Wireless Sensor Networks is current trends in wireless communication with variety of real time applications. These wireless sensors are the core of internet of things (IoT) and big data. Due to limited resources it is necessary to utilize the battery and memory of these sensors in an efficient manner. This motivates the studying of basic hardware concepts like radio technology, channels and programming languages with simulation tools for developing an efficient protocol. This work aims to study the sensor networks with these points of view so that it would give a clear idea of the nodes for designing a protocol for WSNs.
Título original
Hardware and Simulation Perspective Study on Wireless Sensor Networks.
Wireless Sensor Networks is current trends in wireless communication with variety of real time applications. These wireless sensors are the core of internet of things (IoT) and big data. Due to limited resources it is necessary to utilize the battery and memory of these sensors in an efficient manner. This motivates the studying of basic hardware concepts like radio technology, channels and programming languages with simulation tools for developing an efficient protocol. This work aims to study the sensor networks with these points of view so that it would give a clear idea of the nodes for designing a protocol for WSNs.
Wireless Sensor Networks is current trends in wireless communication with variety of real time applications. These wireless sensors are the core of internet of things (IoT) and big data. Due to limited resources it is necessary to utilize the battery and memory of these sensors in an efficient manner. This motivates the studying of basic hardware concepts like radio technology, channels and programming languages with simulation tools for developing an efficient protocol. This work aims to study the sensor networks with these points of view so that it would give a clear idea of the nodes for designing a protocol for WSNs.
International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC)
Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"# I$$% &"' ( "')&
7" * + !1", IJAFRC All Ri,hts Reserved ---#i.afrc#or,
/ard-are and $imulation 0erspective $tudy on 1ireless $ensor %et-or2s# Andhe Dharani 1 , Shantharam Nayak 2 , Manjuprasad B 3 1 Associate Professor, Dept of MCA, 2 Professor,Dept of S!, 3 "esearch Scho#ar, Dept of S! "$%$ Co##e&e of !n&ineerin&, Ban&a#ore, NDA dharani$ap'&mai#$com 1 , shantaram(nayak'yahoo$com 2 ,manjuprasad32'&mai#$com 3
A 3 $ 4 R A C 4 1ireless $ensor %et-or2s is current trends in -ireless communication -ith variety of real time applications# 4hese -ireless sensors are the core of internet of thin,s (Io4) and 5i, data# 6ue to limited resources it is necessary to utili7e the 5attery and memory of these sensors in an efficient manner# 4his motivates the studyin, of 5asic hard-are concepts li2e radio technolo,y, channels and pro,rammin, lan,ua,es -ith simulation tools for developin, an efficient protocol# 4his -or2 aims to study the sensor net-or2s -ith these points of vie- so that it -ould ,ive a clear idea of the nodes for desi,nin, a protocol for 1$%s# Inde8 4erms9 $ensor %et-or2, Cali5ration, :i,5ee, 3luetooth, Io4, 3i, 6ata#
I# I%4R;6<C4I;% )ire#ess sensor net*orks +)SN, are often characteri-ed .y unattended se#f/or&ani-ation of an rechar&ea.#e nodes$ 0o pro#on& the net*ork #ifespan of )SNs, c#uster/.ased routin& protoco#s are often used to o.tain #oad .a#ance and to reduce communication 1o#ume in a distri.uted manner$ 0hese net*ork is a distri.uted ad/hoc net*ork comprised of a #ar&e num.er of sensor nodes e2uipped *ith capa.i#ities of computin&, storin& and communicatin& 31,24$ 0he sensors nodes are usua##y .attery operated and are dep#oyed in an unattended manner to &ather and process information *ithout human inter1ention$ 0herefore ener&y efficiency is the major concern in accessin& the data captured .y the sensor net*orks$ A simp#e centra#i-ed method is to send a## co##ected data to the .ase station for stora&e$
