tell us when the action occurred in the past.

yesterday

morning
afternoon
evening

last
year
night
summer
month
week
an hour
two days
six months
a year

ago
in 1988
on Sunday
at 6:00
the day before
yesterday
[
404
On Sunday, they flew to London.
Lisa and Kate went to Spain two years ago.
Time expressions can come at the beginning
or at the end of a sentence.
Yesterday morning, a VCR disappeared from
the English Language Center.
Use a comma after the time expression if it is
at the beginning of the sentence.

Exercise 5.10
Think back to Monique and Daniels nightmare vacation in London. Use time expression to
complete the sentences.

Example: Last Sunday, Monique and Daniel left Paris for London.
1. Monique and Daniel left London ______________ Sunday.
2. Their plane took off ______________ 8 oclock ______________ the evening.
3. It is now Tuesday, November 13. Monique and Daniel are back in Paris. Monique and Daniel
returned to Paris ______________.
4. They left London ______________.
5. ______________ week, they had bad luck every day.
6. I was exactly a week ______________ that they got stuck on the underground in London.

Exercise 5.11
Make true statements about yourself. Use each of the time expressions below.
Example: Six months ago, I took a trip to Sighioara.
1. Two months ago, ____________________________________________________
2. In 1988, ___________________________________________________________
3. Last year, __________________________________________________________
4. Last summer, _______________________________________________________
5. Two days ago, ______________________________________________________
6. On Sunday, ________________________________________________________
7. The day before yesterday, _____________________________________________
8. Yesterday morning, __________________________________________________
9. At six oclock this morning, ___________________________________________
10. An hour ago, _______________________________________________________

FOCUS 6

PAST TENSE: NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

subject did +not / didnt base form of verb
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
did not
didnt
work.

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Exercise 5.12

Make affirmative or negative statements about these people who appeared in this unit.

Example: the teacher/like Benny
The teacher liked Benny.
the teacher/get angry at Benny.
The teacher didnt get angry at Benny.

1. The other students/like Benny
2. The teacher/trust Benny
3. The students/try to get Benny into trouble
4. The students plan for Benny/succeed
5. Lisa and Kate/lose their luggage
6. Lisas camera/break
7. Lisa and Kate/get stuck on the underground.
8. Lisa and Kate/enjoy their vacation in London.
9. Harry/notice the grammar mistakes in his note.
10. Ms. Ditto/sign the note
11. Harry/steal the VCR
12. The Director/believe Harry
13. Monique and Daniel/ spend an evening at a jazz club
14. Monique and Daniel/visit Trafalgar Square.
15. Monique and Daniel/enjoy their vacation in London.

FOCUS 7

PAST TENSE: YES/NOQUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Yes/No Questions

did subject base form of the verb
Did
I
you
he
she
we
you
they
visit London last year?

Short Answers

affirmative negative
Yes,
I
you
he
she
we
you
they
did.

No,
I
you
he
she
we
you
they
did not.
didnt.

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FOCUS 7

PAST TENSE: WH-QUESTIONS
wh-word did subject base form of verb answers
What
When
Where
Why
How
How long
How long ago
Who(m)
did
I
you
he
the ship
she
they
you
Lisa and Kate
do last summer?
make plans
go last summer?
sink?
get to Paris?
stay in New York?
visit Alaska?
meet in New York?
You went to Paris.
(I made plans) last week.
(He went) to England.
(It sank) because there was a storm.
(She got there) by plane.
(They stayed there for) two weeks.
(I visited Alaska) ten years ago.
(They met) a nice woman.

wh-word as subject past tense verb answers
What
Who
happened to Jerrys ship?
had a terrible vacation?
It sank.
Monique and Daniel.

Exercise 5.13
Write Wh-questions using the given cues.
Example: Jerry/eat on the island?
What did Jerry eat on the island?
1. Jerry/go on vacation
Where ____________________________________________________________
2. Jerry/go on vacation
When _____________________________________________________________
3. Jerry/leave home
How long ago ______________________________________________________
4. Jerrys ship/sink
Why ______________________________________________________________
5. Jerry/do after the ship sank
What _____________________________________________________________
6. Jerry/meet on the island
Who(m) ___________________________________________________________
7. Jerry/build the boat
How ______________________________________________________________
8. Jerry/put on the boat
What _____________________________________________________________
9. Jerry/feel when he finished the boat
How ______________________________________________________________
10. the story end
How ______________________________________________________________

Exercise 5.14
Make questions that ask for the underlined information. Use who, whom, or what.
Example: Q: What did the students enjoy?
A: The students enjoyed Ms. Dittos classes.
1. Q: ______________________________________________________________?
A: The students loved Ms. Ditto.
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2. Q: ______________________________________________________________?
A: Ms. Ditto used a VCR in her classes.
3. Q: ______________________________________________________________?
A: Harry wanted to hurt Ms. Ditto.
4. Q: ______________________________________________________________?
A: Harry got hurt in the end.
5. Q: ______________________________________________________________?
A: Professor Brown found the note.
6. Q: ______________________________________________________________?
A: The Director fired Harry.
7. Q: ______________________________________________________________?
A: Harry stole the VCR.
8. Q: ______________________________________________________________?
A: The Director fired Harry.
9. Q: ______________________________________________________________?
A: The moral story was crime doesnt pay.

Exercise 5.15

Correct the mistakes in he following sentences.

1. This morning, I waked up early.
__________________________
2. I saw him yesterday night.
_____________________
3. Harry didnt felt sad.
_________________
4. They dont met the Lord Mayor last week.
________________________________________
5. What Harry wanted?
_________________
6. Harry didnt noticed his mistakes.
___________________________
7. Who did signed the note?
____________________
8. What did the Director?
___________________
9. What did happen to Harry?
______________________
10. Where Lisa and Kate went on vacation?
________________________________
11. Who did go with Lisa to London?
___________________________
12. How Jerry built a boat?
___________________
13. They no had dinner in a Greek restaurant.
__________________________________
14. Whom did trust the teacher in the Benny story?
______________________________________
15. The ship sank before a long time.
___________________________
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Exercise 5.16

Think of the following words in the past tense. Write each word in the correct column
depending on its end sound.

at school: at work: cleaning the house: at the playground:
learn
study
listen
remember
print
discuss
answer
name
correct
ask
walk
fix
work
file
deliver
lock
start
point
talk
type
vacuum
iron
clean
wash
brush
polish
change
bake
dust
scrub
play
jump
enjoy
skate
hop
bounce
trip
climb
skip
kiss

Group I: /t/ Group II: /d/ Group III: /id/
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________

Exercise 5.17

Today is October 31. David Johnson is the gardener at Pine Cone College. He has a busy
schedule. The calendar shows what he did in the last month. Write a sentence about the calendar for
each of the time expressions below.

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
29 30 1 2 3 4 5

rake
leaves

mow
grass

trim
hedges

fertilize
trees

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6 7 8 9 10 11 12

thin
trees

rake
leaves

mow
grass

repair
sprinklers

spray
for
insects

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

repair
equipment

rake
leaves

mow
grass

trim
hedges

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

rake
leaves

mow
grass

plant
flowers

repair
sprinklers

27 28 29 30
morning
31 1 2

check
tools

rake
leaves

trim hedges
afternoon
mow grass
night
set-up
presidents
party

1. (yesterday) __________________________________________
2. (last week) __________________________________________
3. (two days ago) __________________________________________
4. (on Monday) __________________________________________
5. (yesterday morning) __________________________________________
6. (last night) __________________________________________
7. (the day before yesterday) __________________________________________
8. (two weeks ago) __________________________________________
9. (last Friday) __________________________________________
10. (yesterday afternoon) __________________________________________

Exercise 5.18

Write a sentence telling what you did at each time given.

Example: (yesterday afternoon)
Yesterday afternoon, I went out for lunch.

1. (yesterday afternoon) ________________________________________________
2. (last night) ________________________________________________
3. (last week) ________________________________________________
4. (six months ago) ________________________________________________
5. (last year) ________________________________________________
6. (the day before yesterday) ________________________________________________
7. (an hour ago) ________________________________________________
8. (last month) ________________________________________________
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READING DIGEST 6

SINK OR SWIM

Exercise 6.1

A. Can you swim? If so, when did you learn to swim? How? Do you think it is important to be
able to swim?

B. Think of as many words as possible related to the theme "Swimming".

Exercise 6.2

You are going to read an article about learning to swim. For questions (1-7) choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

As the water reached her waist Helen felt herself starting to panic. It was ridiculous, she told
herself. Here she was a fully grown woman wearing armbands and a buoyancy aid around her waist
and grasping a float. But she was still terrified of water.
At 43, and married with two children, Helen was deeply ashamed of the fact she couldn't swim.
She hadn't had swimming lessons at school as there had been no facilities. As she'd got older, her
natural distrust of water turned into a phobia.
"I was okay as long as my feet were touching the bottom, but the moment I floated free, I'd
panic. My heart began racing, my stomach would tighten and I couldn't bear anybody near me."
In 1975 when she enrolled for lessons at her local swimming pool it was a disaster. The
instructor did get her to do a few strokes but she remained absolutely terrified.
When her two children - Daniel, now 19 and Laura, 17 - were young, Helen tried again but her
progress was slow and she soon gave in, thinking there was no point carrying on.
And that was exactly how things would have stayed if it hadn't been for the Splash school of
swimming in Leeds, near Helen's home. When one of the school's leaflets dropped through her letterbox
one day last March, Helen was inspired to give swimming one more go.
"In the past, whenever I said I was starting lessons the whole family would say "Oh no, not
again" so this time I didn't tell anybody. I just phoned up Splash and booked a course."
At first Helen was as scared as ever but gradually, with the teacher's help, she began to make
progress. The school taught Helen as part of a small group and the instructors stayed in the water with
her. They were very patient and that was what she needed. Other instructors at other schools had
bullied her and so she'd become discouraged. At Splash, however, they were very understanding.
After a few months, Helen was able to take off the armbands and started going to another class
at her local sports centre. Soon she could swim a whole length of the swimming pool.
Then, just when things were looking up and Helen was able to swim half a dozen lengths, she
suddenly lost her nerve again. One day, out of the blue, she had a panic attack and started shaking and
shivering with fear.
Determined not to let this defeat her after she'd come so far, Helen went to a hypnotherapist
who gave her subconscious suggestions to help her overcome her fears. She was soon back in the
water with renewed assurance.
And now Helen can swim 64 lengths of her local swimming pool, which is much more than a
mile. To celebrate her success she hired the pool at her local sports centre for a birthday celebration.
Helen shows the rest of us anything can be achieved if you want to do it badly enough.

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411
1. Helen knew that her fear was
A. logical.
B. unreasonable.
C. based on past experiences.
D. quite common.

2. Why hadn't Helen learnt to swim?
A. She had always been terrified of water.
B. She hadn't had the opportunity.
C. She had distrusted her instructor at school.
D. The school pool had been too deep.

3. What happened the first time Helen had lessons?
A. She didn't get over her fears.
B. She was afraid of the teachers.
C. She managed to swim a reasonable distance.
D. She nearly drowned.

4. How did Helen's family react to her repeated efforts to learn to swim?
A. They criticised her.
B. They supported her.
C. They were patient with her.
D. They made fun of her.

5. At the Splash school the instructors
A. made her learn at the group's pace.
B. bullied her.
C. didn't rush her.
D. explained her fears to her.

6. Why did Helen go to a hypnotherapist?
A. She realised she would never be able to swim.
B. She suddenly lost her courage.
C. She suddenly forgot how to swim.
D. She wanted to forget her past fears.

7. Which of these phrases best sums up the article?
A. Fear can be useful.
B. Not everyone can do everything.
C. You should never give up.
D. Everyone is different.

VOCABULARY

Exercise 6.3

Fill in the gaps with the correct word(s) from the list below:

defeated armbands drowned leaflet subconscious
float bullied inspired instructor achieved

1. Children usually wear .................... to help them stay afloat in the water. (inflatable floats)
412
2. As John was very small, he was always .................... by the older boys. (harassed)
3. "Swimming and Safety" is an information .................... that everyone should read. (pamphlet)
4. When the Titanic sank, most people on board .................... . (died from being unable to breathe
underwater)
5. Freud thought that dreams were .................... wishes and desires. (not of the conscious mind)
6. In swimming lessons people often have to swim holding onto a (n) .................... . (light object
that doesn't sink)
7. The dance .................... showed the students how to do the steps. (teacher)
8. The Chicago Bulls .................... the LA Lakers 56-48 in yesterday's basketball match. (beat)
9. By the age of 30 Jane had .................... all her ambitions. (fulfilled)
10. Helen's striving for perfection has .................... others to do the same. (encouraged)

Exercise 6.4

Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list. Use each word only once.

to shake out of to book deeply fully grown to want
my heart panic birthday to overcome to enrol to give

1. a(n) ..................... woman 7. ..................... a course
2. ..................... ashamed 8. ..................... something badly
3. ..................... for lessons 9. a(n) ..................... attack
4. a(n) ..................... celebration 10. ..................... with fear
5. ..................... began racing 11. ..................... my fears
6. ..................... it one more go 12. ..................... the blue

Exercise 6.5

Fill in the correct particle(s).

1. He was taken ...................... when he learnt the truth about her past. (was strongly surprised)
2. She takes ...................... her mother, with her dark curly hair and blue eyes. (looks like)
3. The dress was too big for her so she took it ...................... . (made it smaller)
4. When she wore sunglasses she was often taken ...................... Madonna. (was identified wrongly)
5. The plane took ...................... at 7.00 am this morning. (left the airport)
6. When he became headmaster he took ...................... extra work. (undertook)
7. The company was taken ...................... by a big French conglomerate. (taken control of)
8. After his retirement he took ...................... golf to keep fit. (began to do sth as a hobby)

Exercise 6.6

Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets.

Learning to swim can be a 1) ...................... (frighten) experience, and the older you are, the
more 2) ...................... (courage) you need to be. The first step is to actually get into the water without
panicking, which many people have 3) ...................... (difficult) doing. Once you are in the water you
should try to relax which can be done with the help of your 4) ...................... (instruct who will be 5)
...................... (know) about relaxation techniques. If you can overcome your anxiety and start to feel at
home in the water learning to swim will come 6) ...................... (nature), and will 7) ...................... (doubt)
be one of the most 8) ...................... (reward) experiences of your life.

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413
Exercise 6.7

Fill in the blanks with a suitable word.

a) trainer, instructor, teacher, professor, coach

1. The ......................... who taught me at university was very knowledgeable.
2. She hired a professional ......................... to teach her how to swim.
3. His ......................... says that he is improving in all his subjects at school.
4. A new ......................... was hired to school the race horses.
5. The school hired a new ......................... for the swimming team.

b) registered, recruited, subscribed, recorded, enrolled, enlisted

1. She ......................... in evening classes to learn English.
2. He only ......................... for the autumn semester.
3. She's trying to improve her Spanish so she has ......................... to a Spanish magazine.
4. After finishing high school, he was ......................... in the army.
5. The boss ......................... five new employees last Monday.
6. All important information was ......................... for reference purposes.

Exercise 6.8

Fill in the blanks with the correct idiom from the list:

out of the blue black and blue once in a blue moon the blues scream blue murder

1. After the bicycle accident my arms and legs were ........................................... (bruised).
2. I hardly ever see Mark; he drops by to see me ........................................... (not very often).
3. I was standing at the bus stop when a man came up ........................................... and snatched
my purse. (unexpectedly)
4. If you make me angry, I'll ........................................... she threatened. (become hysterical)
5. Susan has got ..........................................., let's go and cheer her up! (depression)

Exercise 6.9

Fill in the words from the list:

swimming pool diving board relax splashing flippers
diving lifeguard back-stroke swim float
goggles breast-stroke

Children at a very young age are taught to 1) .................... because it is easy for babies to learn
to 2) .................... in the water. Mothers join their babies in the 3) .................... .................... and gently
4) .................... them around in the water.
Some babies enjoy 5) .................... around and it has been shown that these babies will usually
become very good swimmers. Toddlers are taught the 6) .................... first, in which the arms are
extended in front of the head and then pulled sideways. At a later stage the 7) .................... is easily
learnt, the main difference being that one is floating on one's back. Toddlers also enjoy using extra
equipment like 8) .................... so they can see underwater and 9) .................... that provide extra
speed. In addition, children can practise 10) .................... into the pool from a 11) .................... under
the supervision of a 12) .....................

414
Exercise 6.10
Fill in if or when and put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. John is coming to visit us .................... he .................... (finish) his homework.
2. I'll pick you up at the station .................... I .................... (have) time.
3. She doesn't know .................... Rick .................... (phone) her tomorrow.
4. .................... you come home, .................... (you/help) me cook dinner?
5. .................... Jane finishes her work early today, she .................... (meet) us at the pub.

GRAMMAR DIGEST 6

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS, RECIPROCAL PRONOUN:
EACHOTHER

PHRASAL VERBS

FOCUS 1

OPENING TASK

Exercise 6.1: Advice Columns
Read the letters to Dear Darcy in Part A. Match each one to a Letter of Advice in Part B. Fill
in the name of the person who wrote each letter in the blanks in part B.
Part A
Dear Darcy,
Im married and have two children. Im trying
to be a super-woman. I do all of the
housework, shopping, and the cleaning. I help
my children with their school work. I never
have time for myself. I am tired and unhappy.
Please help!

Supermom in Sheffield

Dear Darcy,
My wife and I never go out anymore. We have a
new baby, and my wife doesnt want to get a
baby sitter. Im starting to talk to myself! Can
you help me?
Bored in Brighton
Dear Darcy,
My mom and dad got divorced last month. They
fought with each other a lot, and finally, my dad
moved out. Maybe I wasnt a good daughter to
them. Maybe the break-up was my fault. What
do you think?
Guilty in Granville

Part B
A. Dear _______________________________,
Dont blame yourself. You did not cause the problems. This is your parents problem.
B. Dear _______________________________,
You need to explain how you feel to her. Tell her you want to go out once a week. Life
is short. Go out and enjoy yourselves!
C. Dear _______________________________,
You need to make time for yourself. Go out with your friends. Do yourself a favor and
join a gym. Take care of yourself too. Buy yourself something special.
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Exercise 6.2

Read the last letter from Lonely in Limerick. Circle the correct pronouns in Darcys answer.

Dear Darcy,
Im a rather shy and lonely high school student. Im doing well in school, but I dont have many
friends. The girls in my class always call each other, but they never call me. I dont go out. I dont enjoy
myself. I dont even like myself very much anymore.
Lonely in Limerick

Dear Lonely in Limerick,
Remember, the teenage years are difficult. At 16, many girls dont like (they/them/themselves).
Youre doing well in school. Be proud of (you/yourself). Try to like (you/yourself) first. Then others will
like (you/yourself). Teenage girls need (each other/themselves). Force (you/yourself) to open up to other
girls. Relax and try to enjoy (you/yourself).
Darcy

FOCUS 2

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Use a reflexive pronoun when the subject and object are the same.

Example: Sara bought herself a new car.
NOT: *Sara bought Sara a new car.

examples reflexive pronouns
I bought myself a new car.
Look at yourself in the mirror.
He doesnt take care of himself.
She blames herself for the accident.
A cat licks itself to keep clean.
We enjoyed ourselves at the theatre.
Help yourselves to some food.
Babies cant feed themselves.
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

Exercise 6.3

Go back to the Opening Task. Underline all the reflexive pronouns and the subjects.

Example: I never have time for myself.

Exercise 6.4

Fill in each blank with a reflexive pronoun.

Example: I lost my wallet yesterday, and I wanted to kick myself.

1. Mary: Do you sometimes talk to ______________________?
Bill: Well, sometimes, when Im alone.
416
2. Monica: Thanks for such a lovely evening. We really enjoyed (a)
______________________.
Gloria: Well, thanks for coming. And the children were just wonderful. They really behaved (b)
______________________ all evening. I hope you can come back soon.
3. Jane: I cant believe my bird flew out the window! Its my fault. I forgot to close the
birdcage.
Margaret: Dont blame ______________________. Hes probably happier now. Hes free.
4. Cynthia: Whats the matter with Bobbys leg?
Enrique: He hurt ______________________ at the soccer game last night.
5. Jason: My girlfriend Judy really knows how to take care of ______________________. She
eats well, exercises regularly, and gets plenty of sleep.
6. Sylvia: Hello, Carol, hello, Eugene. Come on in. Make (a) ______________________
at home. Help (b) ______________________ to some drinks.
7. Mother: Be careful! That pot on the stove is very hot. Dont burn
______________________.

FOCUS 3

VERBS COMMONLY USED WITH REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

These verbs are commonly used with reflexive
pronouns:
I fell and hurt myself.
He taught himself to play the guitar.
Be careful! Dont cut yourself with that knife.
Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
hurt
tell
blame
teach
behave
cut
burn
enjoy
introduce
take care of

He got up, washed, and shaved.
The verbs wash, dress, and shave do not usually
take reflexive pronouns. In this sentence it is clear
he washed and shaved himself and not another
person.
Hes only two, but he wants to get dressed by
himself.
I sometimes go to the movies by myself.
Use by + a reflexive pronoun to show that
someone is doing something alone (without
company or help).

FOCUS 4

RECIPROCAL PRONOUN: EACH OTHER

The reciprocal pronoun each other is different in meaning form a relative pronoun.

J: Its my fault.
A: Its my fault.
John and Ann blamed themselves for the
accident.
J: Its your fault.
A: Its your fault.
John and Ann blamed each other for the accident.

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417
Exercise 6.5

Choose a reflexive pronoun or each other to complete the statements.

1. An egotistical person loves himself/herself.
2. Divorced people can be friends if they forgive ______________________.
3. Good friends protect ______________________.
4. Close friends tell ______________________ their secrets.
5. A self-confident person believes in ______________________.
6. In a good relationship, the two people trust ______________________.
7. A realistic person doesnt lie to ______________________.
8. Independent people take care of ______________________.
9. Caring people help ______________________.
10. Angry people say things to hurt ______________________.
11. Young children cant always control ______________________.
12. An insecure person doesnt have confidence in ______________________.

Exercise 6.6

Circle the correct word in the Dear Darcy letters below.

Example: (He, Him, Himself) cares about (I, me, myself).

Dear Darcy,
(1) (I, My, Mine) boyfriend loves himself. (2) (He, His, Him) is very pleased with (3) (he, him,
himself). He always looks at (4) (he, him, himself) in shop windows when he passes by. (5) (Himself,
He, Him) only thinks about (6) (his, himself, him). He never brings (7) (me, my, myself) flowers. The last
time he told (8) (my, me, myself) that he loved me was two years ago. Hes also very selfish with (9) (he,
his, him) things. For example, he never lends me (10) (him, himself, his) car. He says that the car is (11)
(himself, him, his), and he doesnt want me to use it. Do (12) (yourself, your, you) have any advice for
me?
Unhappy

Dear Unhappy,
(13) (You, Your, Yourself) boyfriend is very selfish. (14) (You, Your, Yourself) cant really
change (15) (he, himself, him). Get rid of (16) (he, himself, him)! Find (17) (you, yourself, yours) a new
guy!
Darcy

Exercise 6.7


1. I hurt me.
2. Theyre looking at themselves in the mirror.
3. I shave myself every morning.
4. I have a friend in Poland. We write to ourselves every month.
5. We enjoyed at the circus.
6. Larry blamed Harry for the accident. Harry blamed Larry for the accident. They blamed themselves
for the accident.
7. He did it hisself.

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Exercise 6.8

Write the correct reflexive pronoun in the spaces provided in the dialogue. The first one has
been done for you as an example.

Paul and Charlotte are having a Halloween party. For the first time, they are putting on a party
all by themselves. They are a little nervous.