0he ener&y consumption in sensor nodes happens *ith transmission, reception and data a&&re&ation, .y reducin& any of this process *ithout affectin& the norma# function of the net*ork the #ifetime of the net*ork can .e increased$ 0he ma5imum amount of po*er is uti#i-ed in data transmission from nodes to c#uster head and .ase station$ C#usterin& is one of the efficient methods to increase the #ifetime of )SN .y efficient uti#i-ation of ener&y$ 0a.#e/1 sho*s the sensor node profi#e$
A sensor is just a same component of the nodes, the sensor nodes are the co##ection of one to many sensor, .attery source as a primary po*er supp#y and a secondary po*er supp#y can .e used *hich *i## har1ests po*er from the en1ironment such as so#ar pane#s added to the node dependin& on the appropriateness of the en1ironment *here the sensor *i## .e dep#oyed$ Dependin& on the app#ication and the type of sensors used, actuators may .e incorporated in the sensors, memory, and contro##er for processin&, transducers for communication purpose and in additiona# some nodes *i## come *ith e5terna# memory and other interfaces$
II# /AR61AR= $0=CIFICA4I;%
International Journal of 7) * + !1", IJAFRC All Ri,hts Reserved As discussed in the section/ a .#ock dia&ram of the sensor node is sho* in 6i&$1, this node as t*o sensin& components and it is possi.#e to ha1e mu#tip#e sensor #ike this of different types$
Fi,ure 0he .#ock dia&ram of the sensor nodes just sho*s the #o&ica# representation of the 1arious components and these components can .e main#y c#assified into 3 modu#es$ )SNs are composed of character em.edded systems that are competent374 of interactin& *ith 1a throu&h some sensin& components ca##ed sensors, after sensin& ho* the nodes shou#d operate on the co##ected data and ho* to process the information #oca##y, and #ast ho* to communicatin& this information *ire#ess#y *ith their nei&h.ors$ So .ased on 3 indi1idua# components$ 0he 3 major components of nodes are8 International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"#
+ !1", IJAFRC All Ri,hts Reserved
a .#ock dia&ram of the sensor node is sho* in 6i&$1, this node as t*o sensin& components and it is possi.#e to ha1e mu#tip#e sensor #ike this of different types$ 4a5le(18 Sensor Node Profi#e$ ure 19 3loc2 6ia,ram ;f 4he $ensor %ode
0he .#ock dia&ram of the sensor nodes just sho*s the #o&ica# representation of the 1arious components and these components can .e main#y c#assified into 3 modu#es$ )SNs are composed of character em.edded systems that are competent374 of interactin& *ith 1arious e1ents occurred in dep#oyed area throu&h some sensin& components ca##ed sensors, after sensin& ho* the nodes shou#d operate on the co##ected data and ho* to process the information #oca##y, and #ast ho* to communicatin& this th their nei&h.ors$ So .ased on this perspecti1e the nodes can .e c#assifi 3 indi1idua# components$ 0he 3 major components of nodes are8 Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"# I$$% &"' ( "')& ---#i.afrc#or, a .#ock dia&ram of the sensor node is sho* in 6i&$1, this node as t*o sensin&
0he .#ock dia&ram of the sensor nodes just sho*s the #o&ica# representation of the 1arious components and these components can .e main#y c#assified into 3 modu#es$ )SNs are composed of character rious e1ents occurred in dep#oyed area throu&h some sensin& components ca##ed sensors, after sensin& ho* the nodes shou#d operate on the co##ected data and ho* to process the information #oca##y, and #ast ho* to communicatin& this the nodes can .e c#assifiedinto International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"# I$$% &"' ( "')&