Charlotte: Are you OK? What happened?
Paul: Im fine. I just cut (1) _______________ a little when I was carving the jack-o-lantern.
Charlotte: You should wash that cut and get (2) _______________ a bandage.
Paul: OK. Should I put the jack-o-lantern by the ghost decoration?
Charlotte: No, put it over there alone, by (3) _______________. It will look more scary. How do you
like my spider web decorations? I made them all by (4) _______________.
Paul: Great! They look frightening. This is going to be a fun party. I hope the guests enjoy (5)
_______________.
Charlotte: Im sure everyone will have fun. By the way, whos Brad bringing?
Paul: He couldnt find a date. I guess hes coming by (6) _______________.
Charlotte: Well, make sure you pay attention to the other guests too. Sometimes you and Brad go off
by (7) _______________.
Paul: Dont worry. Ill spend time with the guests.
Charlotte: Do you think I should pour the drinks now or let the guests help (8) _______________?
Paul: Just let them help (9) _______________. I hope the guests arrive soon. I dont want us to
have to eat all this food by (10) _______________.
Charlotte: They will be here soon. Oh, we arent in our costumes yet. We have to get (11)
_______________ ready. Will you help me with my costume? I cant zip it up by (12)
_______________.

Exercise 6.9

Decide if the following spaces require a reflexive pronoun. If they do, write the correct pronoun
in the space. If they do not, put an X in the space. The first one has been done for you as an example.

The story continues:

Charlotte: Im all dirty from making those spider webs. First I think Ill shower X and after I dry
_______________ you can help me with the zipper.
Paul: OK. While youre doing that Ill shave _______________.
Charlotte: What if the guests arrive early?
Paul: We can blame _______________ if they arrive early. Im sure they can introduce
_______________. It wont take us long to dress.
Paul: See, I told you the guests would enjoy _______________. Everyone is dancing and
laughing. It looks like Brad has even found _______________ a date. I knew he wouldnt
have to be all by _______________.
Charlotte: Youre right, they are all amusing _______________. This is a great costume party. Look at
Cindys costume.
Paul: What is she? She looks like she killed _______________.
Charlotte: Shes the bride of Frankenstein.

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FOCUS 5

PHRASAL VERBS


Turn on the slide projector.
A phrasal verb is:
a verb + a particle
turn + on
sit + down
stand + up
Plants grow.
(grow = to increase in size)
Children grow up.
(grow up = to become an adult)
The verb + particle together have a specific
meaning.

Exercise 6.10
Circle all the phrasal verbs.
1. Take a deep breath and calm down.
2. Stand up and introduce myself.
3. Put on my glasses.
4. Take out my notes.
5. Turn out the lights.
6. Turn on the slide projector and show the slides.
7. Dont talk too fast. Slow down.
8. Turn off the slide projector.
9. Turn on the lights.
10. Ask for questions.
11. Sit down and relax.
12. Call up all my friends and tell them its over!

FOCUS 6

PHRASAL VERBS

I hung up the picture. Sometimes the meaning of a phrasal verb is clear
from the verb + particle combination.
I ran into Joe on the street the other day. Sometimes it is difficult to guess the meaning of the
phrasal verb.
The meaning of ran into is not the combination of
ran and into. Run into means to meet someone b
chance.
In informal English, phrasal verbs are more frequent
than one-word verbs with the same meaning.
Please put out your cigarette, Jake.

Please extinguish your cigarettes, ladies and
gentlemen.
In the first example, you are talking to a friend.
In the second, a flight attendant is speaking to
passengers on an airplane.

420
Exercise 6.11

Circle the phrasal verbs. Then match each phrasal verb with a one-word verb.

Sentences with phrasal verbs
One-word verb
with same meaning
1 I called 911 Emergency. the firefighters will be here soon to
put out the fire.
raise
2 Dont just stand at the door. Come in. remove
3 Fill out the application. telephone
4 Were going to practice some phrasal verbs. Henry, can you please hand
out this exercise?
extinguish
5 I left my book at school. I dont remember the homework for tonight. Ill call
up Manny and ask him.
distribute
6 I cant talk now. Come back in fifteen minutes. complete
7 I cant concentrate! Would you please turn down the music! wait
8 I am freezing in this house. Please turn u the heat. lower
9 Please take off your wet shoes. enter
10 Hold on a minute. Im not ready yet. return

Exercise 6.12

Fill in the blanks with the phrasal verbs below.

put away turn on pick up throw away turn off

DIRECTIONS FOR LANGUAGE LAB ASSISTANTS

When you leave the language lab, there are several things you must do. First, (1)
_____________________ all the trash from the floor. Then (2) _____________________ all the
equipment tape recorders, VCRs, etc. (3) _____________________ all the cassettes students used.
(4) _____________________ any coffee cups or trash students left in the room. Finally, (5)
_____________________ the alarm system before you lock the doors.

FOCUS 7

SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS

Separable Phrasal Verbs


Verb Particle
When the direct object is a noun, it can go:
The teacher handed out the exercise. after the particle (out)
Verb Direct object Particle
The teacher handed the exercise Out. between the verb (handed) and the particle
(out)
The teacher handed it out.
NOT: *The teacher handed out it.
When the direct object is a pronoun, it always
goes between the verb and the particle.

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Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

I ran into an old friend on the street.
I ran into her on the street.
NOT: *I ran an old friend into on the street.
NOT: *I ran her into on the street.

The direct object noun or pronoun goes after the
particle.

Exercise 6.13

Sergeant Smith is giving orders to his new soldiers. Repeat Sergeants orders in a different way
each time.

1. (a) Take off your civilian clothes.
(b) I said, take your civilian clothes off.
(c) Come on, take them off!

2. (a) Hand out these uniforms.
(b) I said, _______________________________________________________.
(c) Come on, ____________________________________________________?

3. (a) Put on your new Army clothes.
(b) I said, _______________________________________________________.
(c) Come on, ____________________________________________________?

4. (a) Turn down that radio.
(b) I said, _______________________________________________________.
(c) Come on, ____________________________________________________?

5. (a) Put away your old clothes.
(b) I said, _______________________________________________________.
(c) Come on, ____________________________________________________?

6. (a) Throw out that junk food from home.
(b) I said, _______________________________________________________.
(c) Come on, ____________________________________________________?

7. (a) Clean up this mess.
(b) I said, _______________________________________________________.
(c) Come on, ____________________________________________________?

8. (a) Turn off the lights!
(b) I said, _______________________________________________________.
(c) Come on, ____________________________________________________?

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FOCUS 8

COMMON SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS

Separable Phrasal Verbs

separable
phrasal
verbs meaning examples
calm down relax She is very upset about the accident. We cant calmher
down.
call up telephone I called my friend up the other night to ask about the
homework.
cheer up become happy, make
someone happy
My friend failed her final exam, so I brought her flowers
to cheer her up.
clean up clean Clean you room up before you watch TV!
figure out solve, understand This puzzle is very confusing. I cant figureit out.
fill out complete Fill out the application for a new license.
fill up fill Fill it up with regular gas, please.
hand out distribute The teacher handed the tests out to the class.
hang up place on a hanger or a
hook
My husband never hangs his clothes up.
Please hang up the phone.
look up search for in a reference
book
I didnt know his telephone number, so I looked it up in
the phone book.
pick up collect, fit In my neighborhood, they pick up the garbage every
Tuesday.
I picked my pen up and started to write.
put away put in its usual place My kids are neat! They always put their toys away.
put on dress yourself Its really cold outside, so put a coat on.
put out extinguish It took firefighters a few hours to put the fire out.
take off remove Takeyour shoes off before you come into the house.
take out put something outside Will you please takethe garbage out?
throw out/
away
put in the garbage I have a lot of old things in the garage. I need to throw
them out.
turn down lower the volume Its 2:00 in the morning. Turn that stereo down!
turn off stop the power There arent any good programs on TV tonight. Turn it
off.
turn on start the power I always turn on the radio in the morning.
turn up increase the volume When I hear my favorite song, I turn the volume up.
wake up to open your eyes, to
finish sleeping, to interrupt
someones sleep
Be quiet! Dont wakethe baby up.

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Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
inseparable
phrasal verbs meaning examples
get in
get out of *
enter and leave a vehicle (car, taxi,
truck)
I got in my car and drove away.
My bag fell when I got out of the cab.
get on
get off
enter and leave other forms of
transportation (bus, plane, train)
I got on the train at 42
nd
Street.
I got off the bus in front of the school.
go over review I went over my notes before the test.
run into meet by chance I ran into an old friend the other day.
*Sometimes phrasal verbs have three parts.

Exercise 6.14

Fill in the blanks with the phrasal verbs below. Use a pronoun in the second blank of each dialogue.
Example: (clean up)
Mother: Danny, dont forget to (a) clean up the mess in your bedroom.
Danny: Mom, I (b) cleaned it up this morning.

pick up cheer up hand out throw out fill out

1. Counselor: You need to (a) _____________________ this application for college.
Andy: Can I (b) _____________________ at home?
2. Susie: Danny, I think its time to (a) _____________________ all these old newspapers.
Danny: Im (b) _____________________ right now.
3. Jackie: Could you please (a) _____________________ that paper on the floor for me?
Mark: Ill (b) _____________________ in a minute!
4. Ms. Wagner: Can you help me (a) _____________________ these exams, Lee?
Lee: Sure, Ill (b) _____________________ right now.
5. Mom: Please try to (a) _____________________ your sister. Shes in a bad mood.
Bobbie: No one can (b) _____________________. Shes always in a bad mood.

FOCUS 9

COMMON PHRASAL VERBS WITHOUT OBJECTS

Some phrasal verbs do not take an object.
phrasal verbs
without
objects meaning examples
break down stop working My car brokedown last night.
come back return He left home and never came back.
come in enter Come in and make yourself comfortable.
eat out eat in a restaurant I hate to cook, so I often eat out.
grow up become an adult I grew up in the United States.
show up appear After two hours, he finally showed up.
sit down sit I feel tired, so I think Ill sit down for a while.
stand up stand In some countries, students stand up when the teacher
enters the room.
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Exercise 6.15

Fill in the blanks with a phrasal verb from the box.

stand up sit down break down eat out
show up come in come back grow up

What do you say when?
1. you are very late for an important date:
Oh, Im sorry. Please forgive, my car _____________________.
2. your friends child runs away from home:
Dont worry, Elliot; Im sure shell _____________________ home very soon.
3. a teenager is sitting and an elderly man is standing on the bus:
_____________________ and give that man your seat.
4. your thirty-year-old friend is acting like a child:
Come on, Matt _____________________. Youre not a child anymore.
5. you are a car salesperson and you are trying to get people into your showroom:
Please _____________________, folks. We have many new models this year.
6. you and your roommate are hungry, but youre too tired to cook:
Lets _____________________.
7. your friend is crying about her date last night:
Tammy: What happened, Cheryl? Dont tell me your date didnt _____________________ last
night?
Cheryl: Oh, he did! Thats why Im crying!
8. you are a receptionist in a very busy doctors office and a patient is complaining about waiting
so long:
Please _____________________, Mr. Brody. The doctor will be with you in a few minutes.

Exercise 6.16

Fill in each blank with a phrasal verb from the box below.

fill up look up break down figure out wake up
calm down turn on get out of take out

It was a cold and rainy night. Forgetful Phil was on his way to visit his mother when his car
suddenly (1) _____________________. He was angry and upset but after a while he (2)
_____________________. It was dark so Phil (3) _____________________ a flashlight. Then he took
out his car manual. He tried to (4) _____________________ What to do when your car breaks down in
the middle of nowhere, but he didnt find anything in the manual. Next he (5) _____________________
the car and looked under the hood. he wasnt able to (6) _____________________ the problem. Then
Phil began to understand. He asked himself, Did I (7) _____________________ my tank with gas?
Near the car there was a house. He knocked on the door and shouted but nobody answered. There
were no other houses. There was no telephone. What now? Phil thought. Then, just as he turned
around to go back to his car, another car crashed into the back of his car. Suddenly, the people in the
house (8) _____________________ and (9) _____________________ the lights. Phil sat down on the
ground and began to cry!

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READING DIGEST 7

EUROPES TREES IN DANGER

Exercise 7.1

Why are trees important? In what way are forests damaged? What can be done to prevent
damage being done to the environment?

Exercise 7.2

You are going to read a newspaper article about environmental damage to Europe's forests.
Choose from the list (A-H) the sentence which best summarises each part (1-6) of the article. There is
one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A. More research is needed to find out the reasons for tree damage.
B. The situation in Europe may soon get better.
C. Environmental damage is threatening certain European industries.
D. Planting more trees is only part of the solution.
E. Threatened trees need European protection.
F. Europe's trees have been harmed in a variety of ways.
G. The forestry industry has acted more quickly than European governments.
H. Europe should pay more attention to its own environmental problems.

0 E

Forestry experts have called on the European Union to use its powers in order to protect the continent's
woodlands. This follows the publication of a recent report showing that one quarter of Europe's trees
showed signs of severe damage. The experts are asking for wide-ranging action as it now seems clear
that Europe's forests are reaching crisis point.

1

The study examined trees across the whole of Europe and found that they were being damaged
throughout the continent. Twenty-six per cent of Europe's trees had lost significant numbers of leaves,
while more than ten per cent showed signs of discoloration.

2

The report also put forward factors such as air pollution and climate change as causes of this
environmental problem. Responding to the report, however, a European spokesman said it was too
early to be certain about what was causing the widespread damage. The European Commission has
now begun a more detailed 20-year study which will hopefully produce clearer answers.

3

Francis O'Sullivan, senior forestry officer at the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF), pointed out:
"While Europe is quick to condemn tropical countries over their forestry policies, it has been ignoring the
crisis in its own backyard. Europe now has fewer forests than any other continent except Antarctica, and
has less protected woodland than any other region in the world."

426
4

"Less than one per cent of our ancient forests remain," he added. If this is allowed to continue, the
damage to our forest systems will result in a reduction in water quality and will cause a crisis in the
fishing, tourist and timber industries, as well as threatening the ecological balance in Europe".

5

Nigel Dudley, a specialist forestry adviser, says that the forestry industry has made substantial progress
in organising a programme of forest management, but in his opinion European governments have not
been acting quickly enough. Dudley believes that there is a need for further European action on
commitments made at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992.

6

Next month the WWF will be reporting on how well governments around the world have kept their Rio
summit promises. Most governments are expected to get poor reports. The situation in Europe may,
however, be about to improve as the European Parliament is to begin investigating forest protection and
may ask for new safeguards to protect the health of Europe's trees.

VOCABULARY

Exercise 7.3

A. Look at the following words in italics in the text and try to explain them:

continent factors widespread forestry ignoring
timber ecological balance substantial safeguards

B. Fill in the gaps with the correct word(s) from the list below:

condemned commitments put forward
reductions discoloration wide-ranging responded
backyard woodland experts

1. The residents were opposed to the construction of a nuclear power station in their
................................. . (area)
2. To be a successful manager you need to have ................................. experience. (varied)
3. The ................................. on the hill is home to numerous birds and animals. (tree covered
area)
4. When asked, Jane is always ready to ................................. good ideas. (suggest)
5. To avoid ................................. wash light and dark coloured clothes separately. (spoiling the
colour)
6. The President said that he ................................. the practices of military regimes. (found
unacceptable)
7. Educational ................................. are trying to improve the standards in schools. (specialists)
8. My holiday had to be cancelled because of work .................................. (obligations)
9. There are special ticket ................................. for students. (discounts)
10. The government ................................. positively to the demand for new anti pollution laws.
(answered)

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Exercise 7.4

A. Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets.

World's Wildlife in Danger

1) ............................ (conserve) are very concerned about the ever-growing number of 2)
............................ (danger) species in the world. 3) ............................ (environment) problems such as
freak weather conditions, fire and acid rain are resulting in the 4) ............................ (destroy) of vast
areas of woodland and forest. These areas are home to large numbers of animals and, as the land is
vital to their 5) ............................ (survive), this is having 6) ............................ (alarm) effects. 7)
............................ (ecology) advocate the use of ozone-friendly products and, of course, recycling to
achieve a 8) ............................ (reduce) in environmental damage. Safari parks have also been
established in an attempt to give 9) ............................ (protect) to animals from big-game hunters.
Numbers are slowly beginning to increase and will 10) ............................ (hope) continue to do so in the
future.

B. Why is wildlife under threat according to the text above? List all the reasons.

Exercise 7.5

Choose the correct item.

1. Zoologists work hard to ....... endangered species.
A. protect B. shelter C. cover D. support
2. Greenpeace is going to release a(n) ....... on water pollution.
A. edition B. issue C. publicity D. report
3. The tropical ....... of Africa need to be protected from destruction.
A. regions B. states C. places D. sites
4. To improve the ....... of the water, use a water-purification tablet.
A. standard B. amount C. quantity D. quality
5. Acid rain has caused a lot of ....... to Europe's trees.
A. wreck B. ruin C. damage D. disaster
6. Five world leaders are due to attend the ....... meeting in London.
A. tip B. top C. summit D. peak

Exercise 7.6

Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list. Use the word(s) only once.

to produce tropical ecological detailed severe
there is a need to reach substantial forestry

1. ............................... damage 6. ............................... balance
2. ............................... crisis point 7. ............................... progress
3. a (n) ............................... study 8. ............................... for action
4. ............................... clearer answers 9. ............................... countries
5. ............................... officer

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Exercise 7.7

Fill in the appropriate idiom from the list below:

backup backbreaking backbone sign of the times
shows signs of sign language
1. The ever increasing crime rate is a .............................................. . (typical characteristic of the
present)
2. Picking strawberries in the summer heat can be .............................................. work. (physically
exhausting)
3. The policemen called for .............................................. when they spotted a house being
burgled. (reinforcements)
4. Your work .............................................. improvement; keep it up! (has evidence of)
5. Deaf people communicate by using .............................................. (hand movements and
gestures)
6. The fishing industry is the .............................................. of the islands economy. (most
essential element)

Exercise 7.8

Underline the correct item.

1. My boss wants me to work even / very harder.
2. The manager was very / too pleased with the sales figures.
3. His parents were not much / very happy when he decided to join the army.
4. The wind is much / too strong for sailing today.
5. He was much / very annoyed when I crashed his car.
6. The police officer suddenly began to look much / very more serious.
7. The spectators were more / most pleased with their team's win.
8. They'll give us farther / further details as soon as they receive them.
9. Pam drove very / much quickly down the lane.
10. The journey was far / most longer than we had expected.
11. We need further / farther information on the project.
12. The shop assistant was even / most helpful.
13. It's a bit / too warmer today than yesterday.
14. Can you drive very / any faster, please? I'm in a hurry.

GRAMMAR DIGEST 7

FUTURE TIME: WILL AND BE GOING TO,
MAY AND MIGHT

QUESTIONS WITH HOW

FOCUS 1

TALKING ABOUT FUTURE TIME

Use will and be going to to make predictions about the future or to say what you think will
happen in the future.
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429

One day, he will be rich. Use will for a prediction (what we think will
happen).
Look at those big black clouds. It is going to
rain.
NOT: It will rain.
Use be going to for a prediction based on the
present situation (what we can see is going to
happen).
Teacher to student: Your parents will be
very upset about this.
Will is more formal.
Father to daughter: your mothers going to
be very angry about this.
Be going to is less formal.

FOCUS 2

WILL

affirmative statements negative statements
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
will arrive next week.
ll arrive next week.
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
will not arrive next week.
wont arrive next week.
There will bepeace in the world.
ll be
There will not beany wars.
wont be
Men will beable to have babies. Men will not be able to have babies.
wont

Will
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
arrive next week? Yes,
you
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
will.

No,
you
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
wont.

wh-questions answers
When will the scientists discover a cure? (They will discover a cure) in ten years.
Wherewill the couple go on their honeymoon? (They will go) to Thailand.
What will the homeless man do with the money? Hell buy a new house.
Howwill the couple travel? (Theyll travel) by plane.
Howlong will they be on the plane? (Theyll beon the plane) for five hours.
Who will get an Olympic medal? The athlete (will).
Who(m) will the lifeguard save? (Hell save) a lucky person.

430
Exercise 7.1

How will or lives be different in fifty years? Make predictions with will or wont.

1. The climate _______________ change.
2. Pollution _______________ be under control.
3. People _______________ take vacations on the moon.
4. There _______________ be few fish in the oceans.
5. All countries _______________ share the worlds money equally.
6. Most people _______________ move back to the countryside.
7. The traditional family with a husband, wife, and two children _______________ disappear.
8. Men and women _______________ continue to marry.
9. People of different races _______________ learn to live together peacefully.
10. People _______________ speak the same language.
11. Crime _______________ stop.
12. People _______________ drive electric cars.
13. We _______________ discover life on other planets.
14. Science _______________ continue to be vary important.
15. People _______________ live to be 130 years old.
16. A woman _______________ be President of Romania.

FOCUS 3

BE GOING TO
I am
m
I amnot
mnot
You are
re
You are not
arent
He
She
It
is
s
He
She
It
is not
isnt
We
You
They
are
re
going to leave.
We
You
They
are not
arent
going to leave.

Am I you are. you arent.
Are you I am. Im not.
Is
he
she
it
he
she
it
is.
he
she
it
isnt.
Are
we
you
they
going to leave? Yes,
we
you
they
are.
No,
we
you
they
arent.

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wh-questions answers
When
Where
What
How
How long
Who(m)
are you going to
leave?
go?
do there?
get there?
stay?
visit?
Imgoing to
leave in two weeks.
go to Colorado.
go skiing.
go by car.
stay for one week.
visit my cousin.
Whos going to drive? My friend (is going to drive).

Remember: Going to is often pronounced gonna when in speech.

Exercise 7.2

Complete the dialogue with the correct form of be going to. The first one has been done for you
as an example.

Helen: Are you going to get ready for the party?
Paul: I dont want to. It ________________ be fun at all. This ________________ be a boring party.
Helen: It ________________ be boring. Its going to be fun.
Paul: Your uncle ________________ want to show his vacation slides. The slides
________________ put me asleep. Then we ________________ listen to him talk about
everything in detail. What ________________ eat for dinner?
Helen: We ________________ have roast beef.
Paul: It ________________ be undercooked. I ________________ to eat the meat if it is too rare.
Your aunt ________________ eat it and then she ________________ to feel well. I know she
________________ get sick.

Exercise 7.3

Read the answers. Write a yes/no or wh-question with be going to.

Richard: My doctor says I need to leave my job and get away somewhere.
Robert: (1) Where are you going to go?
Richard: To Spain.
Robert: (2) _________________________________________________________
Richard: I dont know (what Im going to do there).]
Robert: (3) _________________________________________________________
Richard: (Im going to stay) with some old friends.
Robert: (4) _________________________________________________________
Richard: For about a month.
Robert: (5) _________________________________________________________
Richard: By plane.
Robert: (6) _________________________________________________________
Richard: I dont know (if Im going to come back to my job).

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FOCUS 4

TIME EXPRESSIONS

Im going to visit you tomorrowevening.

A month fromnow, Willie will be on a
tropical island.
Future time expressions can come at the
beginning or at the end of the sentence. Put a
comma (,) after the time expression when it is at
the beginning of the sentence.

Future Time Expressions

(later)
this
morning
afternoon
evening
next week
month
year
Sunday
weekend
tomorrow morning
afternoon
evening
soon
later
the day after tomorrow
a week from today
tonight

in fifteen minutes.
two weeks.
March.
2015.
on Tuesday.
May 21
st
.
Ill see you
at 4:00.
midnight.

We also use prepositions of time to talk about
future time.
We are going to go to Spain for three weeks. For shows how long the action will last.
Ill be there until 3:00. (At 3.00, I will leave, I will
not be there after 3.00.)
I wont be there until Monday. (Before Monday, I
wont be there. After Monday, Ill be there.)
Until shows the specific time in the future when
the action will change.

Exercise 7.4

Make statements about yourself. Use be going to.

Example: In a few days, Im going to call my parents.

1. In a few days, ______________________________________________________
2. Next summer, ______________________________________________________
3. The day after tomorrow, ______________________________________________
4. This evening, _______________________________________________________
5. Tomorrow night, ____________________________________________________
6. This weekend, ______________________________________________________
7. At 9:00, ___________________________________________________________
8. In December, _______________________________________________________
9. On Wednesday night, ________________________________________________

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Exercise 7.5

Anthony and Sally are planning a vacation in Europe. They are going to visit four countries in
seven days. Sally is telling Anthony about their travel plans. Fill in the blanks with in, on, at, for, or until.