7> * + !1", IJAFRC All Ri,hts Reserved ---#i.afrc#or,
A# Radio modules for 1ireless Communication9
0his is components p#ays a 1ita# ro#e in nodes for communication purposes and this components consists of a circuit .oard *ith the pro&ramma.#e memory *here the app#ication codes are em.edded$ A modu#e usua##y consists of a microcontro##er, transcei1er, po*er source, memory unit, and fe* 9!Ds$ 6i&$2 sho*s a samp#e of this modu#e from Memsic ris:Mica *hich has more usa&e ratin&s .y the researchers
Fi,ure 8 "adio M;D<9!S 3=4
Current#y there are *ide 1arieties of p#atforms ha1e .een de1e#oped #ike Mica2 3>4, Cricket 3?4, Mica@ 3>4, ris 3>4, 0e#os 3>4, SunSP;0 3A4, and mote2 3>4$
3# $ensor 3oard9
A sensor .oard is major components of sensin& *hich sense the different types of e1ents dependin& upon the types of sensor used$ 0his .oard is usua##y mounted on the radio modu#e# 0he sensor .oard may a#so inc#ude a prototypin& area, *hich is used to connect additiona# custom made sensors$ 0he 1arious types of sensor .oards a1ai#a.#e in the markets inc#ude the M0S3BB:7BB and MDA1BB:3BB 3>4 *hich is used in the Mica fami#y of motes or radio modu#es$
Fi,ure &8 Sensor node 3=4
0ypica##y the sensor nodes come *ith defau#t sensor #ike thermistor for temperature and photoce## for #i&ht sensin&$
Cali5ration8 0his process of con1ertin& a ra* data into specific type$ 0his process actua##y happens *ith the chan&es in resistance #e1e# of the thermistor on increase in temperature #ike this some sensor may ca#i.rate *hen there is different in 1o#ta&e$ 0herefore ca#i.ration is 1ery important *hi#e usin& a custom sensor$
C# 0ro,rammin,?Interface 3oard9
0his .oard pro1ides a mu#tip#e interfaces inc#udin& !thernet, )i6i, <SB, or seria# ports for connectin& different motes to centra# machine$ <sin& this .oard one can f#ash our pro&rams into radio modu#es and it shou#d .e done .y usin& #o*est port of the system$ 0hese .oards are used either to pro&ram the motes as *e##s as to co##ect the data other nodes$ Some of the pro&rammin& .oards inc#ude the MB>1B, MB>2B 3=4, and MB?BB 3>4$ International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"# I$$% &"' ( "')&
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Fi,ure "9 nterface Board3=4
1# @eneral $pecification of the sample $ure CrossA 6B'! @ate-ay %odes CDE
i# Features9
)ire#ess :; de1ice *ith four discrete inputs, four discrete outputs, t*o ana#o& +B/2B mA, inputs, and t*o ana#o& +B/2B mA, outputs C1B to 3B% dc po*er input 6re2uency Doppin& Spread Spectrum +6DSS, techno#o&y and 0ime Di1ision Mu#tip#e Access +0DMA, contro# architecture com.ine to ensure re#ia.#ity 0ranscei1ers pro1ide t*o/*ay communication .et*een the Eate*ay and other Node, inc#udin& fu##y ackno*#ed&ed data transmission 9ost "6 #inks are detected and re#e1ant outputs set to user/defined conditions !5terna# or interna# antenna
Fi,ure)8 6eatures of DF=B S!NS;" N;D! 3G4 # %ecessity of /ard-are 0erspective study on 1$%s9 0his study *i## he#ps to desi&n an efficient protoco# for .attery, memory, process mana&ement of the sensor de1ices$ By this one can &et an idea of ho* e5act#y the sensor nodes can .e confi&ured for specific types of app#ication or data co##ection$ 0his *i## focus on the #imitations that are imposed on the sensors *hen desi&nin& a protoco# *ithout kno*in& the sensors capacity$ Ne5t section focuses on the simu#ation part of *ire#ess sensor net*orks$
0o-er 9 C1B to 3B% dc 0o-er ConsumptionF 9ess than 1$7 ) at 27% dc Gountin, 8 1B or M> +M> hard*are inc#uded, G) fasteners H Ga8# 4i,htenin, 4orIue B$>? N:m +> in:#.f, Case Gaterial9 Po#ycar.onate 1ei,htF B$2? k& +B$>A #.$, Indicators F 0*o 9!D, .i/co#or $-itches9 0*o Push Buttons 6isplay9 Si5 Character 9CD =8ternal Ca5le @lands 6our PE/A type, ;ne 1:2 NP0 type Ca5le @lands, Ga8 4i,htenin, 4orIue9 B$>? N:m +> in:#.f,