1. We are going to arrive in Madrid (a) at 6:00 p.m. (b) on Sunday.
2. Well stay in Madrid _____________ two days.
3. Then, we fly to Paris _____________ Tuesday morning.
4. Well stay in Paris _____________ Wednesday afternoon.
5. The, well fly to Rome _____________ the evening.
6. We wont leave Rome _____________ Friday morning.
7. _____________ 10:00 a.m. on Friday morning, well fly to our final destination, Athens, Greece.
8. Well stay in Greece _____________ two days.
9. Well return home _____________ Sunday. Then, well need a vacation!

Exercise 7.6

Look at Wandas calendar. Imagine it is now 2 p.m. on Wednesday, April 10, 1996. Read the
sentences about Wandas plans and fill in the blanks with a time expression or a preposition of time.
There may be more than one correct answer.

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3 4 5 6
APRIL

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Last client
6:00 pm
polish
crystal ball
deposit
money in
bank

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

buy new
fortune
cards
secretary
goes on
vacation
Fortune
Tellers
conference

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

28 29 30 31

Still to do:

-- May 6
th
: place ad in newspaper
-- First edition of How to make Predictions magazine arrives on June 10
th

-- Retire 2015!
-- Write autobiography 2020

1. Wanda is going to see her last client at 6:00 this evening, in four hours.
2. Shes going to attend the Fortune-tellers Conference ______________________.
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3. Shes going to polish her crystal ball ___________________________________.
4. Shes going to deposit all her money in the bank __________________________.
5. Her secretary is going to go on vacation _________________________________.
6. Shes going to buy new fortune cards ___________________________________.
7. Shes going to put an advertisement about herself in the newspaper ____________.
8. She will receive her first How To Make Predictions magazine _______________.
9. She will retire to a tropical island ______________________________________.
10. She will write a book called How to Be a Successful Fortune-teller in 10 Easy Lessons
__________________________________________________________.

FOCUS 5

TALKING ABOUT FUTURE INTENTIONS OR PLANS
A: The phone is ringing.
B: OK. Ill get it.
Use will when you decide to do something at the
time of speaking.
Mother: Where are you going?
Daughter: Im going to take a drive with
Richard tonight. Remember, Mom? You said
it was okay
Mother: I did?
Use going to when you made a plan to do
something before the time of speaking.

Exercise 7.7

Complete the dialogue with the correct form of will or be going to.

Aunt Polly: Tom Sawyer, you (1) ________________ paint the fence; that is already decided.
Tom: But, Aunt Polly, I dont want to paint the fence.
Aunt Polly: I (2) ________________ stand for this Tom. You (3) ________________ cause my
death yet. You (4) ________________ do some work.
Tom: But, all the other boys (5) ________________ go swimming.
Aunt Polly: Well, you (6) ________________ do some painting.
Ben: Why are you carrying that bucket and brush, Tom? What (7) ________________ to
do?
Tom: I (8) ________________ paint the fence.
Ben: Why (9) ________________ to do that? I (10) ________________ go swimming. You
(11) ________________ have any fun.
Tom: Because I like to. I (12) ________________ to have fun.
Ben: Hey, that looks like fun, let me try doing it.
Tom: No, Aunt Polly (13) ________________ like that. Besides Im having fun.
Ben: Please, Tom, let me do it?
Tom: Ok, but what (14) ________________ give me?
Ben: How about this apple?
Tom: Ok.
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FOCUS 6

MAY AND MIGHT
Use may or might to say something is possible in the future.

I will go to Mexico next year. Shows certainty. The speaker is 100% sure.
I may/might go to Mexico next year. Shows possibility.

I
You
He
She
We
You
They

study abroad next year.

be able to stay abroad for
two years.
I
You
He
She
We
You
They

take a vacation.

be able to stay for two
years.
It rain later. It rain later.
There

may
might
be cheap flight to Madrid. There

may not
might not
be any discounts on
flights.

NOTE:
You cannot use may or might in yes/no questions.
There are not contractions for may or might.

Exercise 7.8

Either may or might is possible in the blanks. Fill in the blanks with may or might in the
affirmative or negative.

Example: Peter: How are you going to go to Boston next weekend?
Al: I may drive or I may take the train. I wont fly because its expensive.

1. Joanne: Is Ilene going to come to your New Years Eve party?
Paula: She (a) ________________ be able to come. She went out of town on
business and she (b) ________________ be back in time for the party.
2. Tamara: Where are you and Chip going to go on vacation this summer?
Susan: Chip (a) ________________ start a new job in July, so we (b)
________________ be able to go on vacation. We (c) ________________ stay
home and go tot the beach.
3. Eugene: Whats Jason going to major in at the university?
Carol: Well, he really loves the ocean, so he (a) ________________ major in marine
biology, or he (b) ________________ major in environmental science.
4. Priscilla: Will you go back to your country after you finish college here?
Arnaldo: I dont know. I (a) ________________ want to go back o visit my family, but I (b)
________________ want to go back to live there. There (c) ________________ be
more job opportunities for me here in the United States.

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Exercise 7.9

What is our future in the computer age? Make statements with affirmative or negative forms of
will, be going to, may, or might.

Example: Computers/always be part of our lives
Computers will always be part of our lives.

1. People/want to go back to a time before computers
2. The number of computers in the world/increase
3. We/all have pocket computers
4. The Internet/connect people in every home all over the world
5. Students in classrooms all around the world/be able to talk to each other
6. People/learn languages easily with computers
7. People/prefer to communicate by computer
8. Books/disappear
9. People who cannot use computers/be able to find jobs.
10. Computers/take away our privacy.

Exercise 7.10

Write the questions for each of the answers using the underlined words as cues.

Example: Will Ross own oil wells?
Yes, Rossll own oil wells.

1. __________________________________________________________________
Alberta will win the Nobel Prize for science in 2012.
2. __________________________________________________________________
Gracell open her garage in town.
3. __________________________________________________________________
No, Clara will not become rich and famous.
4. __________________________________________________________________
Cullll buy a tractor because it will help him on the farm.
5. __________________________________________________________________
Brian will go to medical school in Brighton.
6. __________________________________________________________________
Itll take Con one year to build his new house.
7. __________________________________________________________________
Dan will play football in Manchester.
8. __________________________________________________________________
The Beatles will discover Alice.

FOCUS 7

QUESTIONS WITH HOW

How old are you?
How well do you speak English?
An adjective (old, tall) or an adverb (well, far) is
often used in a how question.
How far is it from here to the park?
Its about five blocks.
How far asks about distance.
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How long does it taketo fly form New York
to Beijing?
It takes about twenty-four hours.
How long does it takeyou to prepare
dinner?
It takes me an hour.
How long does it take asks about time.

Exercise 7.11
Steve is the owner of Water Trails Kayak Club. Cynthia and her daughter Maria want to join the
kayak club, but first Cynthia has to answer a few questions. Look at the information card Steve has to fill
out. Write the questions he asks. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Club Member
Name Cynthia Schuemann
Age __________ 1. How old are you?
Swimming ability __________ 2. How _________________________
Kayaking ability __________ 3. How _________________________
Number of years kayaking __________ 4. How _________________________
How often kayaking planned __________ 5. How _________________________
Distance to kayak __________ 6. How _________________________
Distance to kayak
club from home __________ 7. How _________________________
Length of Membership:
__________ 6 months __________ 1 year 8. How _________________________
Method of payment: 9. How _________________________
__________ check __________cash
__________ credit card

Related Family Member
Name Maria Schuemann
Age __________ 10. How old ______________________
Swimming ability __________ 11. How _________________________
Kayaking ability __________ 12. How _________________________
Number of years kayaking __________ 13. How _________________________
How often kayaking planned __________ 14. How _________________________
Distance to kayak __________ 15. How _________________________

TUTOR-ASSESSED TASK

WRITING
Answer the following questions in writing:
1. Why is it so important to protect the environment?
2. What will happen if forests continue to be damaged?
3. What materials can be recycled?
4. How can individuals cut down on household waste?
5. What measures should the government take to reduce pollution?
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GRAMMAR
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. _____________ a musical instrument?
(A) Can you playing (B) Can you play
(C) You can play (D) You play

2. I can sing, but I _____________ play a musical instrument.
(A) canot (B) no can
(C) cant (D) can

3. Many of my friends play music _____________.
(A) beauty (B) beautifully
(C) beautifuly (D) beautiful

4. Do they _____________ play the guitar?
(A) can (B) cannot
(C) know how to (C) cant

5. My friend, Simon, plays _____________.
(A) professional guitar (B) professionally guitar
(C) guitar professional (D) guitar professionally

6. He _____________ every day. In fact, he _____________ right now.
(A) is practicingpractices (B) practicesis practicing
(C) practiceis practicing (D) practicespracticing

7. Where _____________?
(A) does he practicing (B) he practices
(C) does he (D) is he practicing

8. He _____________ practices at his mothers house.
(A) right now (B) at this moment
(C) nowadays (D) usually

9. _____________ he lays in an elegant bar.
(A) Now (B) Tonight
(C) At this moment (D) Every weekend

10. Simon _____________ to play Spanish guitar music.
(A) is preferring (B) prefer
(C) prefers (D) is prefers

11. Now he _____________ on some new songs.
(A) is working (B) will work
(C) works (D) working

12. Right now he is playing guitar at the bar on the weekends, but he _____________ guitar at the
bar during the week.
(A) s not playing (B) is playing
(C) are not playing (D) plays

13. _____________ his job? Yes, he _____________.
(A) Does he enjoyis (B) Is he enjoyingis
(C) Are we enjoyingare (D) very welllate

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14. His boss pays him _____________, but he must work _____________.
(A) very goodlately (B) well verylate
(C) very goodlate (D) very welllate

15. Thats great. He can enjoy his work _____________ a lot of money.
(A) and make (B) but can make
(C) but cant make (D) and cannot make

Identify the one word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be
grammatically correct.

16. Were going to the beach. Can Ellen come? Does she can swim?
A B C D

17. Ellen is afraid of water, but this week she are bravely learning how to swim.
A B C D

18. Where is she taking lessons? At the pool; she is going there every day.
A B C D

19. Every morning, she walks to the pool. She timidly puts her toe into the water.
A B C D

20. At first, she is hating the water, but once she jumps in, she splashes happily.
A B C D

21. She can no swim perfectly, but she is learning quickly.
A B C D

22. She knows how to breathe. Now she is learning how to breathe when she is swimming.
A B C D

23. She can goes to the beach, but please watch her carefully.
A B C D

24. She cannot swim good. She needs someone near her when she is swimming.
A B C D

25. We always stay in shallow water and we always are watching little children very carefully.
A B C D

26. Can your brother makes model airplanes? Yes, this week he is building a new model.
A B C D

27. He can put the pieces together, and he cant paint the model by himself. He needs help.
A B C D

You will send these tasks to your tutor for assessment.

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ANSWER KEY

READING DIGEST 1
Exercise 1.2 Suggested answers
1. b) and d)
2. a), c), e) and f)
3. 'He opened his eyes wide' suggests anger in Chinese but surprise in English.
4. Because some people are more sensitive/more emotional themselves/more observant.
5. People want to show they are interested but give the impression they don't care.
6. We communicate our feelings through sounds we can make, e.g. exclamations of surprise.

Exercise 1.3
1. C; 2. B; 3. C; 4. D; 5. A; 6. A; 7. B; 8. C; 9. A; 10. C;
11. C; 12. D; 13. B; 14. A; 15. D; 16. B; 17; C; 18. A; 19. D; 20. D.

Exercise 1.4
A. 1. pleasure; 2. happiness; 3. boredom; 4. bitterness; 5. excitement; 6. embarrassing; 7.
surprised; 8. painful; 9. enjoyable; 10. pleasant.
B. 1. of; 2. with; 3. with; 4. about; 5. in/with; 6. in; 7. at/by; 8. by; 9. to.
C. 1. ashamed; 2. delight; 3. frighten; 4. bored; 5. boring; 6. funny; 7. disgusting; 8. humorous; 9.
doubt; 10. surprise.
D. 1. make; 2. give; 3. bring; 4. cause.