International Journal of 7' * + !1", IJAFRC All Ri,hts Reserved III# $IG<JA4I;% C;%C=04$ 0his section aims to e5p#ore the features of different simu#ation too#s a1ai#a.#e for de1e#opin& protoco#s for )SNs$ 0he need of simu#ation for )SNs8 Cost9 !1ery one cannot .e a.#e to *ork *ith the hard*are .ecause of the .ud&et needed for set up a hard*are p#atform ;utcomes9 t is difficu#t to *ork direct#y *ith the hard*are *ith predictin& the resu#ts of the e5periments $cala5ility8 t is difficu#t to test our protoco#s for more num.er of nodes$ n e5treme conditions one may check the resu#ts of the protoco#s for 1B nodes$ So sca#a.i#ity is the issues for *orkin& on hard*are p#atf
1# Various simulation tools -hich are compati5le for 1$%s are9
3# ;G%=4KK9 0his tool is availa.#e in proprietary as *e## academic 1ersion, .ut in academic 1ersion it has #imited feature$ 0his uses .asic modu#es CCC for pro&rammin& purposes *ith N!D struc 174$0here are many frame*orks #ike MiFiM, Casta#ia for )SNs simu#ation *ith an !c#ipse .ased nte&rated De1e#opment !n1ironment$ S concepts can &o *ith this too#$
C# 4;$$IG9 t is a part of 0iny ;S is desi&ned to run on sma## sensors$ 0iny ;S 31>4 is a #i&ht*ei&ht operatin& system specifica##y desi&ned for #o* systems *ritten in the nesC *hich reduce the code si-e that is section/,$ 0he ad1anta&e of usin& nesC is due to its pro&ram structure as discusses .e#o*$ of simu#ation can .e done at the node side to &et the rea# time performance of sensor for different types of data co##ection$ Fi,ure > 6# AVR;RA9 AVR;RA 31B, 1?4 is a micro micro contro##er *hich supports Mica2 and Mica@ mote$
=# J($im9 0his too# 31A, 1=4 inc#udes 1arious propa&ation modu#es supportin& protoco# stack inc#udin& A;D%$ And it uses 0c# scripts and ja1a for pro&rammin&$ 0his simu#ation can .e used *ith different radio and propa&ation mode# *hich are .ui#t/in *ith a1ai#a.#e routin& protoco#s$ International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"#
+ !1", IJAFRC All Ri,hts Reserved
0his section aims to e5p#ore the features of different simu#ation too#s a1ai#a.#e for de1e#opin& protoco#s !1ery one cannot .e a.#e to *ork *ith the hard*are .ecause of the .ud&et needed for set up a t is difficu#t to *ork direct#y *ith the hard*are *ith predictin& the resu#ts of the 8 t is difficu#t to test our protoco#s for more num.er of nodes$ n e5treme conditions one may check the resu#ts of the protoco#s for 1B/>B nodes .ut it may not possi.#e for testin& 1BBB of nodes$ So sca#a.i#ity is the issues for *orkin& on hard*are p#atform$ Various simulation tools -hich are compati5le for 1$%s are9 a.#e in proprietary as *e## academic 1ersion, .ut in academic 1ersion it has #imited feature$ 0his uses .asic modu#es CCC for pro&rammin& purposes *ith N!D struc 174$0here are many frame*orks #ike MiFiM, Casta#ia for )SNs simu#ation *ith an !c#ipse .ased nte&rated De1e#opment !n1ironment$ So one *ho ha1in& stron& .ack&round in o.jects oriented
t is a part of 0iny ;S is desi&ned to run on sma## sensors$ 0iny ;S 31>4 is a #i&ht*ei&ht operatin& system specifica##y desi&ned for #o*/po*er *ire#ess sensors$ 0his ;S is an app#ications and systems *ritten in the nesC *hich reduce the code si-e that is f#ashed to radio modu#es +discussed in ,$ 0he ad1anta&e of usin& nesC is due to its pro&ram structure as discusses .e#o*$ of simu#ation can .e done at the node side to &et the rea# time performance of sensor for different
>8 Pro&ram Structure of C, CCC and nesC31>4