Exercise 1.5
A. a) gets down; b) get by; c) gets on; d) gets out of; e) get over; f) gets round to
1. d); 2. f); 3. a); 4. c); 5. b); 6. e)
B. 1. round to; 2. over; 3. out of; 4. by; 5. down; 6. on with.

GRAMMAR DIGEST 1

Exercise 1.1
1. flowers; fresh flowers; 2. a new house; 3. jewelry; 4. a doll collection; ten different dolls; 5. beautiful
pictures; 6. classical music; Mozart; 7. birthdays.

Exercise 1.2
1. (a) She; (b) She; (c) them; (d) They; (e) them; (f) us.
2. (a) They; (b) they; (c) it; (d) them; (e) her; (f) him.
3. (a) I; (b) it; (c) It; (d) me.

Exercise 1.3
(2) She sees him...; (3) ... invites him to dinner; (4) ... with him; (5) ... loves her; (6) ... about her ...; (7) ...
tell him about Jim; (8) ... leave him; (9) ... hurt them; (10) ... loves me and I love him; (11) ... like him.

Exercise 1.4
1. sell tham good cars; 2. write them once a week; 3. send us a very small bill; 4. buy her a diamund
ring; 5. tell her the truth; 6. read to them every night; 7. give her my homework on time; 8. lend you
money.
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Exercise 1.5
2. The father gives his friend cigars.
3. The parents send birth announcements to their friends and family.
4. Friends and family buy the baby gifts.
5. Grandmothers make sweaters for the new baby.
6. Grandfathers make toys for the baby.
7. The parents give the child everything.
8. The man sometimes gives a diamond ring to the woman.
9. Friends have an engagement party for the couple.
10. Friends give the woman gifts at the party.
11. Guests give gifts to the couple at the wedding.
12. People send the family some flowers. / Some people send the family flowers.
13. People send special cards to the family.
14. Some people give money to charities.
15. Some people bring food for the family.

Exercise 1.6
1. ... give a present to three of my co-workers.; 2. I usualy give them tickets...; 3. I tell jokes to my ...; 4. I
sometimes send her home ...; 5. She teaches English to my ...; 6. I usually read her Cinderella.; 7. I
need to mail the applications to the ...; 8. I usually buy him compact discs.

Exercise 1.7
1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. a; 9. b; 10.b.

Exercise 1.8
1. Both are possible; 2. Only Pattern A; 3. Only Pattern A; 4. Only A; 4. Both are possible; 6. Only A; 7.
Only A; 8. Both are possible; 9. Both are possible; 10. Only A; 11. Only A; 12. Only A.

Exercise 1.9
1. he; 2. He; 3. him; 4. he; 5. her; 6. She; 7. She; 8. him; 9. me; 10. I; 11. I; 12. me; 13. me; 14. me; 15.
me.

Exercise 1.10
I dont feel mad at my family any more. I want them to feel happy. I have to do something for them. I go
outside and pick some beautiful flowers. I give them to my brother, mother, and father. My brother
smiles at me. My mother gives me a kiss. I give her a hug. My father smiles at me too. I give him a hug
also. My family is laughing. I really like them when they are happy. Ruff is happy too; my brother is
petting him. He finds some milk on the floor and licks it up. When you are happy, everyone is happy
with you.

Exercise 1.11
Pete gives:
1. the neighbours a screwdriver set.; 2. a hairbrush to Cecilia.; 3. the mail carrier a dog repellant.; 4. the
hairbrush to his girlfriend.; 5. the dictionary to his secretary.; 6. a flashlight to his dad.; 7. the dishtowels
to his mom.; 8. car wax to Angela and Bob.; 9. a dictionary to his secretary.; 10. the screwdriver set the
neighbours.

Exercise 1.12
Sentences will vary.

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Exercise 1.13
1. Lea; Kim handed her his calculator.; 2. Kim; Lea introduced him to ...; 3. Mr. Dickens; Lea showed
him her essay.; 4. Lea; Kim taught it to her.; 5. Kim; Aunt Cain offered him help.; 6. the counselor and
me; Kim sent a thank you note to us.; 7. Kim; I repeated what Kims mom said to him.; 8. Kim; She
explained the problem to him.; 9. my sons; I read them the book.

READING DIGEST 2

Exercise 2.2
1. D; 2. C; 3. B; 4. A.

Exercise 2.3
1. memory; 2. recall/remember; 3. remind; 4. remember; 5. remind; 6. memories.

Exercise 2.4
A. 1. on; 2. in; 3. by; 4. to; 5. under; 6. to; 7. of; 8. in; 9. with; 10. In ... to.
B. 1. apparently; 2. memory; 3. injury; 4. concentration; 5. forgetful; 6 Luckily; 7. recovery; 8.
satisfactory; 9. specialist; 10. thankful.
C. 1. hurt; 2. damage; 3. spoil/be ruined; 4. injure; 5. harm; 6 ruin/spoil.

Exercise 2.5
A.
1. a place where you can park for a short time only
2. a place where you can park for a long time if you wish
3. someone who cannot see things at a distance
4. a runner who takes part in races over long distances
5. a speech which is tiresomely long
6. a politician who is not extreme in his views
B.
1. a long-sighted person; 2. a short-term loan; 3. a long-term loan; 4. a middle-class person; 5. a
middle-aged person; 6. a short-sleeved shirt; 7. a three-legged dog; 8. a medium-sized house.

Exercise 2.6
1. C; 2. A; 3. B; 4. B; 5. A; 6. D; 7. D; 8. D; 9. B; 10. C;
11. A; 12. B; 13. A; 14. D; 15. D; 16. C; 17. B; 18. A; 19. C; 20. D.

Exercise 2.7 Suggested answers.
1. It was very nice of you to send me that lovely book for my birthday.
2. I have not had time to read much (of it) but it seems very interesting.
3. Since the accident I have had some problems with my memory but now I'm beginning to feel
almost normal again.
4. I still have some scars on my face but they are not as bad as before.
5. My daughter Sarah is doing very well at school and hopes/is hoping to go to university next
year.
6. How are you and your family?
7. I hope to hear from you soon. Thanks again for the wonderful book and give my love to
everybody.

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Exercise 2.8
A. 1. to; 2. would; 3. sense; 4. short; 5. dead; 6. seem/appear; 7. losing; 8. capable; 9. possible/so;
10. answer; 11. single; 12. consists; 13. purposes; 14. ways; 15. split/divided; 16. In; 17. have; 18.
wrong; 19. more; 20. had.

GRAMMAR DIGEST 2

Exercise 2.1
Answers may vary.

Exercise 2.2
Each question should begin with Can and aswers will vary.

Exercise 2.3
All answers should follow the examples given, namely, in the first point (a) insert can in the place of
the slash (Who can cook?) and in the second point (b) insert can you in place of the slash ( What
can you cook?).

Exercise 2.4
Learned abilities: speaking English; riding a bike; flying an airplane; reading; swimming; writing.

Exercise 2.5
1. A blind person cant see.
2. A dog cant live for twenty-five years.
3. Infants cant walk. / dont know how to walk.
4. A deaf person cant hear.
5. Fish cant breathe on land.
6. Mechanics can fix cars. / know how to fix cars.
7. Men can take care of babies. / know how to take care of babies.
8. A man cant have a baby.
9. Doctors can cure some diseases. / know how to cure some diseases.

Exercise 2.6
(3) cant / are not able to; (4) cant / am not able to; (5) cant / am not able to; (6) cant / am not able to;
(7) cant / am not able to; (8) cant / am not able to; (9) can; (10) cant / isnt able to; (11) cant / isnt able
to; (12) can / are able to; (13) cant / am not able to; (14) can / am able to.

Exercise 2.7
It is recommended that you use either can or be able to in making the questions.

Exercise 2.8
Answers may vary.

Exercise 2.9
1. (b) so; (c) so; (d) and; (e) but; (f) so.
2. (a) and; (b) but; (c) but; (d) and; (e) so).
3. (a) but; (b) so.

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Exercise 2.10
Answers will vary.

Exercise 2.11
Sentences will vary.
2. Andy can float but he cant dive.
3. Andy can paint and draw.
4. Andy cant make jewelry.
5. Andy can ice skate but he cant ski.
6. Andy can ride a sled but he cant ski.
7. Andy can fix a flat tire, but he cant repair the engine.
8. Andy can driva a car but he cant fix the engine.
9. Andy can wash clothes, but he cant sew.
10. Ali cant sew but he can iron.

Exercise 2.12
Correct sentences: 3 and 5.

READING DIGEST 3

Exercise 3.2
1.C; 2. D; 3. C; 4. B; 5. A.

Exercise 3.3
A.
1. flat; 2. failure; 3. deny; 4. admit; 5. cover up; 6. awake.
B.
1. invention; 2. interpretation; 3. solution; 4. imagination;
5. importance; 6. performance; 7. disagreement; 8. knowledge.

Exercise 3.4
A.
1. d; 2. f; 3. c; 4. a; 5. e; 6. b.
B.
1. into; 2. out of; 3. through; 4. along; 5. over.
C.
1. run over; 2. run into; 3. run through; 4. run out of; 5. run along.

Exercise 3.5
1.B; 2. A; 3. C; 4. B; 5. D; 6. A; 7. C; 8. C; 9. D; 10. A;
11. B; 12. A; 13. B; 14. C; 15. D; 16. A; 17. D; 18. B; 19. C; 20. A.

GRAMMAR DIGEST 3

Exercise 3.1
is attending; is spending; Hes taking; Hes trying; is going; isnt having; is going vrazy; Hes thinking;
Hes learning; Hes beginning.

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Exercise 3.2
(1) is repairing; (2) is slicing; (3) is wiping; (4) is listening; (5) is thinking; (6) is waiting; (7) is sleeping; (8)
is chewing; (9) is playing; (10) is cleaning.

Exercise 3.3
1. is biting; 2. am walking; 3. are making; 4. are hurting; 5. is burning; 6. am dying; are killing.

Exercise 3.4
1. Robin isnt wearing... / Robins not wearing...; 2. Robins babsitter isnt coming... / Robins babysitters
not coming...; 3. ... arent getting ... / ... are not getting ...; 4. Regis isnt relaxing. / Regiss not relaxing...;
5. ... arent listening ... / ... are not listening ...; 6. Suzy isnt doing ... / Suzys not doing ...; 7. Suzy isnt
helping ... / Suzys not helping ...; 8. Regis isnt paying ... / Regiss not paying ...; 9. Regis isnt laughing.
/ Regiss not laughing.; 10. Regis isnt enjoying ... / Regiss not enjoying ... .

Exercise 3.5
1. T/C; 2. P; 3. P; 4. T/C; 5. T/C; 6. P; 7. P; 8. P.

Exercise 3.6
Answers will vary.

Exercise 3.7
Anwers may vary.
Simple Present
2. Robin usually cooks dinner in the evening.
4. Regis usually works. He doesnt usually spend the day at home.
6. The baby and the dog dont usually fight.
Present Progressive
3.(c) Tonight, Regis is taking care of the children.
5.(e) This evening, Regis is taking care of the children.
7.(g) Tonight Regis is going crazy.

Exercise 3.8
Answers may vary.
1. These days, women are getting ...; 2. Today, fifty ... are working ...; 3. These days, women are
earning ...; 4. Today, women are becoming ...; 5. These days, men are sharing work ...; 6. Today,
husbands are helping ...; 7. These days, fathers are spending ...; 8. Today, the roles ... are changing.

Exercise 3.9
1. (a) need; (b) am watching.
2. (a) doing; (b) am; (c) am trying; (d) is attending; (e) am taking care of.
3. (a) is pulling; (b) am talking; (c) know; (d) comes; (e) are doing.
4. (a) is; (b) am; (c) is happening; (d) are behaving; (e) are acting; (f) yell; (g) am not having; (h)
sound.

Exercise 3.10
3. Why are Frankie and the dog fighting?
4. Who(m) is Robin meeting at the college?
5. Whats Robin thinking?
6. Why are they eating sandwiches?
7. Who is watching the children?
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8. Why is Regis taking aspirin?
9. Where is Robins meeting taking place?
10. Who is coming home right now?
11. How is Regis feeling?
12. Who is making a lot of noise?