31B, 1?4 is a micro/contro##er .inaries too#s for the pro&rams coded for A%" micro contro##er *hich supports Mica2 and Mica@ mote$ 0his too# 31A, 1=4 inc#udes 1arious sensor net*ork packa&es containin& .attery, radio, propa&ation modu#es supportin& protoco# stack inc#udin& A;D%$ And it uses 0c# scripts and ja1a for 0his simu#ation can .e used *ith different radio and propa&ation mode# *hich are th a1ai#a.#e routin& protoco#s$ Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"# I$$% &"' ( "')& ---#i.afrc#or, 0his section aims to e5p#ore the features of different simu#ation too#s a1ai#a.#e for de1e#opin& protoco#s !1ery one cannot .e a.#e to *ork *ith the hard*are .ecause of the .ud&et needed for set up a t is difficu#t to *ork direct#y *ith the hard*are *ith predictin& the resu#ts of the 8 t is difficu#t to test our protoco#s for more num.er of nodes$ n e5treme conditions one >B nodes .ut it may not possi.#e for testin& 1BBB of a.#e in proprietary as *e## academic 1ersion, .ut in academic 1ersion it has #imited feature$ 0his uses .asic modu#es CCC for pro&rammin& purposes *ith N!D structures 31B/ 174$0here are many frame*orks #ike MiFiM, Casta#ia for )SNs simu#ation *ith an !c#ipse .ased o one *ho ha1in& stron& .ack&round in o.jects oriented t is a part of 0iny ;S is desi&ned to run on sma## sensors$ 0iny ;S 31>4 is a #i&ht*ei&ht po*er *ire#ess sensors$ 0his ;S is an app#ications and f#ashed to radio modu#es +discussed in ,$ 0he ad1anta&e of usin& nesC is due to its pro&ram structure as discusses .e#o*$ 0his type of simu#ation can .e done at the node side to &et the rea# time performance of sensor for different
contro##er .inaries too#s for the pro&rams coded for A%" sensor net*ork packa&es containin& .attery, radio, propa&ation modu#es supportin& protoco# stack inc#udin& A;D%$ And it uses 0c# scripts and ja1a for 0his simu#ation can .e used *ith different radio and propa&ation mode# *hich are International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"# I$$% &"' ( "')&
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F# $=%$= 31G48 nc#udes .attery and po*er mode#s, MAC #ayers +=B2$11, as *e## as net*ork protoco#s +A;D%, DS", SS", SD",
@# GA4JA3 $IG<JI%L9 0his too# 31B, 2B4 pro1ides a &ood frame*ork for simu#atin& )SNs focusin& on channe# modu#ation and si&na# processin& point of 1ie*$ t pro1ides a &ood set of #i.raries and many "6 too#s for communication purpose *ith neura# net*ork, fu--y #o&ic too#s for simu#ation$ Mat#a. pro1ides an #ar&e set of function *hich can .e used for desi&nin& protoco#s accordin& to the user needs$
/# =m$tar9 !mStar 321, 224 is an en1ironment for )SNs .ui#t from 9inu5/c#ass de1ices$ t is #ess constrained in computationa# po*er and data stora&e si-e so that they can hand#e more comp#e5 tasks such as ima&e and audio processin&$ !mStar consists of simu#ation and emu#ation too#s, *hich uti#i-e a modu#ar, .ut not strict#y #ayered, architecture$
I# $ha-n9 Sha*n 323, 274 is customi-a.#e )SNs simu#ators .ased on an a#&orithmic approach$ 0he primary desi&n &oa#s are to achie1e sca#a.i#ity and support for e5treme#y #ar&e net*orks$ Current#y there are se1era# imp#ementations for the transmission mode# pro1ided such as Pure CSMA H CSMA:CA, +S#otted, A#oha, "andom Drop etc$
# %ecessary of simulation 0erspective study9 0his study is .ased on the sur1ey of the 1arious simu#ation too#s used .y the researchers in this area$ 0his section focused on#y on some of the major simu#ation too#s *hich are *ide#y used in )SNs$ Based on the stron& pro&rammin& domain one can choose the suita.#e too#s for imp#ementin& or desi&nin& an efficient protoco# in )SNs$
IV# C;%CJ<$I;%