Exercise 3.11
1. Frankie and the dog are fighting.
2. He has a new TV.
3. Why are you working today?
4. Do you need my help?
5. What is Robin thinking?
6. Does she believe him?
7. ... he is playing cowboy ...
8. The soup smells bad.
9. Where are you going?
10. People are not saving ...
11. You are working hard ...
12. How are you doing today?

Exercise 3.12
1. is eating; 2. is watching; 3. are burrying; 4. is jumping; 5. is buying; 6. is sleeping; 7. is wding; 8. am
sliding; 9. are burning; 10. are spilling.

1. Dad is getting a sunburn; 2. Carmens digging in the sand; 3. The swimmers are splashing each
other; 4. The girls are burrying Dad; 5. The hot dogs are burning; 6. Inm sliding down the water slide; 7.
The lifeguard is blowing his whistle; 8. Dad is lying in the sand; 9. Moms buying food; 10. Jennifers
flirting with the lifeguard; 11. Titos eating a hot dog.

1. The family is not having any fun.
2. Dad is not driving carefully.
3. Carmen and Margarita are not sitting still.
4. Mom is not agreeing with Dad.
5. The air conditioning is not working.
6. I am not talking with my family.
7. Traffic is not moving.
8. Jennifer is not smiling.
9. Ricky is not sleeping.
10. Dad is not watching the road.

Exercise 3.13
Sentences may vary. The following are possible answers.
1. ... but today Im at home.; 2. My Dad is usually at home, but ...; 3. ... but shes making them today.; 4.
My sister is often at her boyfriends house, but ...; 5. ... but now hes awake and playing.; 6. My brother
Tito is watching television all the time, but ...; 7. My sisters dont argue much, but ...; 8. ... but at the
moment shes baking cookies.; 9. ... but now hes putting on the Christmas lights.; 10. ... but today hes
eating a lot of cookies.

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Exercise 3.14
Questions and asnwers will vary.

READING DIGEST 4

Exercise 4.2
1. C; 2. A; 3. C; 4. D.

Exercise 4.3
1. speak; 2. say; 3. talk; 4. tell; 5. speak/talk; 6. tell; 7. speak; 8. say.

Exercise 4.4
A.
1. communication (noun); 2. apparently (adverb); 3. intelligence (noun); 4. astonishment (noun); 5.
development (noun); 6. corrections; 7. refusal (noun); 8. angrily (adverb)
B.
1. b); 2. d); 3. f); 4. h); 5. h).

Exercise 4.5
A.
1. e); 2. f); 3. d); 4. c).
Rephrasing:
a) Sound in general travels very fast through water in general.
b) A particular kind of sound (which has been mentioned) travels very fast through a particular
area of water.
B.
1. a) Tom; b) Dick.
2. a) Jack Ruby; b) Kennedy.
C.
1. Who broke the window?
2. Who always leaves the door open?
3. Who did Cleopatra love?
4. Who does the teacher work for?
5. Who likes doing exercises like these?

Exercise 4.6
1. The sound on your television set is very loud.
2. Do you enjoy listening to classical music?
3. Do you like the music of Beethoven and Mozart?
4. The love of money is often the strongest feeling of all.
5. I am very interested in science.
6. I am particularly interested in the science of marine biology.
7. I do not like the food in this restaurant.
8. Everybody needs food in order to live.

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Exercise 4.7
A. 1. agree (verb); 2. agreement (noun); 3. mean (verb); 4. meaning (noun); 5. live (verb); 6. life
(noun); 7. arrive (verb); 8. arrival (noun); 9. astonish (verb); 10. collect (verb); 11. collect (verb); 12.
collection (noun).
B.
a) employ employment; retire retirement; content contentment.
perform performance; avoid avoidance; rehearse rehearsal; propose proposal.
permit permission; reduce reduction; prefer preference;
correspond correspondence.
depend dependency; urge urgency.
b) tell - tale (vowel change); grieve - grief (consonant change); prove - proof (consonant change).
c) house/z/ - house/s/.
d) re'ject -'reject (stress shift and vowel change).
e) cut cut.
C.
suggest suggestion
explain explanation
satisfy satisfaction
permit permission
interfere interference
appear appearance
encourage encouragement
deliver delivery
see sight
breathe breath
give gift
export export
prove proof
practise practice
advise advice
D.
add - addition confess confession inflate - inflation
divide - division impress impression suspect - suspicion
persuade - persuasion possess possession pollute - pollution

Exercise 4.8
1. besides; 2. which/that; 3. go; 4. distances; 5. contained; 6. number/amount; 7. other; 8.
seems/appears; 9. hear; 10. branches; 11. capable; 12. make/use; 13. such; 14. learned; 15. who; 16.
got; 17. meant; 18. been; 19. mistakes; 20. correcting.

GRAMMAR DIGEST 4

Exercise 4.1
1. The man (in the suit and tie) is the school principal.
2. The man (with the books and microscope) is the science teacher.
3. The woman (in the white coat) is the school nurse.
4. The woman (with the whistle) is the girls basketball coach.
5. The man (with the white hat) works in the school cafeteria.
6. The woman (with the easel and paints) is the art teacher.
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Exercise 4.2
The adjective phrases are:
2. on the skateboard; 3. at the stop light; 4. on the highway; 5. with the red light on top; 6. with the
squeaky wheel; 7. parked at the grocery store; 8. with the ladder; 9. with the woman driver; 10. with a
dent; 11. with the chauffeur.

Exercise 4.3
2. The boy in/with the striped shirt and black pants is throwing ...
3. The girls near the window are waving to ...
4. The boy in the baseball uniform is standing on ...
5. The boys in the back of the room are fighting ...
6. The boy in the corner is reading.
7. The girl in hte closet is crying.
8. The girl with the Walkman is singing.
9. The man with the rope around him is the new teacher.
10. The man in the suit and tie is the school principal.

Exercise 4.4
1. Which skirt does Cheryl want to get?
2. Which shoes does Rachel like?
3. Which earrings does Rachel prefer?
4. Which sweater does Cheryl want to buy?
5. Which skirt does Cheryl like?
6. Which earrings does Cheryl prefer?
7. Which blouse does Rachel like?
8. Which sweater does Rachel want to buy?
9. Which shoes does Cheryl want to buy?

Exercise 4.5
(1) another; (2) others; (3) other; (4) others; (5) the other; (6) the other; (7) others; (8) the others; (9)
another; (10) the other; (11) other; (12) another.

Exercise 4.6
1. (a) another; (b) other; (c) the others; (d) another.
2. (a) the other; (b) another.
3. (a) the other; (b) the other; (c) The others; (d) other; (e) other; (f) other.

Exercise 4.7
1. Spaghetti; 2. Coffee; 3. A toaster; 4. Ice; 5. An elevator; 6. A credit card; 7. Chocolate; 8. Snow.

Exercise 4.8
Answers may vary.
2. very (only very can be used here); 3. very/rather/quite; 4. very/rather/quite; 5. very/rather/fairly; 6.
very (only very can be used here); 7. very/rather/quite; 8. very/rather/quite; 9. very/rather/quite; 10.
very/rather/quite; 11. very/rather/quite.

Exercise 4.9
Answers may vary.

450
Exercise 4.10
Answers may vary depending on students beliefs.

Exercise 4.11
1. were; 2. was; 3. were; 4. was; 5. were; 6. was; 7. was; 8. was.

Exercise 4.12
1. were; 2. was; 3. was; 4. were; 5. were; 6. was; 7. were; 8. was; 9. were; 10. was; 11. was.

Exercise 4.13
was; was; were; were; were; were; was; was; was; was; was; was; were; were; were.

Exercise 4.14
(2) was; (3) wasnt; (4) was; (5) were; (6) was; (7) wasnt; (8) was; (9) wasnt; (10) was; (11) werent;
(12) were; (13) were; (14) werent; (15) were.

Exercise 4.15
Answers may vary.
1. It was cold. / It wasnt warm. / It was rainy / wet / windy. / It wasnt sunny. / It was terrible.
2. It was small and expensive. / The waiters were polite and friendly. / The waiters were rude. /
The food was delicious / terrible. / The service was slow / good.
3. They were interesting. / They were polite / friendly. / They were charming and wonderful.

Exercise 4.16
Answers will vary.

Exercise 4.17
1. The story wasnt about two good sisters.
2. The maidens clothes werent new.
3. There wasnt any princess in the story.
4. The maiden wasnt unhappy at the end of the story.
5. The story wasnt sad at the end.

Exercise 4.18
1. Were there three sisters in the story?
2. Were the maidens sisters rich?
3. Were the sisters jealous and mean?
4. Were the maidens clothes new?
5. Was Strong Wind a powerful warrior?
6. Were the maidens sisters honest?
7. Was the maiden honest?
8. Were the maidens sisters married in the end?
9. Was the ending happy?

Exercise 4.19
1. Was there; 2. there was; 3. Were there; 4. there werent; 5. Was there; 6. Were there; 7. There was;
8. there were.

Exercise 4.20
1. Where were; 2. Who(m) were; 3. How was; 4. Why were; 5. How were; 6. What were.
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Exercise 4.21
1. Were Indira Gandhi and Golda Meir Prime Minister?
2. The Beatles werent fashion designers.
3. Was the weather hot at Disneyworld last week?
4. Was the earthquake in Japan in 1996?
5. Why were the people on Mount Everest?
6. Was the service good at the restaurant?
7. There werent any dates in the document.
8. How was the trip to Disneyworld?

Exercise 4.22
Answers will vary.

Exercise 4.23
Answers may vary.

READING DIGEST 5

Exercise 5.2
1. D; 2. H; 3. A; 4. C; 5. G; 6. 13.

Exercise 5.3
1. maintain; 2. modifications; 3. persecution; 4. descendant; 5. conceal; 6. distrust of; 7. reveal; 8.
reference to.

Exercise 5.4
1. racing; 2. long; 3. to attend; 4. to pick up; 5. to move on; 6. to work; 7. customs; 8. the saying; 9.
gypsy.

Exercise 5.5
1. central; 2. civilisation; 3. leaders; 4. solely; 5. cultivation.

Exercise 5.6
1. conceal; 2. deal; 3. attend; 4. trailers.

Exercise 5.7
1. C; 2. A; 3. C; 4. A; 5. C; 6. D.
Exercise 5.8
a) 1. civilisation; 2. culture; 3. custom; 4. tradition.
b) 1. race; 2. match; 3. game; 4. contest.
c) 1. event; 2. incident; 3. occasion; 4. episode.
d) 1. fair; 2. gala; 3. festival; 4. bazaar.

Exercise 5.9
1. off; 2. by/round; 3. across; 4. by; 5. down with; 6. into; 7. up with; 8. out.

Exercise 5.10
1. as, as, like; 2. like, as; 3. as, as, as; 4. as, as, as; 5. like, as, like; 6. As, like, like; 7. as, like, as; 8. as,
as, like.

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GRAMMAR DIGEST 5

Exercise 5.2
1. False; 2. True; 3. True; 4. True; 5. True; 6. False.

Exercise 5.3
enjoyed; liked; failed; started; lughed; wanted; asked.

Exercise 5.4
1. enjoyed; 2. used; 3. helped; 4. studied; 5. learned; 6. discussed; 7. played; 8. registered; 9. loved; 10.
stopped; 11. cried; 12. occured; 13. disappeared.

Exercise 5.5
2. worked /t/; 3. finished /t/; 4. called /d/ ; 5. answered /d/; 6. remembered /d/; 7. talked /t/; 8. hated /id/;
9. decided /id/; 10. rolled /d/; 11. waited /id/; 12. landed /id/; 13. yelled /d/; 14. asked /t/; 15. pointed /id/;
16. trusted /id/; 17. punished /t/.

Exercise 5.6
(2) believed; (3) locked; (4) remembered; (5) looked; (6) noticed; (7) asked; (8) discussed; (9)
confessed; (10) typed; (11) signed; (12) fired.

Exercise 5.7
was; began; brought; wasnt; got; felt; heard; were not able; was; was; was; said.

Exercise 5.8
2. found; 3. ate; 4. went; 5. took; 6. stood; 7. spent; 8. bought; 9. saw; 10. met; 11. spoke; 12. thought.

Exercise 5.9
2. lost, went; 3. got, broke; 4. paid, drove; 5. left, got; 6. threw, stole; 7. bought; 8. went; 9. fell, hurt; 10.
broke; 11. caught; 12. ate; 13. woke; 14. took, left.

Exercise 5.10
1. on; 2. at, in; 3. two days ago; 4. on Sunday / two days ago; 5. Last; 6. ago.

Exercise 5.11
Answers will vary.

Exercise 5.12
1. The other students didnt like ...
2. The teacher trusted ...
3. The students tried to ...
4. ... Benny didnt succeed.
5. Lisa and Kate didnt lose ...
6. ... camera didnt break.
7. ... didnt get stuck ...
8. ... enjoyed their ...
9. Harry didnt notice ...
10. Ms. Ditto didnt sign ...
11. Harry stole ...
12. ... didnt believe ...
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13. ... didnt spend ...
14. ... didnt visit ...
15. ... didnt enjoy ...

Exercise 5.13
1. Where did Jerry go on vacation?
2. When did Jerry go on vacation?
3. How long ago did he leave home?
4. Why did Jerrys ship sink?
5. What did Jerry do after the ship sank?
6. Who(m) did Jerry meet on the island?
7. How did Jerry build the boat?
8. What did Jerry put on the boat?
9. How did Jerry feel when he finished the boat?
10. How did the story end?

Exercise 5. 14
1. Who(m) did the students love?
2. What did Ms. Ditto use in her classes?
3. Who(m) did Harry want to hurt?
4. Who got hurt in the end?
5. Who found the note?
6. Who fired Harry?
7. What did Harry steal?
8. Who(m) did the Director fire?
9. What was the moral of the story?

Exercise 5.15
1. This morning I woke up early.
2. I saw him last night.
3. Harry didnt feel sad.
4. They didnt meet the Mayor of New York.
5. What did Harry want?
6. Harry didnt notice his mistakes.
7. Who signed the note?
8. What did the Director do?
9. What happened to Harry?
10. Where did Lisa and Kate go on vacation?
11. Who went with Lisa to New York?
12. How did Jerry build a boat?
13. They didnt have dinner in a Greek restaurant.
14. Who(m) did the teacher trust in the Benny story?
15. The ship sank a long time ago.

Exercise 5.16
Group I /t/: discussed, asked, walked, fixed, locked, worked, typed, talked, polished, baked, washed,
brushed, bounced, jumped, tripped, skipped, hopped, kissed.
Group II /d/: learned, studied, answered, listened, named, remembered, delivered, filed, vacuumed,
ironed, changed, cleaned, scrubbed, plyed, enjoyed, climbed.
Group III /id/: corrected, printed, started, pointed, dusted, skated.

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Exercise 5.17
1. David trimmed the hedges, mowed the grassed and set up the presidents party yesterday. /
Yesterday, ...
2. David raked the leaves, mowed the grass, planted flowers, and repaired the spinklers last week.
/ Last week, David ...
3. David raked the leaves two days ago. / Two days ago, David ...
4. David cheked his tools on Monday. / On Monday, David ...
5. David trimmed the hedges yesterday morning. / Yesterday morning, David ...
6. David set up for the presidents party last night. / Last night, David ...
7. David raked the leaves the day before yesterday. / The day before yesterday, David ...
8. David trimmed the hedges two weeks ago. / Two weeks ago, David ...
9. David repaired the sprinklers last Friday. / Last Friday, David ...
10. David mowed the grass yesterday afternoon. / Yesterday afternoon, David ...

Exercise 5.18
Answers will vary.

READING DIGEST 6

Exercise 6.2
1. B; 2. B; 3. A; 4. D; 5. C; 6. B; 7. C.

Exercise 6.3
1. armbands; 2. bullied; 3. leaflet; 4. drowned; 5. subconscious; 6. float; 7. instructor; 8. defeated; 9.
achieved; 10. inspired;

Exercise 6.4
1. fully grown; 2. deeply; 3. to enrol; 4. birthday; 5. my heart; 6. to give; 7. to book; 8. to want; 9. panic;
10. to shake; 11. to overcome; 12. out of.

Exercise 6.5
1. aback; 2. after; 3. in; 4. for; 5. off; 6. on; 7. over; 8. up.

Exercise 6.6
1. frightening; 2. courageous; 3. difficulty; 4. instructor; 5. knowledgeable; 6. naturally; 7. undoubtedly; 8.
rewarding.

Exercise 6.7
a) 1. professor; 2. instructor; 3. teacher; 4. trainer; 5. coach.
b) 1. enrolled; 2. registered; 3. subscribed; 4. enlisted; 5. recruited; 6. recorded.

Exercise 6.8
1. black and blue; 2. once in a blue moon; 3. out of the blue; 4. scream blue murder; 5. the blues.

Exercise 6.9
1. swim; 2. relax; 3. swimming pool; 4. float; 5. splashing; 6. breast-stroke; 7. back-stroke; 8. goggles; 9.
flippers; 10. diving; 11. diving board; 12. lifeguard.

Exercise 6.10
1. when, has finished; 2. if, have; 3. if, will phone; 4. When, will you help; 5. If, will meet.

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GRAMMAR DIGEST 6

Exercise 6.1 Part B
A. Guilty in Gainesville; B. Bored in Boston; C. Supermom in Seattle.

Exercise 6.2
themselves; yourself; yourself; others; you; each other; yourself; yourself.

Exercise 6.3
Part A
First letter: I; myself.
Second letter: I; myself.
Third letter: No reflexive pronouns.
Part B
A. yourself.
B. yourselves.
C. You; yourself; yourself; yourself; yourself.

Exercise 6.4
1. yourself.
2. (a) ourselves; (b) themselves.
3. yourself.
4. himself.
5. herself.
6. (a) yourselves; (b) yourselves.
7. yourself.

Exercise 6.5
2. each other; 3. each other; 4. each other; 5. himself/herself; 6. each other; 7. himself/herself; 8.
themselves; 9. each other; 10. each other; 11. themselves; 12. himself/herself.

Exercise 6.6
(1) My; (2) He; (3) himself; (4) himself; (5) He; (6) himself; (7) me; (8) me; (9) his; (10) his; (11) his; (12)
you; (13) Your; (14) you; (15) him; (16) him; (17) yourself.

Exercise 6.7
1. I husrt myself.
2. Theyre looking at themselves ...
3. I shave every morning.
4. ... We write to each other every month.
5. We enjoyed ourselves at the circus.
6. ... They blamed each other for the accident.
7. He did it himself.

Exercise 6.8
(1) myself; (2) yourself; (3) itself; (4) myself; (5) themselves; (6) himself; (7) yourselves; (8) themselves;
(9)themselves; (10) ourselves; (11) ourselves; (12) myself.

Exercise 6.9
myself; X; X; ourselves; themselves; X.
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Exercise 6.10
2. stand up; 3. put on; 4. take out; 5. slow down; 6. ask for; 7. sit down; 8. call up.

Exercise 6.11
2. come in enter; 3. fill ou complete; 4. hand out distribute; 5. call up telephone; 6. come back
return; 7. turn down lower; 8. turn up raise; 9. take off remove; 10. hold on wait.

Exericse 6.12
(1) pick up; (2) turn off; (3) Put away; (4) Throw away; (5) turn on.

Exercise 6.13
2. (b) hand these uniforms out; (c) hand them out.
3. (b) put your new Army clothes on; (c) put them on.
4. (b) turn that radio down; (c)turn it down.
5. (b) put your old clothes away; (c) put them away.
6. (b) throw that junk food from home out; (c) throw it out.
7. (b) clean this mess up; (c) clean it up.
8. (b) turn the lights off; (c) turn them off.

Exercise 6.14
1. (a) fill out; (b) fill it out.
2. (a) throw out; (b) throwing them out.
3. (a) pick up; (b) pick it up.
4. (a) hand out; (b) hand them out.
5. (a) cheer up; (b) cheer her up.

Exercise 6.15
1. broke down; 2. come back; 3. Stand up; 4. grow up; 5. come in; 6. eat out; 7. show up; 8. sit down.

Exercise 6.16
(1) broke down; (2) calmed down; (3) turned on; (4) look up; (5) got out of; (6) figure out; (7) fill up; (8)
woke up; (9) turned on.

READING DIGEST 7

Exercise 7.2
1. F; 2. A; 3. H; 4. C; 5. G; 6. B.

Exercise 7.3
A.
continent = area of land made up of various countries, e.g. Europe.
factors = reasons for a decision or action.
widespread = occurring in a lot of places.
forestry = the study and practice of planting, caring for and managing forests.
ignoring = not paying attention to.
timber = wood for commercial use.
ecological balance = perfect state of nature.
substantial = vast.
safeguards = defences.
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B.
1. backyard; 2. wide-ranging; 3. woodland; 4. put forward; 5. discoloration; 6. condemned; 7. experts; 8.
commitments; 9. reductions; 10. responded.

Exercise 7.4
A.
1. Conservationists; 2. endangered; 3. Environmental; 4. destruction; 5. survival; 6. alarming; 7.
Ecologists; 8. reduction; 9. protection; 10. hopefully.
B.
Because of freak weather conditions, fire and acid rain that destroy woodlands and forests.

Exercise 7.5
1. A; 2. D; 3. A; 4. D; 5. C; 6. C.

Exercise 7.6
1. severe; 2. to reach; 3. detailed; 4. to produce; 5. forestry; 6. ecological; 7. substantial; 8. there is a
need; 9. tropical.

Exercise 7.7
1. sign of the times; 2. backbreaking; 3. backup; 4. shows signs of; 5. sign language; 6. backbone.

Exercise 7.8
1. even; 2. very; 3. very; 4. too; 5. very; 6. much; 7. most; 8. further; 9. very; 10. far; 11. further; 12.
most; 13. a bit; 14. any.

GRAMMAR DIGEST 7

Exercise 7.1
Answers will depend on the students personal views of the future.

Exercise 7.2
isnt going to; is going to; isnt going to; is going to; is going to; are going to; are going to; are goint to; is
going to; am not going to; is going to; isnt going to; is going to.

Exercise 7.3
(2) What are you going to do there?
(3) Who(m) are you going to stay with?
(4) How long are you going to stay?
(5) How are you going to go/get there?
(6) Are you going to come back to your job?

Exercise 7.4
Answers may vary.

Exercise 7.5
2. for; 3. on; 4. until; 5. in; 6. until; 7. At; 8. for; 9. on.

Exercise 7.6
2. on April 19 / next week / next Friday / a week from Friday.
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3. tomorrow / on Thursday / this Thursday / on April 11.
4. on April 12 / in two days / this Friday / on Friday.
5. on April 18 / next week / next Thursday / a week from Thursday.
6. on April 16 / next week / next Tuesday.
7. next month / on May 6 / in five weeks.
8. on June 10 / in two months.
9. in 2015 / in _____ years.
10. in 2020 / in _____ years.

Exercise 7.7
(1) are going to; (2) am not going to; (3) will; (4) are going to; (5) are going to; (6) are going to; (7) are
you going; (8) am going to; (9) are you going to; (10) am going to; (11) wont; (12) am going to; (13)
wont; (14) will.

Exercise 7.8
1. (a) may / might not; (b) may / might not.
2. (a) may / might; (b) may / might not; (c) may / might.
3. (a) may / might; (b) may / might.
4. (a) may / might; (b) may / might not; (c) may / might.

Exercise 7.9
Statements will very depending on the students points of view.

Exercise 7.10
1. When will Alberta win ...
2. Where will Grace open ...
3. Will Clara become ...
4. Why will Cull ...
5. Where will Brian ...
6. How long will it take Con ...
7. Where will Dan ...
8. Who will discover ...

Exercise 7.11
2. How well do you swim?
3. How well do you kayak?
4. How long have you been kayaking?
5. How often do you plan to kayak?
6. How far do you want to kayak?
7. How far do you live from here?
8. How long a membership are you interested in?
9. How do you want to pay for your membership?
10. How old is your daughter?
11. How well does your daughter swim?
12. How well does she kayak?
13. How long has she been kayaking?
14. How often does she plan to kayak?
15. How far does she plan to kayak?

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C C U U P P R R I I N N S S

I. READING DIGEST 1: WORDS AND FEELINGS

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