0his re1ie* focused on the .asic hard*are and simu#ation perspecti1e study on the )ire#ess Sensor Net*orks$ t is difficu#t to imp#ement or desi&n the protoco#s *ithout the idea of core concepts of sensor nodes$ 0his *ork comes *ith a statement of the feasi.#e so#ution that can .e app#ied to reso#1e the pro.#ems associated *ith resources constrained sensor de1ices$ 0he o1era## conc#usion can .e stated as, to imp#ement or desi&n an efficient protoco# in )SNs there is a need of kno*in& the .asic concepts of sensor net*orks #ike node confi&uration and suita.#e a1ai#a.#e too#s for )SNs$
V# R=F=R=%C=$ C1E Iu5ia Iao, Fueyan 0an&, and !e/Pen& 9im, Jn/Net*ork Processin& of Nearest Nei&h.or Kueries for )ire#ess Sensor Net*orks,L Schoo# of Computer !n&ineerin& ,Nanyan& 0echno#o&ica# <ni1ersity Sin&apore ?3GAG=$ CE E$ Pottie$ )ire#ess inte&rated net*ork sensors$ Communications of the ACM 73 +2BBB,, pa&es >1M >=$ C&E Non&*oo Sun& Daeyoun& Oim, JSensor Profi#e "e2uirements for Sensor Net*ork Capa.i#ity nformation in the epc&#o.a# Net*ork,L Oorea Ad1anced nstitute of Science and 0echno#o&y C"E an 6 Akyi#di- and Mehmet Can %arun, )ire#ess sensor Net*orks, )i##ey SBN8GA=/B7AB/B3?B1/ 3, Au&ust 2B1B, International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"# I$$% &"' ( "')&
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C)E $ 6$ Akyi#di-, 0$ Me#odia, and O$ Cho*dury$ A sur1ey on *ire#ess mu#timedia sensor net*orks Computer Net*orks, 78??GM?=?, Nu#y 2BB?$ C>E $ 6$ Akyi#di-, 6$ Brunetti, and C$ B#a-2ue- nano net*orkin&8 A ne* communication paradi&m$ Computer Net*orks, >2822?BM22AG, Nune 2BB=$ C7E $ 6$ Akyi#di- and !$ P$ Stunte.eck$ )ire#ess under&round sensor net*orks8 research cha##en&es$ Ad Doc Net*orks, >1+7,8G21MG?B, March 2BBA$ C'E )ire#ess Sesnor Net*roks Oits P ***$memsic$com CDE Banner !n&ineerin& ndia P1t$ 9td$ Ban&a#ore ***$.anneren&ineerin&$com$in C1!E Kutai.a $ A#i,L Simu#ation 6rame*ork of )ire#ess Sensor Net*ork +)SN, usin& mat#a.:SM<9NO Soft*are http8::d5$doi$or&:1B$>AA2:7?7?A C11E ;mnetCC Community$ +2B1B, May, omnetCC$ 3;n#ine4$ A1ai#a.#e8 http8::***$omnetpp$or& C1E %ar&a, A$, et a#$, J0he omnetCC discrete e1ent simu#ation system,L in Proceedin&s of the !uropean Simu#ation Mu#ticonference +!SMQ2BB1,, 2BB1, pp$ 31GM327 C1&E %ar&a, A$, JomnetCC Discrete e1ent simu#ation system$ <ser Manua#,L 0echnica# <ni1ersity of Budapest, Dept$ ;f 0e#ecommunications, 2BB?$ C1"E %ar&a, A$, Dorni&, "$, JAn o1er1ie* of the omnetCC simu#ation en1ironment,L in Proceedin&s of the 1st internationa# conference on Simu#ation too#s and techni2ues for communications, net*orks and systems H *orkshops ta.#e of contents$ CS0 +nstitute for Computer Sciences, Socia#/ nformatics and 0e#ecommunications !n&ineerin&, CS0, Brusse#s, Be#&ium, Be#&ium, 2BB=$ C1)E PD9P 9!%S, Stanford <ni1ersity DA%D EAI nte# "esearch,L tinyos Pro&rammin&$L C1>E 0it-er, B$, JA1rora8 0he A%" simu#ation and ana#ysis frame*ork,L MasterQs thesis, <ni1ersity of Ca#ifornia, 9os An&e#es, 2BB7$ C17E Department of Computer Science at <ni1ersity of ##inois at <r.ana/Champai&n,$ N/Sim$ 3;n#ine4$ A1ai#a.#e8 http8::sites$&oo&#e$com:site:jsimofficia#, 2B12$ C1'E So.eih, A$, Chen, )$, Dou, N$, Oun&, 9$, JN/sim8 A simu#ation en1ironment for *ire#ess sensor net*orks,L in Proceedin&s of the 3=th annua# Symposium on Simu#ation$ !!! Computer Society )ashin&ton, DC, <SA, 2BB>, pp$ 1A>M1=A$ C1DE ;pen Systems 9a.oratory at <ni1ersity of ##inois at <r.ana/Champai&n$ 3;n#ine4$ A1ai#a.#e8 http8::os#$cs$uiuc$edu:sens, 2B12$ C!E MA09AB )e. Site8 http8::***$math*orks$com C1E 9a.oratory for !m.edded Co##a.orati1e Systems +9!CS, at <C9A$ 3;n#ine4$ %ai#a.#e8 http8::***$#ecs$cs$uc#a$edu:emstar, 2B12$ CE !#son, N$, Bien, S$, J!mstar8 An en1ironment for de1e#opin& *ire#ess em.edded systems soft*are,L Center for !m.edded Net*orked Sensin& +C!NS, 0echnica# "eport, 1o#$ G International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC) Volume 1, Issue 7, July !1"# I$$% &"' ( "')&
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